# Mangoldia

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Genus of lichens

Mangoldia Mangoldia bylii; scale bar = 1 mm Scientific classification Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Lecanoromycetes Order: Graphidales Family: Graphidaceae Genus: Mangoldia Lücking, Parnmen & Lumbsch (2012) Type species Mangoldia australiana Lücking, Parnmen & Lumbsch (2012) Species M. australiana M. bylii M. lecideicarpa M. thallolomoides

***Mangoldia*** is a [genus](/source/Genus) of [lichen](/source/Lichen)-forming [fungi](/source/Fungi) in the subfamily Graphidoideae of the family [Graphidaceae](/source/Graphidaceae).[1][2] It contains four species of [corticolous](/source/Corticolous_lichen) (bark-dwelling) [script lichens](/source/Script_lichen).

## Taxonomy

The genus was [circumscribed](/source/Circumscription_(taxonomy)) in 2012 by the lichenologists [Robert Lücking](/source/Robert_L%C3%BCcking), Sittiporn Parnmen, and [H. Thorsten Lumbsch](/source/Helge_Thorsten_Lumbsch). It was made to hold two Australian species that have *[Phaeographis](/source/Phaeographis)*-like ascomata (fruiting bodies) but *[Graphis](/source/Graphis_(lichen))*-like [ascospores](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#ascospores). The genus name honours Armin Mangold, "for his outstanding contribution to the knowledge of [thelotremoid](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#thelotremoid) Graphidaceae in Australia".[3]

*Mangoldia* is in the [tribe](/source/Tribe_(biology)) Graphideae, subfamily Graphidoideae of the family [Graphidaceae](/source/Graphidaceae). *Mangoldia* has a [sister taxon](/source/Sister_taxon) relationship with genus *[Allographa](/source/Allographa)*.[4]

## Description

The thallus of the *Mangoldia* species is [corticolous](/source/Corticolous_lichen), meaning it primarily grows on the bark of trees. It is continuous and partly endoperidermal, indicating that part of the thallus grows beneath the outer bark layer. The surface of the thallus is uneven and white. When observed in cross-section, it features a very thin, corticiform (bark-like) layer and an irregular layer containing algal cells that are essential for [photosynthesis](/source/Photosynthesis).[3]

[Apothecia](/source/Apothecia) (fruiting bodies) emerge from the thallus and are angular to [lirelliform](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#lirelliform) (slit-shaped). The [disc](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#disc) of the apothecia is exposed and ranges in colour from blackish brown to black, without any powdery or waxy covering ([epruinose](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#epruinose)). The [thalline](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#thalline) margin around the disc is thin, white, and may be fissured to lobulated. The [proper margin](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#proper_margin), which is distinct from the thalline margin, is thin, stands out prominently, and is black. In a cross-section, this margin appears very thin and consists of densely packed fungal cells ([prosoplectenchymatous](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#prosoplectenchymatous)), which are pale yellowish to brownish on the outer parts. There are no [periphysoid](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#periphysoid)s (hair-like structures) present.[3]

The [hymenium](/source/Hymenium) (the spore-bearing layer) does not contain interspersed particles, and the [paraphyses](/source/Paraphyses) (sterile filaments within the hymenium) are unbranched. The [ascospores](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#ascospores), which are spores produced within the [asci](/source/Ascus) (spore-producing cells), number 4 to 8 per ascus. They are [muriform](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#muriform) (divided by both transverse and longitudinal [septa](/source/Septum)), [ellipsoid](/source/Ellipsoid) in shape, and have thickened septa that [stain](/source/Staining) violet-blue with [iodine](/source/Iodine), with rounded internal spaces ([lumina](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#lumina)) and are colourless. No chemical substances were detected in this genus when tested with [thin-layer chromatography](/source/Thin-layer_chromatography), suggesting a lack of distinctive [secondary metabolites](/source/Secondary_metabolite) typically used for identifying and classifying lichens.[3]

## Species

*Mangoldia* has four species:

- *[Mangoldia australiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mangoldia_australiana&action=edit&redlink=1)* Lücking, Parnmen & Lumbsch (2012)[3] – Australia

- *[Mangoldia bylii](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mangoldia_bylii&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Vain.) I.Medeiros (2022)[4] – Australia; South Africa

- *[Mangoldia lecideicarpa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mangoldia_lecideicarpa&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Zahlbr.) Lücking, M.Cáceres & Aptroot (2024)[5] – Brazil

- *[Mangoldia thallolomoides](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mangoldia_thallolomoides&action=edit&redlink=1)* Aptroot, Lücking & M.Cáceres (2024)[5] – Brazil

*Mangoldia atronitens* (A.W.Archer) Lücking, Parnmen & Lumbsch (2012), one of the original Australian species originally included in the genus, was shown to differ from *Mangoldia bylii* by only minute differences in spore size, and so Ian Medeiros and François Lutzoni treated them to be [synonymous](/source/Synonym_(taxonomy)) in a 2022 publication, further noting that "previously unrecognized presence of this genus in South Africa highlights biogeographical connections between southern Africa and Australasia".[4]

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-CoL_1-0)** ["*Mangoldia*"](https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/62ZMQ). *[Catalogue of Life](/source/Catalogue_of_Life)*. [Species 2000](/source/Species_2000): Leiden, the Netherlands. Retrieved 10 May 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Wijayawardene_et_al._2022_2-0)** Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K.; et al. (2022). ["Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358798332). *Mycosphere*. **13** (1): 53–453 [161]. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2](https://doi.org/10.5943%2Fmycosphere%2F13%2F1%2F2). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[1854/LU-8754813](https://hdl.handle.net/1854%2FLU-8754813).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Lücking_et_al._2012_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Lücking_et_al._2012_3-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Lücking_et_al._2012_3-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Lücking_et_al._2012_3-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Lücking_et_al._2012_3-4) Lücking, R.; Sittiporn Parnmen, H.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2012). "*Mangoldia*, a new lichen genus in the family Graphidaceae (Ascomycota: Ostropales)". *Phytotaxa*. **69**. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.11646/PHYTOTAXA.69.1.1](https://doi.org/10.11646%2FPHYTOTAXA.69.1.1).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Medeiros_&_Lutzoni_2022_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Medeiros_&_Lutzoni_2022_4-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Medeiros_&_Lutzoni_2022_4-2) Medeiros, Ian D.; Lutzoni, François (2022). ["Contribution to a modern treatment of Graphidaceae biodiversity in South Africa: genera of tribe Graphideae with hyaline ascospores"](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0024282922000263). *The Lichenologist*. **54** (5): 253–270. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1017/S0024282922000263](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0024282922000263).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Aptroot_et_al._2024_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Aptroot_et_al._2024_5-1) Aptroot, André; Lücking, Robert; Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2024). "New species, records and combinations of Graphidaceae (lichenized fungi) from Brazil". *The Bryologist*. **127** (1): 22–55. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1639/0007-2745-127.1.022](https://doi.org/10.1639%2F0007-2745-127.1.022).

Taxon identifiers Mangoldia Wikidata: Q21224569 Wikispecies: Mangoldia AusLichen: 30018322 CoL: 62ZMQ GBIF: 10803309 IndexFungorum: 801428 IRMNG: 11914656 MycoBank: 801428 NCBI: 1462678 Open Tree of Life: 5302810 SpeciesFungorum: 801428

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Mangoldia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangoldia) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangoldia?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.