# Macroelectronics

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**Macroelectronics** are flexible electronics that cover a large area.[1] The most visible example of macroelectronics is [flat-panel displays](/source/Flat-panel_display). Other emerging applications include [rollable display](/source/Rollable_display), printable [thin film solar cell](/source/Thin_film_solar_cell) and [electronic skin](/source/Electronic_skin). Flat-panel displays fabricated on glass substrates are fragile so fabricating directly on flexible substrates, such as [polymers](/source/Polymer) is being explored. Displays made on thin polymer substrates can be more rugged than glass. In September 2005, [Philips](/source/Philips) [Polymer Vision](/source/Polymer_Vision) revealed the world's first prototype of a rollable electronic reader, which can unfold to a 5-inch display and roll back into a pocket-size (100×60×20 mm) device. Thin-film devices on flexible polymer substrates can lend themselves to low-cost fabrication processes (i.e., [roll-to-roll printing](/source/Roll-to-roll_printing)), resulting in lightweight, rugged and flexible macroelectronic products.

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Wiesenhütter, Katarzyna; Skorupa, Wolfgang (2014). "Low-Cost and Large-Area Electronics, Roll-to-Roll Processing and Beyond". *Subsecond Annealing of Advanced Materials*. Springer Series in Materials Science. Vol. 192. pp. 271–295. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2014saam.book..271W](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014saam.book..271W). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/978-3-319-03131-6_14](https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-03131-6_14). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-319-03130-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-03130-9). {{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: |journal= ignored ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored))

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