# Manakin

> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Manakin
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Manakin.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manakin
> Source revision: 1354921272
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

Family of South American birds

This article is about the bird. For the model used for clothing, see [Mannequin](/source/Mannequin). For the anatomical model used in education, see [Transparent Anatomical Manikin](/source/Transparent_Anatomical_Manikin). For the village, see [Manakin-Sabot, Virginia](/source/Manakin-Sabot%2C_Virginia).

Manakins Male long-tailed manakin (Chiroxiphia linearis) Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Parvorder: Tyrannida Family: Pipridae Rafinesque, 1815 Species Many, see text Manakin range

The **manakins** are a [family](/source/Family_(taxonomy)), **Pipridae**, of small [suboscine](/source/Tyranni) [passerine](/source/Passerine) birds. The group contains 55 [species](/source/Species) distributed through the American tropics. The name is from Middle Dutch *mannekijn* "little man" (also the source of the different bird name *[mannikin](/source/Munia)*).[1]

## Description

Manakins range in size from 7 to 15 cm (3 to 6 in) and in weight from 8 to 30 g (0.28 to 1.06 oz). Species in the genus *Tyranneutes* are the smallest manakins, those in the genus *[Antilophia](/source/Antilophia)* are believed to be the largest (since the genus *[Schiffornis](/source/Schiffornis)* are no longer considered manakins). They are compact stubby birds with short tails, broad and rounded wings, and big heads. The [bill](/source/Beak) is short and has a wide gap. Females and first-year males have dull green plumage; most species are [sexually dichromatic](/source/Sexual_dimorphism) in their [plumage](/source/Plumage),[2] the males being mostly black with striking colours in patches,[3] and in some species having long, decorative tail or crown feathers or erectile throat feathers. In some species, males from two to four years old have a distinctive subadult plumage.[2]

The [syrinx](/source/Syrinx_(biology)) or "voicebox" is distinctive in manakins, setting them apart from the related families [Cotingidae](/source/Cotingidae) and [Tyrannidae](/source/Tyrannidae). Furthermore, it is so acutely variable within the group that genera and even species may be identified by the syrinx alone, unlike birds of most [oscine](/source/Oscine) families. The sounds made are whistles, trills, and buzzes.[2]

## Distribution and habitat

Manakins occur from southern [Mexico](/source/Mexico) to northern [Argentina](/source/Argentina), [Paraguay](/source/Paraguay), and southern [Brazil](/source/Brazil), and on [Trinidad](/source/Trinidad) and [Tobago](/source/Tobago) as well. They are highly arboreal and are almost exclusively forest and woodland birds. Most species live in humid tropical lowlands, with a few in dry forests, river forests,[2] and the subtropical [Andes](/source/Andes).[4] Some highland species have [altitudinal migrations](/source/Altitudinal_migration).

## Behaviour and ecology

Pipridae Neopelma chrysolophum – Serra do Mar tyrant-manakin Neopelma – 4 species: tyrant-manakins Tyranneutes – 2 species: tyrant-manakins Chiroxiphia – 5 species with Antilophia – 2 species Ilicura – pin-tailed manakin Corapipo – 3 species Masius – golden-winged manakin Xenopipo – 2 species Chloropipo – 2 species Cryptopipo – green manakin Lepidothrix – 8 species Heterocercus – 3 species Manacus – 4 species Pipra – 3 species Machaeropterus – 5 species Ceratopipra – 5 species Pseudopipra – white-crowned manakin Phylogeny based on a study of the suboscines by Michael Harvey and colleagues published in 2020. The genera Chiroxiphia and Neopelma were found to be paraphyletic.[5]

### Feeding

Manakins feed in the understory on small [fruit](/source/Fruit) (but often remarkably large for the size of the bird[4]) including [berries](/source/Berry), and to a lesser degree, insects. Since they take fruit in flight as other species "[hawk](/source/Hawking_(birds))" for insects, they are believed to have evolved from insect-eating birds. Females have big territories from which they do not necessarily exclude other birds of their species, instead feeding somewhat socially. Males spend much of their time together at courtship sites. Manakins sometimes join [mixed feeding flocks](/source/Mixed-species_feeding_flock).[2]

### Reproduction

Many manakin species have spectacular [lekking](/source/Lek_(animal_behavior)) courtship rituals, which are especially elaborate in the genera *[Pipra](/source/Pipra)* and *[Chiroxiphia](/source/Chiroxiphia)*. The rituals are characterized by a unique, species-specific pattern of vocalizations and movements such as jumping, bowing, wing vibration, wing snapping, and acrobatic flight.[6] The members of the genera *[Machaeropterus](/source/Machaeropterus)* and *[Manacus](/source/Manacus)* have heavily modified [wing feathers](/source/Flight_feather), which they use to make buzzing and snapping sounds. Members of *[Manacus](/source/Manacus)* and *[Ceratopipra](/source/Ceratopipra)* have superfast wing movements.[7] The ability to produce these wing movements is supported by specialized peripheral androgen receptors in the muscular tissue.[8]

Building of the nest (an open cup, generally low in vegetation), the incubation for 18 to 21 days, and care of the young for 13 to 15 days are undertaken by the female alone, since most manakins do not form stable pairs. (The [helmeted manakin](/source/Helmeted_manakin) does form pairs, but the male's contribution is limited to defending the territory.) The normal clutch is two [eggs](/source/Bird_egg), which are buff or dull white, marked with brown.[2]

Lekking [polygyny](/source/Polygyny_in_animals) seems to have been a characteristic of the family's original ancestor, and the associated [sexual selection](/source/Sexual_selection) led to an [adaptive radiation](/source/Adaptive_radiation) in which relationships may be traced by similarities in displays. Manakin sexual displays within these leks among the ancestral subfamily Neopelminae are the most simple, while displays among the more evolutionarily recent subfamily Piprinae are the most complex.[9] An evolutionary explanation connecting lekking to fruit-eating has been proposed.[2]

## Species list

The family Pipridae was introduced (as Pipraria) by the French [polymath](/source/Polymath) [Constantine Samuel Rafinesque](/source/Constantine_Samuel_Rafinesque) in 1815.[10][11] The members of the genus *[Schiffornis](/source/Schiffornis)* were previously placed in this family, but are now placed in [Tityridae](/source/Tityridae).[12]

Image Genus Living species Pseudopipra Kirwan et al, 2016 White-crowned manakin, Pseudopipra pipra Pipra Linnaeus, 1764 Crimson-hooded manakin, Pipra aureola (also known as orange-headed manakin) Band-tailed manakin, Pipra fasciicauda Wire-tailed manakin, Pipra filicauda Ceratopipra Bonaparte, 1854 Golden-headed manakin, Ceratopipra erythrocephala Red-capped manakin, Ceratopipra mentalis Red-headed manakin, Ceratopipra rubrocapilla Round-tailed manakin, Ceratopipra chloromeros Scarlet-horned manakin, Ceratopipra cornuta Lepidothrix Bonaparte, 1854 Velvety manakin, Lepidothrix velutina Blue-capped manakin, Lepidothrix coronata Blue-rumped manakin, Lepidothrix isidorei Cerulean-capped manakin, Lepidothrix coeruleocapilla Snow-capped manakin, Lepidothrix nattereri Golden-crowned manakin, Lepidothrix vilasboasi Opal-crowned manakin, Lepidothrix iris Orange-bellied manakin, Lepidothrix suavissima White-fronted manakin, Lepidothrix serena Chiroxiphia Cabanis, 1847 Helmeted manakin, Chiroxiphia galeata Araripe manakin, Chiroxiphia bokermanni Long-tailed manakin, Chiroxiphia linearis Lance-tailed manakin, Chiroxiphia lanceolata Blue-backed manakin, Chiroxiphia pareola Yungas manakin, Chiroxiphia boliviana Blue manakin, Chiroxiphia caudata Ilicura L. Reichenbach, 1850 Pin-tailed manakin, Ilicura militaris Masius Bonaparte, 1850 Golden-winged manakin, Masius chrysopterus Corapipo Bonaparte, 1854 White-bibbed manakin, Corapipo leucorrhoa White-ruffed manakin, Corapipo altera White-throated manakin, Corapipo gutturalis Manacus Brisson, 1760 White-collared manakin, Manacus candei Orange-collared manakin, Manacus aurantiacus Golden-collared manakin, Manacus vitellinus White-bearded manakin, Manacus manacus Machaeropterus Hahn, 1819 Club-winged manakin, Machaeropterus deliciosus Kinglet manakin, Machaeropterus regulus Striolated manakin, Machaeropterus striolatus Painted manakin, Machaeropterus eckelberryi Fiery-capped manakin, Machaeropterus pyrocephalus Xenopipo Cabanis, 1847 Black manakin, Xenopipo atronitens Olive manakin, Xenopipo uniformis Cryptopipo Ohlson et al., 2013 Green manakin, Cryptopipo holochlora Choco manakin, Cryptopipo litae Chloropipo Cabanis & Heine, 1859 Yellow-headed manakin, Chloropipo flavicapilla Jet manakin, Chloropipo unicolor Heterocercus Strickland, 1850 Flame-crested manakin, Heterocercus linteatus Orange-crested manakin, Heterocercus aurantiivertex Yellow-crested manakin, Heterocercus flavivertex Neopelma P.L. Sclater, 1861 Saffron-crested tyrant-manakin, Neopelma chrysocephalum Sulphur-bellied tyrant-manakin, Neopelma sulphureiventer Pale-bellied tyrant-manakin, Neopelma pallescens Wied's tyrant-manakin, Neopelma aurifrons Serra do Mar tyrant-manakin, Neopelma chrysolophum Tyranneutes P.L. Sclater & Salvin, 1881 Dwarf tyrant-manakin, Tyranneutes stolzmanni Tiny tyrant-manakin, Tyranneutes virescens

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** *New Oxford American Dictionary* (2nd ed., 2005), p. 1032.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-P&S_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-P&S_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-P&S_2-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-P&S_2-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-P&S_2-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-P&S_2-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-P&S_2-6) Prum, Richard O.; Snow, David W. (2003). ["Manakins"](https://archive.org/details/fireflyencyclope0000unse). In [Perrins, Christopher](/source/Chris_Perrins) (ed.). [*The Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds*](https://archive.org/details/fireflyencyclope0000unse/page/434). Firefly Books. pp. [434–437](https://archive.org/details/fireflyencyclope0000unse/page/434). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-55297-777-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55297-777-4).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-EoB_3-0)** Lanyon, Scott N. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph (ed.). *Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds*. London: Merehurst Press. pp. 167–168. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-85391-186-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85391-186-6).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-HBW_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-HBW_4-1) Snow, D. W. (2004). Family Pipridae (Manakins). Pp. 110-169 in: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., & Christie, D. A. eds (2004). *Handbook of the Birds of the World.* Vol. 9. Cotingas to Pipits and Wagtails. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [84-87334-69-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-87334-69-5)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Harvey, M.G.; Bravo, G.A.; Claramunt, S.; Cuervo, A.M.; Derryberry, G.E.; Battilana, J.; Seeholzer, G.F.; McKay, J.S.; O'Meara, B.C.; Faircloth, B.C.; Edwards, S.V.; Pérez-Emán, J.; Moyle, R.G.; Sheldon, F.H.; Aleixo, A.; Smith, B.T.; Chesser, R.T.; Silveira, L.F.; Cracraft, J.; Brumfield, R.T.; Derryberry, E.P. (2020). "The evolution of a tropical biodiversity hotspot". *Science*. **370** (6522): 1343–1348. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2020Sci...370.1343H](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Sci...370.1343H). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1126/science.aaz6970](https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aaz6970). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[10138/329703](https://hdl.handle.net/10138%2F329703). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [33303617](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33303617). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [228084618](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:228084618). A high resolution version of the phylogenetic tree in Figure 1 is available from the first author's website [here](http://www.harveybirdlab.org/docs/Harveyetal2020_Fig1_tree_HiRes.pdf).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Schwark, Ryan W; Fuxjager, Matthew J; Schmidt, Marc F (2022-05-31). McCarthy, Margaret M; Dulac, Catherine (eds.). ["Proposing a neural framework for the evolution of elaborate courtship displays"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9154748). *eLife*. **11** e74860. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.7554/eLife.74860](https://doi.org/10.7554%2FeLife.74860). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2050-084X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2050-084X). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [9154748](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9154748). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [35639093](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35639093).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Pease, J; Driver, R; de la Cerda, D; Day, L; Lindsay, W; Schinger, B; Schuppe, E; Balakrishnan, C; Fuxjager, M (2022). ["Layered evolution of gene expression in "superfast" muscles for courtship"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9168950). *PNAS*. **119** (14) e2119671119. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1073/pnas.2119671119](https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2119671119). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [9168950](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9168950). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [35363565](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35363565). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [247865808](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247865808).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Fuxjager, Matthew J; Miles, Meredith C; Goller, Franz; Petersen, John; Yancey, Julia (2017-11-01). ["Androgens Support Male Acrobatic Courtship Behavior by Enhancing Muscle Speed and Easing the Severity of Its Tradeoff With Force"](https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fen.2017-00599). *Endocrinology*. **158** (11): 4038–4046. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1210/en.2017-00599](https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fen.2017-00599). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[10339/96037](https://hdl.handle.net/10339%2F96037). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0013-7227](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-7227). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [28938418](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28938418).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Alfonso, Camilo; Jones, Blake C; Vernasco, Ben J; Moore, Ignacio T (2021-07-12). ["Integrative Studies of Sexual Selection in Manakins, a Clade of Charismatic Tropical Birds"](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2Ficab158). *Integrative and Comparative Biology*. **61** (4): 1267–1280. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/icb/icab158](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2Ficab158). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1540-7063](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1540-7063). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [34251421](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34251421).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** [Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel](/source/Constantine_Samuel_Rafinesque) (1815). [*Analyse de la nature ou, Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés*](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48310144) (in French). Vol. 1815. Palermo: Self-published. p. 66.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Bock, Walter J. (1994). *History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names*. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. pp. 149, 252. [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[2246/830](https://hdl.handle.net/2246%2F830).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-SACC_12-0)** Remsen, J. V. Jr., C. D. Cadena, A. Jaramillo, M. Nores, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, T. S. Schulenberg, F. G. Stiles, D. F. Stotz, & K. J. Zimmer. 2007. [*A classification of the bird species of South America.*](http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090302073659/http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.html) 2009-03-02 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) American Ornithologists' Union. Accessed 12 December 2007.

## Further reading

- Ohlson, J.I.; Fjeldså, J.; Ericson, P.G.P. (2013). "Molecular phylogeny of the manakins (Aves: Passeriformes: Pipridae), with a new classification and the description of a new genus". *Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution*. **69** (3): 796–804. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.ympev.2013.06.024](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2013.06.024). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [23831559](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23831559).

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Pipridae](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pipridae).

- ["Jungle Dancers"](https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/deep-jungle-new-frontiers-jungle-dancers-kim-bostwick-and-manakin-birds/1370/), *[Nature](/source/Nature_(TV_series))* article about manakin behaviour, from the [PBS](/source/Public_Broadcasting_Service) website

- ["High-speed videos of two manakin clades (Pipridae: Aves)"](https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article-abstract/206/20/3693/9330/High-speed-video-analysis-of-wing-snapping-in-two?redirectedFrom=fulltext), from the *[Journal of Experimental Biology](/source/Journal_of_Experimental_Biology)* website

- [Videos of *Machaeropterus deliciosus* making a "tick-tick-ting" sound through wing motion](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1111701), from the *[Science](/source/Science_(journal))* website

- [Manakin videos, photos and sounds](https://web.archive.org/web/20160323185445/http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/manakins-pipridae) on the Internet Bird Collection

- ["Manakins and the Plant Family Melastomataceae"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160327220842/http://www.ecology.info/manakins-melastomataceae.htm), from the Ecology Online Sweden website

Taxon identifiers Pipridae Wikidata: Q379200 Wikispecies: Pipridae BOLD: 68774 CoL: 625NN EoL: 1622 GBIF: 5270 iNaturalist: 14221 IRMNG: 108520 ITIS: 178385 NCBI: 114313 Open Tree of Life: 881043 Paleobiology Database: 372235

Authority control databases National United States Israel Other Yale LUX

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Manakin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manakin) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manakin?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.