# Makran > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Makran > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Makran.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makran > Source revision: 1356481088 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) Semi-desert coastal region in Iran and Pakistan For other uses, see [Makran (disambiguation)](/source/Makran_(disambiguation)). **Makran** ([Balochi](/source/Balochi_language), [Persian](/source/Persian_language) and [Urdu](/source/Urdu): مکران), also written as **Mecran** and **Mokrān**, is the southern coastal region of [Balochistan](/source/Balochistan). It is a semi-[desert](/source/Desert) [coastal](/source/Coast) strip in [Pakistan](/source/Pakistan) and in [Iran](/source/Iran), along the coast of the [Gulf of Oman](/source/Gulf_of_Oman). It extends westwards, from the [Sonmiani Bay](/source/Sonmiani_Bay) in [Balochistan province](/source/Balochistan%2C_Pakistan) of Pakistan to the northwest of [Karachi](/source/Karachi) in the east, to the fringes of the region of Bashkardia/Bāšgerd in the southern part of the [Sistan and Baluchestan](/source/Sistan_and_Baluchestan) [province](/source/Province) of Iran. Makrān is thus bisected by the modern political [boundary between Pakistan and Iran](/source/Iran-Pakistan_border). Map showing Makran's location during the time of the [Abbasid Caliphate](/source/Abbasid_Caliphate), from the book of historical geography of the lands of the Eastern Caliphate. cite? For non-readers of Arabic, the region is the large quadrilateral near the bottom right of the image In January 2025, a government spokesperson informed that Iran is investigating the possibility of moving its capital to the Makran region.[1][2] The [Makran Division](/source/Makran_Division) in Pakistan. ## Etymology The southern part of Balochistan is called *Kech Makran* on the Pakistani side and Makran on the Iranian side, which is also the name of a former Iranian province.[3] The location corresponds to that of the [Maka satrapy](/source/Maka_(satrapy)) in [Achaemenid](/source/Achaemenid_Empire) times. The Sumerian trading partners of [Magan](/source/Magan_(civilization)) are identified with Makran.[4] In [Varahamihira](/source/Varahamihira)'s [Brihat Samhita](/source/Brihat_Samhita), there is a mention of a tribe called *Makara* ([Sanskrit](/source/Sanskrit_language): मकर, [romanized](/source/Romanization_of_Sanskrit): *makara*, [lit.](/source/Literal_translation) 'fish') inhabiting the lands west of [India](/source/India). [Arrian](/source/Arrian) used the term *[Ichthyophagoi](/source/Ichthyophagoi)* ([Ancient Greek](/source/Ancient_Greek_language): Ἰχθυοφάγοι, [romanized](/source/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek): *Ĭkhthŭophắgoi*, [lit.](/source/Literal_translation) 'fish-eaters, piscivores') for inhabitants of coastal areas (which has led to a suggestion to derive *Makran* from the term in Modern [Persian](/source/Persian_language): مَاهِی خورَان, [romanized](/source/Romanization_of_Persian): *māhī xōrān*, [lit.](/source/Literal_translation) 'fish-eaters, piscivores').[5] ## History See also: [Kingdom of Makran](/source/Kingdom_of_Makran) ### Earliest settlements The Kech-Makran region in southwestern Pakistan, along [Kech River](/source/Kech_River), was inhabited as early as the 5th millennium BCE. The site of [Miri Qalat](/source/Miri_Qalat) was investigated by Pakistani and French archaeologists from 1987 to 2007. Later, the site of Shahi-Tump, near [Turbat](/source/Turbat), was also studied.[6] Large and massive quadrangular stone building were constructed already before 4000 BCE. Flints, worked stones, and bone tools used by the inhabitants were found by archaeologists, but no ceramics were yet used. In this Period I the inhabitants of the Kech River Valley already cultivated wheat and barley, as well as lentils. They had domesticated cattle, goats, and sheep. They also caught fish from the Oman Sea. During Period II, the building of massive architectural structures continued, and a quadrangular stone complex was built. Later, mud brick constructions also appear on top of some of these stone buildings.[7] At Miri Qalat, some links with [Uruk](/source/Uruk) culture ceramics were also found.[8] The related site of [Balakot, Makran](/source/Balakot%2C_Makran), going back to 4000 BCE, was also studied by archaeologists.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] ### Ancient Between 2500 BCE and 1700 BCE, a maritime trade route existed in the [Indian Ocean](/source/Indian_Ocean) and the [Persian Gulf](/source/Persian_Gulf)[9][10] connecting three primary regions as described in ancient [Akkadian](/source/Akkadian_Empire) inscriptions found in [Iraq](/source/Iraq): [Meluhha](/source/Meluhha), [Magan](/source/Magan_(civilization)), and [Dilmun](/source/Dilmun). According to these inscriptions, [ships](/source/Ship) carrying up to 20 tons of goods (20,000 kilograms each) traversed this trade route regularly.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] [Baloch](/source/Baloch_people) contingents, under the command of [Ashkash](/source/Ashkash), are described as having originated from Makran, serving as part of the region’s forces during the reign of [Kai Khosrow](/source/Kay_Khosrow).[11][12] This is depicted in the mythological part of the [Shahnamah](/source/Shahnameh) a prose work written in [Middle Persian](/source/Middle_Persian).[13] After the victory of the [Mauryan Empire](/source/Mauryan_Empire) against the Greeks in the [Seleucid–Mauryan war](/source/Seleucid%E2%80%93Mauryan_war), Makran came under the rule of [Chandragupta Maurya](/source/Chandragupta_Maurya) of Mauryan Empire. Chandragupta and Seleucus made a peace settlement in 304 BCE. Seleucus I Nicator ceded the satrapies, including [Gedrosia](/source/Gedrosia), to the expanding Mauryan Empire.[14] The alliance was solidified with a marriage between Chandragupta Maurya and a princess of the Seleucid Empire. An outcome of the arrangement proved to be mutually beneficial.[14] The border between the Seleucid and Mauryan Empires remained stable in subsequent generations, and friendly diplomatic relations are reflected by the ambassador [Megasthenes](/source/Megasthenes), and by the envoys sent westward by Chandragupta's grandson [Ashoka](/source/Ashoka).[14] #### Sasanian Empire [Shapur I's trilingual inscription at the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht](/source/Shapur_I's_inscription_at_the_Ka'ba-ye_Zartosht) in [Naqsh-i-Rustam](/source/Naqsh-i-Rustam), dated to 262 CE, notes "Makuran"/"Makran" to be one of the many provinces of the [Sasanian Empire](/source/Sasanian_Empire): Parthian version of the Shapur I inscription at Ka'ba-ye Zartosht. And I ([Shapur I](/source/Shapur_I)) possess the lands: Fars [[Persis](/source/Persis)], Pahlav [[Parthia](/source/Parthia)] ... and all of Abarshahr (all the upper (eastern, Parthian) provinces), [Kerman](/source/Kerman), [Sakastan](/source/Sakastan_(Sasanian_province)), [Turgistan](/source/Turgistan), [Makuran](/source/Makuran), Pardan [[Paradene](/source/Paradene)], Hind [[Sind](/source/Hind_(Sasanian_province))] and [Kushanshahr](/source/Kushanshahr) all the way to Pashkibur [[Peshawar](/source/Peshawar)?] and to the borders of [Kashgaria](/source/Kashgar), [Sogdia](/source/Sogdiana) and Chach [[Tashkent](/source/Tashkent)] and of that sea-coast Mazonshahr [[Oman](/source/Oman)]. — [Shapur I's inscription at the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht](/source/Shapur_I's_inscription_at_the_Ka'ba-ye_Zartosht) (262 CE), translation by [Josef Wiesehöfer](/source/Josef_Wieseh%C3%B6fer) (1996).[15][16][17] ### Buddhist and Hindu past [Abū Rayḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Bīrūnī](/source/Al-Biruni) states in his book *[Kitab al-Hind](/source/India_(Al-Biruni))* that the coast of [India](/source/Indian_subcontinent) begins with [Tiz](/source/Tis%2C_Iran), the capital of Makran.[18] According to historian [André Wink](/source/Andr%C3%A9_Wink): South Asia 350 CE [SASANIAN HIND](/source/Hind_(Sasanian_province)) [YAUDHEYAS](/source/Yaudheya) [ARJUNAYANAS](/source/Arjunayanas) [MADRAKAS](/source/Madra_kingdom) [MALAVAS](/source/Malavas) [ANDHRA IKSHVAKUS](/source/Andhra_Ikshvaku) [KALABHRAS](/source/Kalabhra_dynasty) [WESTERN GANGAS](/source/Western_Ganga_dynasty) [TOCHARIANS](/source/Tocharians) [KADAMBAS](/source/Kadamba_dynasty) [PALLAVAS](/source/Pallava_dynasty) [LITTLE KUSHANS](/source/Kushan_Empire) [LICCHAVIS](/source/Licchavi_(tribe)) [WESTERN SATRAPS](/source/Western_Satraps) [NAGAS](/source/Nagas_of_Vindhyatabi) [KAMARUPA](/source/Kamarupa) [GAUDA](/source/Gauda_Kingdom) [SAMATATAS](/source/Samatata) [DAVAKA](/source/Davaka_Kingdom) [KIDARITES](/source/Kidarites) [ABHIRAS](/source/Abhira_dynasty) [VAKATAKAS](/source/Vakatakas) [GUPTA EMPIRE](/source/Gupta_Empire) [KUSHANO- SASANIANS](/source/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom) [SAKASTAN](/source/Sakastan_(Sasanian_province)) [TURAN](/source/Turan_(Sasanian_province)) MAKRAN [SASANIAN EMPIRE](/source/Sasanian_Empire) Approximate location of the Sasanian Province of Makran and contemporary South Asian polities, circa 350 CE.[19] Further evidence in the [Chachnama](/source/Chach_Nama) makes perfectly clear that many areas of Makran had a largely [Buddhist](/source/Buddhist) population. When [Chach](/source/Chach_of_Alor) marched to Armabil, this town is described as having been in the hands of a Buddhist Samani (Samani Budda), a descendant of the agents of [Rai Sahiras](/source/Rai_Sahiras) who had been elevated for their loyalty and devotion, but who later made themselves independent. The Buddhist chief offered his allegiance to Chach when the latter was on his way to Kirman in 631. The same chiefdom of Armadil is referred to by [Hiuen Tsang](/source/Xuanzang) O-tien-p-o-chi-lo, located at the high road running through Makran, and he also describes it as predominantly Buddhist, thinly populated though it was, it had no less than 80 Buddhist convents with about 5000 monks. In effect at eighteen km northwest of Las Bela at Gandakahar, near the ruins of an ancient town are the [caves of Gondrani](/source/Shehr-e-Roghan), and as their constructions show these caves were undoubtedly Buddhist. Traveling through the Kij valley further west (then under the government of Persia) Hiuen Tsang saw some 100 Buddhist monasteries and 6000 priests. He also saw several hundred [Deva](/source/Deva_(Buddhism)) temples in this part of Makran, and in the town of Su-nu li-chi-shi-fa-lo – which is probably Qasrqand – he saw a temple of [Maheshvara](/source/Shiva) Deva, richly adorned and sculptured. There is thus very wide extension of Indian cultural forms in Makran in the seventh century, even in the period when it fell under Persian sovereignty. By comparison in more recent times the last place of [Hindu](/source/Hinduism) pilgrimage in Makran was [Hinglaj](/source/Hinglaj), 256 km west of present-day Karachi in [Las Bela](/source/Lasbela_District).[20] Wink has recorded [Hiuen Tsang](/source/Xuanzang)'s notes on the language and script in use in easternmost Makran (eastern parts of Pakistani Balochistan):[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] Paths that [Alexander the Great](/source/Alexander_the_Great) took Hiuen Tsang considered the script which was in use in Makran to be "much the same as India", but the spoken language "differed a little from that of India".[21] ### Early medieval times The Hindu Sewa dynasty ruled much of Baluchistan up until the 7th century CE. The [Sibi Division](/source/Sibi_Division) derives its name from Rani Sewi, the queen of the Sewa dynasty.[22] Until 7th-century CE, Makran was a part of the Hindu [Chach dynasty](/source/Chach_dynasty).[23] ### Islamic conquest Central Makran range The first Islamic conquest of Makran took place during the [Rashidun Caliphate](/source/Rashidun_Caliphate) in the year 643 CE . Caliph [Umar](/source/Umar)'s governor of [Bahrain](/source/Bahrain), Usman ibn Abu al-Aas, who was on a campaign to conquer the southern coastal areas beyond Sassanid, sent his brother Hakam ibn Abu al-Aas to raid and [reconnoitre](/source/Reconnoitre) the Makran region.[24][*[full citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include)*] In late 644 CE Caliph [Umar](/source/Umar) dispatched an army under the command of Hakam ibn Amr for the wholesale invasion of Makran. He was joined by reinforcements from [Kufa](/source/Kufa) under the command of Shahab ibn Makharaq, and by Abdullah ibn Utban, the commander of a campaign in [Kerman](/source/Kerman). They encountered no strong resistance in Makran until the army of the King of [Rai dynasty](/source/Rai_dynasty), along with contingents from Makran and Sind, stopped them near the [Indus River](/source/Indus). In mid-644 the [Battle of Rasil](/source/Battle_of_Rasil) was fought between the forces of the Rashidun Caliphate and the Rai dynasty; the Raja's forces were defeated and forced to retreat to the eastern bank of the Indus. The Raja's army had included [war elephants](/source/War_elephant), but these had posed little problem for the Muslim invaders, who had dealt with them during the [conquest of Persia](/source/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia). In accordance with the orders of Caliph [Umar](/source/Umar), the captured war elephants were sold in Islamic Persia, with the proceeds distributed among the soldiers as share in booty.[25] In response to Caliph Umar's questions about the Makran region, the messenger from Makran who brought the news of the victory told him: O Commander of the faithful! It's a land where the plains are stony; Where water is scanty; Where the fruits are unsavory; Where men are known for treachery; Where plenty is unknown; Where virtue is held of little account; And where evil is dominant. A large army is less for there; And a less army is use less there; The land beyond it, is even worse Umar looked at the messenger and said: "Are you a messenger or a poet?" He replied, "Messenger". Thereupon Caliph Umar instructed Hakim bin Amr al-Taghlabi that for the time being Makran should be the easternmost frontier of the Islamic empire, and that no further attempt should be made to extend the conquests. It was reconquered by the usurper [Chach of Alor](/source/Chach_of_Alor) in 631. Ten years later, it was described to be "under the government of Persia" by [Xuanzang](/source/Xuanzang) who visited the region. Three years later however, when the Arabs invaded, it was regarded as the "frontier of *[al-Hind](/source/Names_of_India)*".[26] The Brahmin, Maharaja Chach met the invaders outside Broach and defeated them with heavy slaughter also killing their very Commander-in-Chief Abdul Aziz in the process.[27][28] ### Ma'danid dynasty See also: [Ma'danid dynasty](/source/Ma'danid_dynasty) The Ma'danid dynasty was a medieval Islamic dynasty that ruled the Sultanate of Makran.[29] It ruled Makran from the late 9th or early 10th century. [30]until around the 11th century[31] ### Modern era Map of the [Baluchistan Agency](/source/Baluchistan_Agency) [Gul Khan Nasir](/source/Gul_Khan_Nasir) has narrated poetry about a certain [Hammal Baloch](/source/Hammal_Jiand), who is said to have fight against Portuguese.[32] particularly during the attacks on coastal towns like [Pasni](/source/Pasni_(city)) and [Gawadar](/source/Gawadar).[33][*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] The sultanate held onto the Makran coast throughout the period of British colonial rule, but eventually, only Gwadar was left in the hands of the sultan.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] ### Princely state of Makran See also: [Makran (princely state)](/source/Makran_(princely_state)) [Makran](/source/Makran_(princely_state)) ([Urdu](/source/Urdu_language): ریاست مکران) was an autonomous [princely state](/source/Princely_state) in a [subsidiary alliance](/source/Subsidiary_alliance) with [British India](/source/British_India) until 1947, before acceding to Pakistan as an autonomous [princely state of Pakistan](/source/Princely_states_of_Pakistan).[34] It was ruled by [Gichki](/source/Gichki) Nawabs,[35] who were of [Rajputs](/source/Muslim_Rajputs) origin.[36][37] Their ancestor, Jagat Singh had migrated from Rajputana in the 17th century and converted to Islam. It ceased to exist in 1955. It was located in the extreme southwest of present-day Pakistan, an area now parts of the districts of [Gwadar](/source/Gwadar), [Kech](/source/Kech_District) and [Panjgur](/source/Panjgur). The state did not include the [enclave](/source/Enclave) of [Omani Gwadar](/source/Gwadar#Omani_rule), which was under [Omani](/source/Muscat_and_Oman) rule until 1958. On the independence of [Pakistan](/source/Pakistan), Makran became a district within the province of Balochistan, with the exception of an area of 800 km2 (310 sq mi) around Gwadar. In 1958 the Gwadar enclave was transferred to Pakistani control as part of the district of Makran. The entire region has been subdivided into new smaller districts over the years.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] ## Geography Makran.makoran pars1744 Amesterdam [Gwadar](/source/Gwadar) beach in Makran region-today the economy of Makrani Baloch is largely based on use of the ocean. The narrow coastal plain rises rapidly into several mountain ranges. Of the 1,000 km (620 mi) coastline, around 750 km (470 mi) are in [Pakistan](/source/Pakistan). The climate is dry with little rainfall. Makran is very sparsely inhabited, with much of the population concentrated in a string of small ports including [Chabahar](/source/Chabahar), [Gwatar](/source/Gwatar), [Jiwani](/source/Jiwani), [Jask](/source/Jask), [Sirik](/source/Sirik%2C_Iran), [Gwadar](/source/Gwadar) (not to be confused with Gwatar), [Pasni](/source/Pasni_City), [Ormara](/source/Ormara) and many smaller fishing villages. There is only one island off the coast of Makran, [Astola Island](/source/Astola), near Pasni although there are several small islets. The coastline has a number of lagoons and bays. The main lagoons are [Miani Hor](/source/Miani_Hor), [Khor Kalmat](/source/Khor_Kalmat), and the [Jiwani Coastal Wetland](/source/Jiwani_Coastal_Wetland). The main bays are from east to west: Ormara East Bay, Ormara West Bay, Pasni Bay, [Surbandar](/source/Surbandar) Bay, Gwadar East Bay, Gwadar West Bay and [Gwatar Bay](/source/Gwatar_Bay) (which includes Jiwani Bay). This latter bay shelters a large [mangrove](/source/Mangrove) forest and the nesting grounds of endangered turtle species. The [Mirani Dam](/source/Mirani_Dam) provides irrigation, flood prevention and water supply to Gwadar city.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] The [Central Makran Range](/source/Central_Makran_Range) in Pakistan and Iran. ## Demographics Religious groups in the Makran Division of Kalat State (British Baluchistan era) Religious group 1911[38] 1921[39] 1931[40] 1941[41] Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Islam 71,758 99.74% 71,625 99.67% 68,213 99.64% 86,406 99.72% Hinduism 137 0.19% 216 0.3% 233 0.34% 206 0.24% Christianity 40 0.06% 11 0.02% 11 0.02% 20 0.02% Sikhism 2 0% 8 0.01% 3 0% 17 0.02% Others 5[a] 0.01% 0 0% 2[b] 0% 2[c] 0% Total population 71,942 100% 71,860 100% 68,462 100% 86,651 100% ## See also - [Chabahar](/source/Chabahar) - [Gwadar](/source/Gwadar) - [Khor Kalmat](/source/Khor_Kalmat) - [Lyari Town](/source/Lyari_Town) - [Makran Coastal Highway](/source/Makran_Coastal_Highway) - [Makran Coastal Range](/source/Makran_Coastal_Range) - [Makran Division](/source/Makran_Division) - [N'aschi](/source/N'aschi) - [Sokhta Koh](/source/Sokhta_Koh) - [State of Makran](/source/State_of_Makran) - [Wildlife of Pakistan § Western highlands, plains and deserts](/source/Wildlife_of_Pakistan#Western_highlands.2C_plains_and_deserts) - [1945 Balochistan earthquake](/source/1945_Balochistan_earthquake) ## Notes 1. **[^](#cite_ref-1901Others_42-0)** Including 4 [Parsis](/source/Parsis) ([Zoroastrians](/source/Zoroastrianism)) and 1 [Buddhist](/source/Buddhism). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-1931Others_43-0)** Including 2 [Jews](/source/Jews). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-1941Others_44-0)** Including 1 [Parsi](/source/Parsis) ([Zoroastrian](/source/Zoroastrianism)) and 1 [Jew](/source/Jews). ## References 1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** ["Iran eyeing Makran for new capital, says government spokesperson"](https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/508424/Iran-eyeing-Makran-for-new-capital-says-government-spokesperson). 7 January 2025. Retrieved January 7, 2025. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** ["Iran eyes Makran in southern coast as new capital after Tehran: All you need to know"](https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/middle-east/iran-eyes-makran-in-southern-coast-as-new-capital-after-tehran-all-you-need-to-know/articleshow/117116388.cms). *The Times of India*. 10 January 2025. Retrieved January 10, 2025. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-Makran_3-0)** ["Makran"](http://www.britannica.com/place/Makran-region-Asia). *Encyclopædia Britannica*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240307222126/https://www.britannica.com/place/Makran-region-Asia) from the original on 7 March 2024. Retrieved 18 June 2016. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansman1973555_4-0)** [Hansman 1973](#CITEREFHansman1973), p. 555. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-PoloYule1993_5-0)** Yule, Sir Henry; Cordier, Henri, eds. (1993) [first published 1903, revised 1920], [*The Travels of Marco Polo: The Complete Yule-Cordier Edition, Volume II*](https://books.google.com/books?id=3TexF3FC87YC&pg=PA402), Courier Corporation, pp. 402–, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-486-27587-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-27587-1) 1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** [Aurore Didier](/source/Aurore_Didier), Benjamin Mutin (2015). ["The Kech-Makran region in Protohistoric Times"](https://ancient-herat.de/uploads/attachments/ckvfk2r8p01o5nhcpe95gb0ap-11a-kech-makran.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220403091132/https://ancient-herat.de/uploads/attachments/ckvfk2r8p01o5nhcpe95gb0ap-11a-kech-makran.pdf) 2022-04-03 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). In Ute Franke; Elisa Cortesi. *Lost and Found: Prehistoric Pottery Treasures from Baluchistan*. SMB. pp. 297–333. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-00-051309-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-00-051309-1). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** [Aurore Didier](/source/Aurore_Didier), Benjamin Mutin (2015). ["The Kech-Makran region in Protohistoric Times"](https://ancient-herat.de/uploads/attachments/ckvfk2r8p01o5nhcpe95gb0ap-11a-kech-makran.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220403091132/https://ancient-herat.de/uploads/attachments/ckvfk2r8p01o5nhcpe95gb0ap-11a-kech-makran.pdf) 2022-04-03 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). In Ute Franke; Elisa Cortesi. *Lost and Found: Prehistoric Pottery Treasures from Baluchistan*. SMB. pp. 297–333. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-00-051309-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-00-051309-1). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Van De Mieroop, M. (2008). *A history of the ancient Near East*. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Blench, Roger (2009). "Remapping the Austronesian expansion" (PDF). In Evans, Bethwyn (ed.). Discovering History Through Language: Papers in Honour of Malcolm Ross. Pacific Linguistics. ISBN 978-0-85883-605-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 April 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2019. http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Austronesian/General/Blench%20Ross%20Festschrift%20paper%20revised.pdf 1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Manguin PY (2016). "Austronesian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: From Outrigger Boats to Trading Ships". In Campbell G (ed.). Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 51–76. ISBN 978-3-319-33822-4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2020. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-:ashkash2_11-0)** ["AŠKAŠ"](https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/askas-an-iranian-hero-in-the-reign-of-kay-kosrow). *[Encyclopædia Iranica](/source/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica)*. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-:Two_Essays_on_Baloch_History_and_Folklore_12-0)** Badalkhan, Sabir (2013). *Two Essays on Baloch History and Folklore*. Balochistan Monograph Series, V. Naples, Italy: Universita degli studi di Napoli. pp. 20–21, 36, 97, 12. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-88-6719-060-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-6719-060-7). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-:The_Baloch_and_Their_Neighbours_13-0)** Carina،Korn, Jahani،Korn (2003). [*The Baloch and Their Neighbours*](https://books.google.com/books?id=b3IMAQAAMAAJ&q=Scheming). Reichert. pp. 49, 314–317, 248, 260. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9783895003660](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783895003660). 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKosmin201433–34_14-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKosmin201433–34_14-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKosmin201433–34_14-2) [Kosmin 2014](#CITEREFKosmin2014), p. 33–34. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** The complete paragraph goes: "And I [Shapur I] possess the lands: Fars [Persis], Pahlav [Parthia], Huzestan [Khuzistan], Meshan [Maishan, Mesene], Asorestan [Mesopotamia], Nod-Ardakhshiragan [Adiabene], Arbayestan [Arabia], Adurbadagan [Atropatene], Armen [Armenia], Virozan [Iberia], Segan [Machelonia], Arran [Albania], Balasagan up to the Caucasus and to the 'gate of the Alans' and all of Padishkhvar[gar] [the entire Elburz chain = Tabaristan and Gelan (?)], Mad [Media], Gurgan [Hyrcania], Marv [Margiana], Harey [Aria], and all of Abarshahr [all the upper (= eastern, Parthian) provinces], Kerman [Kirman], Sakastan, Turgistan, Makuran, Pardan [Paradene], Hind [Sind] and Kushanshahr all the way to Pashkibur [Peshawar?] and to the borders of Kashgaria, Sogdia and Chach [Tashkent] and of that sea-coast Mazonshahr ['Oman']." in [Wiesehöfer, Josef](/source/Josef_Wieseh%C3%B6fer) (1996). *Ancient Persia : from 550 BC to 650 AD*. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 184. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1860646751](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1860646751). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** For a secondary source see Kia, Mehrdad (27 June 2016). [*The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia \[2 volumes\]: A Historical Encyclopedia*](https://books.google.com/books?id=B5BHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA67). ABC-CLIO. p. 67. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-61069-391-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-391-2). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** For another referenced translation, visible online, see: Frye, Richard Nelson (1984). [*The History of Ancient Iran*](https://books.google.com/books?id=0y1jeSqbHLwC&pg=PA371). C.H.Beck. p. 371. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-406-09397-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-09397-5). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** [Bīrūnī, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad (about A.D. 1030)](/source/Al-Biruni) (1888). [*Alberuni's India*](https://archive.org/details/alberunisindiaac01brnm/page/208/mode/1up?view=theater). Vol. 1. London: [Trübner](/source/Kegan_Paul%2C_Trench_and_Company), 1888. p. 208. Retrieved 2024-07-21.{{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list)) 1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). [*A Historical atlas of South Asia*](https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 145, map XIV.1 (h). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0226742210](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226742210). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210224162023/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182) from the original on 2021-02-24. Retrieved 2022-04-16. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** André Wink, *Al-Hind: Early medieval India and the expansion of Islam, 7th–11th centuries*, p. 135 1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** André Wink, *Al-Hind: Early medieval India and the expansion of Islam, 7th–11th centuries*, p. 137 1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Syed Abdul Quddus, *The tribal Baluchistan*, p. 49 1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** Skutsch, Carl, ed. (2005). *Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities*. New York: Routledge. p. 178. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-57958-468-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57958-468-3). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** *Al Baldiah wal nahaiyah* vol: 7 page 141 1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** *Tarikh al Tabri*, vol: 4 page no: 180 1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** [*Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th–11th Centuries*](https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&pg=PA136). Brill. 2002. pp. 131–132, 136. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0391041738](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0391041738). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** Savarkar, Veer (2020-01-01). [*Six Glorious Epochs of Indian History*](https://books.google.com/books?id=IajTDwAAQBAJ&dq=usman+the+governor+of+oman&pg=PT151). Prabhat Prakashan. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-93-5322-097-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5322-097-6). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** Munshi, Kanaiyalal Maneklal (1944). [*The Glory that was Gūrjaradeśa: The Imperial Gūrjaras. 1st ed*](https://books.google.com/books?id=gfAdAAAAMAAJ&q=usman+the+governor+of+oman). Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** Seyfeydinovich, Asimov, Muhammad; Edmund, Bosworth, Clifford; UNESCO (1998-12-31). [*History of civilizations of Central Asia: The Age of Achievement: A.D. 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century*](https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=18eABeokpjEC&pg=PA304&dq=makran+was+ruled+by&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi5i4-fpuOTAxUN_rsIHaaMEyMQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q=Banu%20makran&f=false). UNESCO Publishing. p. 296. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-92-3-103467-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103467-1).{{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list)) 1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1994). [*The History of the Saffarids of Sistan and the Maliks of Nimruz: (247/861 to 949/1542-3)*](https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=_kZ4QgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y). Mazda Publishers. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-56859-015-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56859-015-8). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** *The regions of Sind, Baluchistan, Multan and Kashmir: the historical, social, and economic setting". In Asimov, M.S.; Bosworth, C.E. (eds.). History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume 4, Part 1*. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-92-3-103654-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103654-5).{{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: CS1 maint: publisher location ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_publisher_location)) 1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** Claus, Diamond, Ann Mills, Peter J., Sarah, Margaret (2003). [*South Asian Folklore*](https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC). Routledge. p. 44. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780415939195](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415939195).{{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list)) 1. **[^](#cite_ref-:Iranica-baluchistan-iii_33-0)** ["BALUCHISTAN iii. Baluchi Language and Literature"](https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baluchistan-iii/). *[Encyclopædia Iranica](/source/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica)*. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** Pillalamarri, Akhilesh. ["A Brief History of Balochistan"](https://thediplomat.com/2016/02/a-brief-history-of-balochistan/). *[The Diplomat](/source/The_Diplomat_(magazine))*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240401095200/https://thediplomat.com/2016/02/a-brief-history-of-balochistan) from the original on 2024-04-01. Retrieved 2024-03-13. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** Malik, Fida Hussain (2020-10-14). [*Balochistan: A Conflict of Narratives*](https://books.google.com/books?id=VNwCEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA11). Saiyid Books. p. 11. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-969-2200-02-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-969-2200-02-8). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240308214358/https://books.google.com/books?id=VNwCEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA11) from the original on 2024-03-08. Retrieved 2024-03-13. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** Quddus, Syed Abdul (1990). [*The Tribal Baluchistan*](https://books.google.com/books?id=FgFuAAAAMAAJ). Ferozsons. p. 63. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-969-0-10047-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-969-0-10047-4). The former rulers of Makran and Lasbela, Gichki and Jamots respectively, are Rajputs. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** Spooner, Brian (1964). ["Kūch u Balūch and Ichthyophagi"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/4299552). *Iran*. **2**: 53–67. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/4299552](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4299552). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0578-6967](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0578-6967). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [4299552](https://www.jstor.org/stable/4299552). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240103184353/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4299552) from the original on 2024-01-03. Retrieved 2024-03-13. The Gichki are the descendants of a Rajput family which settled in 17th century. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-Census1911B_38-0)** ["Census of India 1911. Vol. 4, Baluchistan : pt. 1, Report; pt. 2, Tables"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25393764). 1911. p. 11. [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [saoa.crl.25393764](https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25393764). Retrieved 8 September 2024. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-Census1921B_39-0)** ["Census of India 1921. Vol. 4, Baluchistan : part I, Report; part II, Tables"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25394124). 1921. p. 165. [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [saoa.crl.25394124](https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25394124). Retrieved 8 September 2024. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-Census1931B_40-0)** ["Census of India 1931. Vol. 4, Baluchistan. Pts. 1 & 2, Report \[and\] Imperial and provincial tables"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25797115). 1931. p. 390. [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [saoa.crl.25797115](https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25797115). Retrieved 8 September 2024. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-Census1941B_41-0)** India Census Commissioner (1941). ["Census of India, 1941. Vol. 14, Baluchistan"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215993). p. 17. [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [saoa.crl.28215993](https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215993). Retrieved 8 September 2024. ### Bibliography - Nicolini, Beatrice, [The Makran-Baluch-African Network in Zanzibar and East Africa during the XIXth Century](https://www.scribd.com/doc/17031343/The-MakranBaluchAfrican-Network-in-Zanzibar-and-East-Africa-during-the-XIXth-Century)[*[permanent dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*], African and Asian Studies, Volume 5, Numbers 3–4, 2006, pp. 347–370(24) - Nicolini, Beatrice (2008-01-01), ["Chapter Five. The Makran-Baluch-African Network In Zanzibar And East Africa During The XIXth Century"](https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004162914.i-196.48), *Uncovering the History of Africans in Asia*, BRILL, pp. 81–106, [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1163/ej.9789004162914.i-196.48](https://doi.org/10.1163%2Fej.9789004162914.i-196.48), [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-90-04-16291-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16291-4), retrieved 2024-03-13{{[citation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation)}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_work_parameter_with_ISBN)) - Wink, André (2002). [*Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th-11th Centuries*](https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&dq=makran+temple&pg=PA134). BRILL. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-391-04173-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-391-04173-8). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231101173457/https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&dq=makran+temple&pg=PA134) from the original on 2023-11-01. Retrieved 2023-03-25. - Eilers, Wilhelm, Das Volk der Makā vor und nach den Achämeniden, AMI Ergänzungsband 10, 1983, 101–119 - Hansman, John (1973). "A Periplus of Magan and Meluhha". *Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies*. **36** (3): 553–587. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1017/S0041977X00119858](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00119858). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [613582](https://www.jstor.org/stable/613582). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [140709175](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140709175). - [Kosmin, Paul J.](/source/Paul_J._Kosmin) (2014). *The Land of the Elephant Kings: Space, Territory, and Ideology in Seleucid Empire*. [Harvard University Press](/source/Harvard_University_Press). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-674-72882-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-72882-0). ## External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Makran](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Makran). Wikiquote has quotations related to ***[Makran](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Makran)***. - [Balochistan and Makran, Pakistan](https://web.archive.org/web/20090826205958/http://www.transpakistan.com.pk/balochistan.htm) - ['Music of Makran: traditional fusion from coastal Balochistan' from the British Library Sound Archive](http://cadensa.bl.uk/uhtbin/cgisirsi/XPF0POgBnI/248030005/18/X087/XSERIES/1CD0127170) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211129051055/http://cadensa.bl.uk/uhtbin/cgisirsi/XPF0POgBnI/248030005/18/X087/XSERIES/1CD0127170) 2021-11-29 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) - Holdich, Thomas (1911). ["Makran"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Makran). *[Encyclopædia Britannica](/source/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition)*. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). p. 452. v t e Geography of South Asia Mountains Himalayas Eastern Himalayas Black Mountains Dundwa Range Great Himalayas Eight-thousander Lesser Himalayas Sivalik Hills Tibetan Himalayas Western Himalayas Garhwal Range Kishtwar Himalaya Ladakh Range Margalla Hills Zanskar Range Hindu Kush Sulaiman Toba Kakar Western Ghats Ambanad Anaimalai Biligiriranga Cardamom Nilgiri Satmala Selbari Palani Peaks Thirumoorthy Trimbakeshwar Eastern Ghats Bilgiri Bodhamalai Chitteri Erramala Gandhamardan Garhjat Javadi Kalrayan Kolli Nallamalla Niyamgiri Pachaimalai Palkonda Seshachalam Simhachalam Servarayan Sirumalai Velikonda Aravalli Garo Jaintia Karakoram Khasi Lushai Naga Purvanchal Satpura Vindhya Plateaus Balochistan Chota Nagpur Deccan Ladakh Mysore Malwa Pothohar Deserts Cholistan Kharan Katpana Nara Thal Thar Lowlands Indo-Gangetic Plain Ganges Basin Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta Punjab Plain Sundarbans Indus Basin Indus Delta Terai Coastal India East Coast Coromandel Utkal West Coast Canara Konkan Malabar Rann of Kutch Water-bodies Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal Indian Ocean Laccadive Sea Islands Andaman and Nicobar Astola Churna Lakshadweep Majuli Pamban Maldives Sri Lanka By country Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka By region Central Littoral Island Northern Northeastern Southern Southwestern Southeastern Authority control databases International VIAF Geographic Pleiades [25°18′19″N 60°38′28″E / 25.30541°N 60.64108°E / 25.30541; 60.64108](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Makran¶ms=25.30541_N_60.64108_E_) --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Makran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makran) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makran?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.