# Mac OS X Server

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Server software for macOS

Not to be confused with [Mac OS X](/source/Mac_OS_X).

Operating system

Mac OS X Server Mac OS X Snow Leopard Server running Server Admin on Desktop Developer Apple Written in C, C++, Objective-C, and HTML for settings OS family Macintosh Unix[1] Working state Discontinued Source model Closed-source (with open-source components) Initial release March 16, 1999; 27 years ago (1999-03-16) Final release 5.12[2] / December 8, 2021 (2021-12-08) Available in English, Japanese, French, German, Simplified Chinese, Dutch, Italian, Korean, Spanish, Traditional Chinese[3] Supported platforms x86-64 (Formerly PPC, IA-32) Kernel type Hybrid (XNU) (mostly monolithic) Default user interface Aqua License Commercial proprietary software Official website Mac OS X Server at the Wayback Machine (archived 2020-11-09) Support status Discontinued on April 21, 2022

**Mac OS X Server** is a series of [discontinued](/source/Discontinued_software) [Unix](/source/Unix)-like server [operating systems](/source/Operating_systems) developed by [Apple](/source/Apple_Inc.), based on [macOS](/source/MacOS). It provided server functionality and system administration tools, and tools to manage both macOS-based computers and [iOS](/source/IOS)-based devices, [network services](/source/Network_service) such as a [mail transfer agent](/source/Message_transfer_agent), [AFP](/source/Apple_Filing_Protocol) and [SMB](/source/Server_Message_Block) servers, an [LDAP](/source/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol) server, and a [domain name server](/source/Domain_Name_System), as well as server applications including a [Web server](/source/Web_server), [database](/source/Database), and [calendar](/source/Calendar_(Apple)) server.[4]

Starting with [OS X Lion](/source/OS_X_Lion), Apple stopped selling a standalone server operating system, instead releasing an add-on Server app marketed as **OS X Server** (and later **macOS Server**), which was sold through the [Mac App Store](/source/Mac_App_Store).[3][5] The Server app lacked many features from Mac OS X Server, and later versions of the app only included functionality related to user and group management, [Xsan](/source/Xsan), and [mobile device management](/source/Mobile_device_management) through profiles. The Server app was discontinued on April 21, 2022, and Apple said that later versions of macOS would drop support for it.[2]

## History

See also: [macOS version history](/source/MacOS_version_history)

Box artwork for Mac OS X Server versions 10.1–10.6

Mac OS X Server is based on an [open source](/source/Open_source) foundation called [Darwin](/source/Darwin_(operating_system)) and uses open industry standards and protocols. Mac OS X Server was provided as the operating system for [Xserve](/source/Xserve) computers, and [rack-mounted](/source/Rack_unit) [server computers](/source/Server_(computing)) designed by Apple. It was optionally [pre-installed](/source/Pre-installed_software) on the [Mac Mini](/source/Mac_Mini) and [Mac Pro](/source/Mac_Pro) and was sold separately for use on any [Macintosh](/source/Macintosh) computer meeting its minimum requirements.

### Mac OS X Server 1.0 (Rhapsody)

Main article: [Mac OS X Server 1.0](/source/Mac_OS_X_Server_1.0)

Mac OS X Server 1.0 was released in March 1999, predating the release of the consumer version of Mac OS X by two years. Mac OS X Server 1.0 was based on [Rhapsody](/source/Rhapsody_(operating_system)), a hybrid of [OPENSTEP](/source/OpenStep) from NeXT Computer and [Mac OS 8.5.1](/source/Mac_OS_8). The [GUI](/source/Graphical_user_interface) looked like a mixture of Mac OS 8's Platinum appearance with OPENSTEP's [NeXT](/source/NeXT)-based interface. It included a runtime layer called Blue Box for running legacy Mac OS-based applications within a separate window. There was discussion of implementing a 'transparent blue box' which would intermix Mac OS applications with those written for Rhapsody's Yellow Box environment, but this would not happen until [Mac OS X](/source/MacOS)'s Classic environment. Apple File Services, Macintosh Manager, QuickTime Streaming Server, [WebObjects](/source/WebObjects), and [NetBoot](/source/NetBoot) were included with Mac OS X Server 1.0. It could not use [FireWire](/source/IEEE_1394) devices. The last release is Mac OS X Server 1.2v3.

### Mac OS X Server 10.0 (Cheetah)

Mac OS X Server 10.0 (released May 21, 2001) included the new [Aqua user interface](/source/Aqua_(user_interface)), [Apache](/source/Apache_HTTP_Server), [PHP](/source/PHP), [MySQL](/source/MySQL), [Tomcat](/source/Apache_Tomcat), [WebDAV](/source/WebDAV) support, Macintosh Manager, and [NetBoot](/source/NetBoot).

### Mac OS X Server 10.1 (Puma)

Mac OS X Server 10.1 (released September 25, 2001) featured improved performance, increased system stability, and decreased file transfer times compared to Mac OS X Server 10.0. Support was added for RAID 0 and RAID 1 storage configurations, and Mac OS 9.2.1 in NetBoot.[6]

### Mac OS X Server 10.2 (Jaguar)

Mac OS X Server 10.2 (released August 23, 2002) includes updated [Open Directory](/source/Apple_Open_Directory) user and file management, which with this release is based on [LDAP](/source/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol), beginning the deprecation of the NeXT-originated [NetInfo](/source/NetInfo) architecture. The new Workgroup Manager interface improved configuration significantly. The release also saw major updates to [NetBoot](/source/NetBoot) and [NetInstall](/source/NetInstall). Many common network services are provided such as [NTP](/source/Network_Time_Protocol), [SNMP](/source/SNMP), web server ([Apache](/source/Apache_HTTP_Server)), mail server ([Postfix](/source/Postfix_(software)) and [Cyrus](/source/Cyrus_(imapd))), LDAP ([OpenLDAP](/source/OpenLDAP)), [AFP](/source/Apple_Filing_Protocol), and print server. The inclusion of [Samba](/source/Samba_software) version 3 allows tight integration with [Windows](/source/Microsoft_Windows) clients and servers. [MySQL](/source/MySQL) v4.0.16 and [PHP](/source/PHP) v4.3.7 are also included.

### Mac OS X Server 10.3 (Panther)

Mac OS X Server 10.3 (released October 24, 2003) release includes updated [Open Directory](/source/Apple_Open_Directory) user and file management, which with this release is based on [LDAP](/source/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol), beginning the deprecation of the NeXT-originated [NetInfo](/source/NetInfo) architecture. The new Workgroup Manager interface improved configuration significantly. Many common network services are provided such as NTP, SNMP, web server ([Apache](/source/Apache_HTTP_Server)), mail server ([Postfix](/source/Postfix_(software)) and [Cyrus](/source/Cyrus_(imapd))), LDAP ([OpenLDAP](/source/OpenLDAP)), [AFP](/source/Apple_Filing_Protocol), and print server. The inclusion of [Samba](/source/Samba_software) version 3 allows tight integration with [Windows](/source/Microsoft_Windows) clients and servers. [MySQL](/source/MySQL) v4.0.16 and [PHP](/source/PHP) v4.3.7 are also included.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

### Mac OS X Server 10.4 (Tiger)

The 10.4 release (April 29, 2005) adds [64-bit](/source/64-bit) application support, [Access Control Lists](/source/Access_Control_Lists), [Xgrid](/source/Xgrid), [link aggregation](/source/Link_aggregation), [e-mail spam](/source/E-mail_spam) filtering ([SpamAssassin](/source/SpamAssassin)), virus detection ([ClamAV](/source/ClamAV)), Gateway Setup Assistant, and servers for [Software Update](/source/Apple_Software_Update), [iChat Server](/source/IChat_Server) using [XMPP](/source/Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol),[7] Boot Camp Assistant, Dashboard, and Weblog Server based on the open-source [Blojsom](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blojsom&action=edit&redlink=1) project ([Java](/source/Java_(programming_language))).[8]

On August 10, 2006, Apple announced the first [Universal Binary](/source/Universal_Binary) release of Mac OS X Server, version 10.4.7, supporting both PowerPC and Intel processors. At the same time Apple announced the release of the Intel-based [Mac Pro](/source/Mac_Pro) and [Xserve](/source/Xserve) systems.

### Mac OS X Server 10.5 (Leopard)

Screenshot of OS X Leopard 10.5 Server

Leopard Server (released October 26, 2007) sold for $999 for an unlimited-client license.[9] Mac OS X Server version 10.5.x ‘Leopard’ was the last major version of Mac OS X Server to support [PowerPC](/source/PowerPC)-based servers and workstations, such as the Apple [Xserve G5](/source/Xserve_G5) and [Power Mac G5](/source/Power_Mac_G5).

**Features:**

- [RADIUS](/source/RADIUS) Server. Leopard Server includes [FreeRADIUS](/source/FreeRADIUS) for network authentication. It ships with support for wireless access stations however can be modified into a fully functioning FreeRADIUS server.[10]

- [Ruby on Rails](/source/Ruby_on_Rails). Mac OS X Server version 10.5 ‘Leopard’ was the first version to ship with [Ruby on Rails](/source/Ruby_on_Rails), the [server-side](/source/Server-side) [Web application framework](/source/Web_framework) used by sites such as [GitHub](/source/GitHub).[11]

### Mac OS X Server 10.6 (Snow Leopard)

Mac OS X Snow Leopard Server (released August 28, 2009) sold for $499 and included unlimited client licenses.[9]

**New Features:**

- Full [64-bit](/source/64-bit_computing) operating system. On appropriate systems with 4 GB of RAM or more, Snow Leopard Server uses a 64-bit kernel to address up to a theoretical 16 TB of RAM.[12]

- [iCal Server](/source/ICal_Server) 2 with improved [CalDAV](/source/CalDAV) support, a new web calendaring application, push notifications and the ability to send email invitations to non-iCal users.

- [Address Book Server](/source/Calendar_and_Contacts_Server) provides a central location for users to store and access personal contacts across multiple Macs and synchronized iPhones. Based on the [CardDAV](/source/CardDAV) protocol standard.

- [Wiki Server](/source/Wiki_Server) 2, with server side [Quick Look](/source/Quick_Look) and the ability to view wiki content on iPhone.

- A new [Mail server](/source/Mail_server) engine that supports push email so users receive immediate access to new messages. However, Apple's implementation of push email is not supported for Apple's iPhone.

- Podcast Producer 2 with dual-source video support. Also includes a new Podcast Composer application to automate the production process, making it simple to create podcasts with a customized, consistent look and feel. Podcast Composer creates a workflow to add titles, transitions and effects, save to a desired format and share to wikis, blogs, [iTunes](/source/ITunes), [iTunes U](/source/ITunes_U), [Final Cut Server](/source/Final_Cut_Server) or Podcast Library.

- Mobile Access Server enables iPhone and Mac users to access secured network services, including corporate websites, online business applications, email, calendars and contacts. Without requiring additional software, Mobile Access Server acts as a reverse proxy server and provides SSL encryption and authentication between the user's iPhone or Mac and a private network.

### Server app (From Mac OS X Lion to Mac OS X Sierra)

The Server app running on OS X Yosemite

In releasing the developer preview of [Mac OS X Lion](/source/Mac_OS_X_Lion) in February 2011, Apple indicated that beginning with Lion, Mac OS X Server would be bundled with the operating system and would not be marketed as a separate product.[13] However, a few months later, the company said it would instead sell the server components as a [US$](/source/United_States_dollar)49.99 add-on to Lion, distributed through the [Mac App Store](/source/Mac_App_Store) (as well as Lion itself).[14] The combined cost of an upgrade to Lion and the purchase of the OS X Server add-on, which costs approximately US$50,[9] was nonetheless significantly lower than the retail cost of Snow Leopard Server (US$499). Lion Server came with unlimited client licenses as did Snow Leopard Server. Lion Server includes new versions of [iCal Server](/source/ICal_Server), [Wiki Server](/source/Wiki_Server), and [Mail Server](/source/Mail_Server).[15] More significantly, Lion Server can be used for iOS mobile device management. Starting with Lion, [PostgreSQL](/source/PostgreSQL) replaced [MySQL](/source/MySQL) as the database provided, coinciding with [Oracle Corporation](/source/Oracle_Corporation)’s acquisition of [Sun Microsystems](/source/Sun_Microsystems) and Oracle’s subsequent attempts to tighten MySQL’s licensing restrictions and to exert influence on MySQL’s previously open and independent development model.[16]

Like Lion, Mountain Lion had no separate server edition. An OS X Server package was available for Mountain Lion from the Mac App Store for US$19.99, which included a server management application called Server, as well as other additional administrative tools to manage client profiles and [Xsan](/source/Xsan).[17][18] Mountain Lion Server, like Lion Server, was provided with unlimited client licenses, and once purchased could be run on an unlimited number of systems.

Server 5.7 (released September 28, 2018) stopped bundling open source services such as Calendar Server, Contacts Server, the Mail Server, DNS, DHCP, VPN Server, and Websites.[2] Included services are now limited to Profile Manager, Open Directory and Xsan.[2]

Server 5.8 (released March 25, 2019) added new restrictions, payloads, and commands to Profile Manager.

The Server app does not support versions of macOS newer than Monterey, marking the end of Mac OS X Server product line.[2]

## Bundled applications

### Prior to OS X Mountain Lion

One of Mac OS X Server's main administrative tools was the Server Administrator app, which allowed users to configure server services, and turn them on or off.

RAID Admin was a utility for administering and controlling [RAIDs](/source/RAID), usually [Xserve RAIDs](/source/Xserve_RAID). It was written in Java,[19] and could run on Windows or Linux.

Other bundled tools include:

- Server Preferences (application)

- Server Assistant – a [wizard](/source/Wizard_(software)) that guides the administrator through setting up functions of Mac OS X Server. It is the first program that is run after an install of Mac OS X Server and can be run again to execute further configuration on a remote or local server. It is also capable of executing remote installation of software onto the server as well.[20][21][22]

- [Server Monitor](/source/Server_Monitor)

- [System Image Utility](/source/System_Image_Utility)

- [Workgroup Manager](/source/Workgroup_Manager)

- [Xgrid Admin](/source/Xgrid)

### After OS X Mountain Lion

Beginning with the release of [OS X Mountain Lion](/source/OS_X_Mountain_Lion) (version 10.8), there is only one Administrative tool, an app called "Server", which can be bought and downloaded from the [Mac App Store](/source/Mac_App_Store), and is updated independently of OS X. This Server tool is used to configure, maintain and monitor one or more macOS Server installations.

## Server services

Apple's Address Book Server, iCal Server, Wiki Server, and Web Server are mostly written in the [Python](/source/Python_(programming_language)) programming language, relying on the [Twisted](/source/Twisted_(software)) framework.[23] Most[*[clarification needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify)*] of these services were discontinued and removed in version 5.7.1 of the Server app, released on September 30, 2018.

### Address Book Server

Address Book Server is a contacts server, and the first commercial server to have implemented [CardDAV](/source/CardDAV), which relies on the [WebDAV](/source/WebDAV) protocol. It was added in [Mac OS X Server 10.6](#Mac_OS_X_Server_10.6_(Snow_Leopard)).[23]

### iCal Server

iCal Server is the first commercial calendar server to have implemented the [CalDAV](/source/CalDAV) standard, built on top of WebDAV. iCal Server was added in [Mac OS X Server 10.5](#Mac_OS_X_Server_10.5_(Leopard)), and was also released under the open-source [Apache License 2.0](/source/Apache_License_2.0) as Darwin Calendar Server.[23]

The server, named "caldavd", is a [daemon](/source/Daemon_(computer_software)) background service. It has been [ported](/source/Porting) to non-Apple computer platforms. It is currently possible to install it on [FreeBSD](/source/FreeBSD) and several flavours of [Linux](/source/Linux). The server uses an SQL database for storage of calendar data.

### iChat Server

iChat Server is an XMPP server that was added in [Mac OS X Server 10.4](#Mac_OS_X_Server_10.4_(Tiger)), and was upgraded to version 2 with the release of Mac OS X 10.5 Server in October 2007.[24] iChat Server was originally based on jabberd 1.4.3 and is named after Apple's [iChat](/source/IChat) [online chat](/source/Online_chat) client software.[25] Version 2 of the software is based on jabberd2 2.0s9 and supports server federation,[26] which allows chat clients to talk directly with other systems that support [XMPP](/source/Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol). It also supports server-based chat archiving.[27]

### Wiki Server

Wiki Server was a set of services which have shipped with all versions of Mac OS X Server since [v10.5](/source/Mac_OS_X_Leopard) until [macOS High Sierra](/source/MacOS_High_Sierra). Mac OS X Server includes web-based [Wiki](/source/Wiki), [Weblog](/source/Weblog), Calendaring, and Contact services. Additionally, it includes a Cocoa application called Directory which allows directory viewing as well as enabling of group services.

Server 5.7.1, the version aligned with [macOS 10.14](/source/MacOS_10.14) and released on September 30, 2018, removed the Wiki Server functionality from Server.app.

## Discontinuation

On April 21, 2022, Apple announced that they have discontinued macOS Server and that the most popular features (Caching Server, File Sharing Server, and Time Machine Server) are already bundled with every copy of macOS High Sierra and later, so customers will still have access to them. Existing macOS Server customers can still download and use the app with macOS Monterey.[2]

## Technical specifications

File and print services Mac (AFP, AppleTalk PAP, IPP) Windows (SMB/CIFS: Apple SMBX in Lion Server — previously Samba 2, IPP) Unix-like systems (NFS, LPR/LPD, IPP) Internet (FTP, WebDAV) Directory services and authentication Open Directory (OpenLDAP, Kerberos, SASL) Windows NT Domain Services (removed in Lion Server, previously Samba 2) Backup Domain Controller (BDC) LDAP directory connector Active Directory connector BSD configuration files (/etc) RADIUS Mail services SMTP (Postfix) POP and IMAP (Dovecot) SSL/TLS encryption (OpenSSL) Mailing lists (Mailman) Webmail (RoundCube) Junk mail filtering (SpamAssassin) Virus detection (ClamAV) Calendaring iCal Server (CalDAV, iTIP, iMIP) Web hosting Apache Web server (2.2 and 1.3) SSL/TLS (OpenSSL) WebDAV Perl (5.8.8), PHP (5.2), Ruby (1.8.6), Rails (1.2.3) MySQL 5 (replaced by PostgreSQL in Lion Server) Capistrano, Mongrel Collaboration services Wiki Server (RSS) iChat Server 3 (XMPP) Application servers Apache Tomcat (6) Java SE virtual machine WebObjects deployment (5.4) Apache Axis (SOAP) Media streaming QuickTime Streaming Server 6 (removed in Lion Server) QuickTime Broadcaster 1.5 Client management Managed Preferences NetBoot NetInstall Software Update Server Portable home directories Profile Manager (new in Lion Server) Networking and VPN DNS server (BIND 9) DHCP server NAT server VPN server (L2TP/IPSec, PPTP) Firewall (IPFW2) NTP Distributed computing Xgrid 2 High-availability features Automatic recovery File system journaling IP failover (dropped in OS X 10.7 and later[28]) Software RAID Disk space monitor File systems HFS+ (journaled, case sensitive and case insensitive) FAT NTFS (write support only available on Mac OS X Snow Leopard Server) UFS (read-only) Management features Server Assistant Server Admin Server Preferences Server Status widget Workgroup Manager System Image Utility Secure Shell (SSH2) Server Monitor RAID Utility SNMPv3 (Net-SNMP)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-snow_leopard_unix_cert_1-0)** ["Mac OS X Version 10.6 on Intel-based Macintosh computers"](https://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3581.htm). The Open Group. Retrieved December 4, 2014.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-about-5.7.1-and-later_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-about-5.7.1-and-later_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-about-5.7.1-and-later_2-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-about-5.7.1-and-later_2-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-about-5.7.1-and-later_2-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-about-5.7.1-and-later_2-5) ["About macOS Server 5.7.1 and later"](https://support.apple.com/kb/HT208312). *Apple*. [Apple](/source/Apple_Inc.). May 12, 2022.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-server-specs_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-server-specs_3-1) ["Apple - macOS Server - Read the technical specifications"](https://web.archive.org/web/20161114180555/https://www.apple.com/macos/server/specs/). Apple Inc. Archived from [the original](https://www.apple.com/macos/server/specs/) on November 14, 2016. Retrieved November 2, 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** ["Mac OS X Server Snow Leopard - UNIX"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110609032125/http://www.apple.com/server/macosx/technology/unix.html). Apple. Archived from [the original](https://www.apple.com/server/macosx/technology/unix.html) on June 9, 2011. Retrieved November 25, 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** ["OS X Server: Admin tools compatibility information"](http://support.apple.com/kb/HT1822?viewlocale=en_US&locale=en_US). Apple Inc. July 25, 2012. Retrieved October 21, 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** ["Major Mac OS X Server v10.1 Update Now Available"](https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2001/09/25Major-Mac-OS-X-Server-v10-1-Update-Now-Available/). *Apple Newsroom* (Press release). Retrieved November 21, 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** ["Apple - Mac OS X Server - Collaboration Services"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060813212747/http://www.apple.com/server/macosx/collaborationservices.html). Archived from [the original](https://www.apple.com/server/macosx/collaborationservices.html) on August 13, 2006. Retrieved November 25, 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** ["Apple Previews Mac OS X Server "Tiger""](https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2004/06/28Apple-Previews-Mac-OS-X-Server-Tiger/). *Apple Newsroom* (Press release). June 28, 2004. Retrieved May 31, 2022.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-In_depth_with_Lion_OS_X_Server_9-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-In_depth_with_Lion_OS_X_Server_9-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-In_depth_with_Lion_OS_X_Server_9-2) ["In depth with Lion OS X Server"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110805182406/http://www.anandtech.com/show/4547/mac-os-x-lion-server-review). *[AnandTech](/source/AnandTech)*. August 2, 2011. Archived from [the original](http://www.anandtech.com/show/4547/mac-os-x-lion-server-review) on August 5, 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** ["10.5: Enable full RADIUS support on OS X Server"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090918051730/http://www.macosxhints.com/article.php?story=20071130134610850). *Mac OS X Hints*. Archived from [the original](http://www.macosxhints.com/article.php?story=20071130134610850) on September 18, 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** David (August 7, 2006), ["Ruby on Rails will ship with OS X 10.5 (Leopard)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060813093250/https://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2006/8/7/ruby-on-rails-will-ship-with-os-x-10-5-leopard/), *RubyOnRails.org*, archived from [the original](https://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2006/8/7/ruby-on-rails-will-ship-with-os-x-10-5-leopard/) on August 13, 2006

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** ["Apple - Mac OS X Server Snow Leopard - 64-bit Computing"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110608204248/http://www.apple.com/server/macosx/technology/sixtyfour-bit.html). Archived from [the original](https://www.apple.com/server/macosx/technology/sixtyfour-bit.html) on June 8, 2011. Retrieved August 26, 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** ["Apple Releases Developer Preview of Mac OS X Lion"](https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2011/02/24Apple-Releases-Developer-Preview-of-Mac-OS-X-Lion/) (Press release). Apple. February 24, 2011. Retrieved March 14, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-lion-june-pr_14-0)** ["Mac OS X Lion With 250 New Features Available in July From Mac App Store"](https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2011/06/06Mac-OS-X-Lion-With-250-New-Features-Available-in-July-From-Mac-App-Store/) (Press release). Apple. June 6, 2011. Retrieved March 14, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-lion-server-specs_15-0)** [Apple Inc.](/source/Apple_Inc.) (November 15, 2011). ["OS X Lion Server - Technical Specifications"](https://support.apple.com/en-us/112430). Retrieved September 2, 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Pearce, Rohan (March 28, 2013). ["Dead database walking: MySQL's creator on why the future belongs to MariaDB"](https://web.archive.org/web/20201003111459/https://www2.computerworld.com.au/article/457551/dead_database_walking_mysql_creator_why_future_belongs_mariadb/). *Computerworld.com.au*. [Computerworld](/source/Computerworld). Archived from [the original](https://www2.computerworld.com.au/article/457551/dead_database_walking_mysql_creator_why_future_belongs_mariadb/) on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** ["OS X Server"](http://movies.apple.com/media/us/osx/2012/server/docs/OSXServer_Product_Overview.pdf) (PDF). Apple Inc. June 2012. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120619100813/http://movies.apple.com/media/us/osx/2012/server/docs/OSXServer_Product_Overview.pdf) (PDF) from the original on June 19, 2012. Retrieved July 31, 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** Andrew Cunningham (July 29, 2012). ["Server, simplified: A power user's guide to OS X Server"](https://arstechnica.com/apple/2012/07/the-server-simplified-a-power-users-guide-to-os-x-server). *Ars Technica*. Retrieved July 31, 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** ["Apple Unveils New Xserve RAID Storage System"](https://www.apple.com/au/newsroom/2004/01/06Apple-Unveils-New-Xserve-RAID-Storage-System/) (Press release). Apple. January 6, 2004.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Regan, Schoun (2006). [*Mac OS X Server Essentials*](https://www.google.com/books/edition/Mac_OS_X_Server_Essentials/joyTWXqs01YC). Peachpit. pp. 22–38. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780321357588](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780321357588) – via Google Books.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Bartosh, Michael; Ryan Faas (2005). [*Essential Mac OS X Panther Server Administration: Integrating Mac OS X Server into Heterogeneous Networks*](https://www.google.com/books/edition/Essential_Mac_OS_X_Panther_Server_Admini/ij2bAgAAQBAJ). 9780596006358. pp. 46–70. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780596006358](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780596006358) – via Google Books.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Edge, Charles S., Jr. (2006). [*The Mac Tiger Server Black Book*](https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Mac_Tiger_Server_Black_Book/r61QAAAAMAAJ). Paraglyph Press. pp. 30–31. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781933097145](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781933097145) – via Google Books.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_23-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_23-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:0_23-2) Dilger, Daniel Eran (November 2009). *Snow Leopard Server*. Wiley. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780470521311](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470521311).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** ["Mac OS X Server - Features"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080107014029/http://www.apple.com/server/macosx/features/). *Apple*. Archived from [the original](https://www.apple.com/server/macosx/leopard/more.html) on January 7, 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** ["ChatServer/jabberd-src/README at ChatServer-37.4 - apple-oss-distributions/ChatServer"](https://github.com/apple-oss-distributions/ChatServer/blob/ChatServer-37.4/jabberd-src/README). *[GitHub](/source/GitHub)*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** ["ChatServer/jabberd2/README at ChatServer-260 - apple-oss-distributions/ChatServer"](https://github.com/apple-oss-distributions/ChatServer/blob/ChatServer-260/jabberd2/README). *[GitHub](/source/GitHub)*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** ["Inside Apple's Leopard Server OS"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080930233037/http://www.informationweek.com/news/software/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=198700215&pgno=3). *[InformationWeek](/source/InformationWeek)*. March 27, 2007. Archived from [the original](http://www.informationweek.com/news/software/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=198700215&pgno=3) on September 30, 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** Schellworth, Ph. ["osx:ipfailover"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160311063801/http://wiki.schellworth.de/os_x:ipfailover). Archived from [the original](http://wiki.schellworth.de/os_x:ipfailover) on March 11, 2016. Retrieved September 11, 2014.

## External links

Wikibooks has more on the topic of: ***[Mac OS X Server](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mac_OS_X_Server)***

- [Apple – macOS Server](https://web.archive.org/web/20220421183815/https://www.apple.com/macos/server/)

- [Official feedback page](https://www.apple.com/feedback/server.html)

- [Apple Introduces Mac OS X Server](https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2001/05/21Apple-Introduces-Mac-OS-X-Server/) – Apple press release

- [Major Mac OS X Server v10.1 Update Now Available](https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2001/09/25Major-Mac-OS-X-Server-v10-1-Update-Now-Available/) – Apple press release

- [Apple Announces Mac OS X Server “Jaguar”, World’s Easiest-to-Manage UNIX-Based Server Software](https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2002/07/17Apple-Announces-Mac-OS-X-Jaguar-Server-Worlds-Easiest-to-Manage-UNIX-Based-Server-Software/) – Apple press release

- [Apple Announces Mac OS X Server “Panther”](https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2003/10/08Apple-Announces-Mac-OS-X-Server-Panther/) – Apple press release

- [Apple Announces Mac OS X Server “Tiger”](https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2005/04/12Apple-Announces-Mac-OS-X-Server-Tiger/) – Apple press release

- [Apple Announces New Mac OS X Server "Leopard" Features](https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2007/06/11Apple-Announces-New-Mac-OS-X-Server-Leopard-Features/) – Apple press release

- [Apple Introduces Mac OS X Server Snow Leopard](https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2009/06/08Apple-Introduces-Mac-OS-X-Server-Snow-Leopard/) – Apple press release

v t e macOS Server Services AFP Server Contacts Server iCal Server iChat Server NetBoot Open Directory QuickTime Streaming Server (Darwin Streaming Server) Spotlight Server Apache HTTP Server Wiki Server Xgrid Xsan Mail Server Applications QuickTime Broadcaster QTSS Publisher Server Assistant Server Monitor System Image Utility Workgroup Manager Xgrid Admin Related Mac OS X Server 1.0

v t e macOS History Architecture Built-in apps Server Software Versions Mac OS X Server 1.0 Public Beta 10.0 Cheetah 10.1 Puma 10.2 Jaguar 10.3 Panther 10.4 Tiger 10.5 Leopard 10.6 Snow Leopard OS X 10.7 Lion 10.8 Mountain Lion 10.9 Mavericks 10.10 Yosemite 10.11 El Capitan macOS 10.12 Sierra 10.13 High Sierra 10.14 Mojave 10.15 Catalina 11 Big Sur 12 Monterey 13 Ventura 14 Sonoma 15 Sequoia 26 Tahoe 27 Golden Gate Predecessors Classic Mac OS NeXTSTEP Rhapsody Applications Core applications App Store Automator Calculator Calendar Contacts Control Center Dictionary FaceTime Finder Game Center Grapher Home Mail Messages News Music Notes Notification Center Podcasts Photo Booth Photos Preview QuickTime Player Reminders Safari Shortcuts Siri Stickies TextEdit Time Machine Developer Tools Xcode Instruments Former Interface Builder Dashcode Quartz Composer Utilities Boot Camp (deprecated) ColorSync Configurator Disk Utility Font Book Keychain Access Script Editor System Settings Terminal VoiceOver Former Dashboard Front Row iChat iPhoto iSync iTunes history Sherlock Technologies, user interface AirDrop AppKit Apple File System Apple menu Apple Push Notification service AppleScript Aqua Audio Units AVFoundation Bonjour Bundle CloudKit Cocoa ColorSync Command key Core Animation Core Audio Core Data Core Foundation Core Image Core OpenGL Core Text Core Video Cover Flow CUPS Darwin Dock FileVault Fonts Foundation Gatekeeper Grand Central Dispatch icns iCloud Kernel panic Keychain launchd Liquid Glass Mach-O Menu extra Metal Mission Control Night Shift OpenCL Option key Preference Pane Property list Quartz Quick Look Rosetta Smart Folders Speakable items Spotlight Stacks System Integrity Protection Uniform Type Identifier Universal binary WebKit XNU XQuartz Deprecated HFS+ Discontinued ATSUI BootX Brushed metal Carbon Classic Environment Inkwell QuickTime Spaces Xgrid Category

v t e Darwin-derived operating systems History Unix BSD Mach NeXTSTEP OpenStep GNUstep Rhapsody Classic Mac OS macOS Mac OS X Public Beta 10.0 (Cheetah) 10.1 (Puma) 10.2 Jaguar 10.3 Panther 10.4 Tiger 10.5 Leopard 10.6 Snow Leopard 10.7 Lion OS X OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion 10.9 Mavericks 10.10 Yosemite 10.11 El Capitan macOS macOS 10.12 Sierra 10.13 High Sierra 10.14 Mojave 10.15 Catalina 11 Big Sur 12 Monterey 13 Ventura 14 Sonoma 15 Sequoia 26 Tahoe 27 Golden Gate Mac OS X Server 1.0 (Hera) Rhapsody 10.0 (Cheetah) 10.1 (Puma) 10.2 (Jaguar) 10.3 (Panther) 10.4 (Tiger) 10.5 Leopard Server 10.6 Snow Leopard Server TV Software 1 2 3 Forks from iOS with 4 iOS iPhone OS 1 2 3 iOS 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 26 27 tvOS TV Software 4 5 6 7 tvOS 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 26 27 audioOS 13.4 14 15 16 17 18 26 27 watchOS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 26 27 bridgeOS 1 2 26 27 audioOS 11 12 13 Forks from tvOS with 13.4 iPadOS 13 14 15 16 17 18 26 27 visionOS 1 2 26 27 Non-Apple distributions OpenDarwin PureDarwin macOS version history Mac OS X Server version history tvOS version history iOS version history iPadOS version history watchOS version history audioOS version history Italics denote upcoming products

v t e Operating systems by Apple Apple II, III, Lisa Apple II Apple DOS ProDOS GS/OS Apple III SOS Lisa Lisa OS MacWorks Mac Classic Mac OS System 1 Systems 2, 3, and 4 System 5 System 6 System 7 Mac OS 8 Mac OS 9 macOS History NeXTSTEP OpenStep Rhapsody Public Beta Core Darwin XNU Desktop Mac OS X Public Beta 10.0 (Cheetah) 10.1 (Puma) 10.2 Jaguar 10.3 Panther 10.4 Tiger 10.5 Leopard 10.6 Snow Leopard 10.7 Lion OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion 10.9 Mavericks 10.10 Yosemite 10.11 El Capitan macOS 10.12 Sierra 10.13 High Sierra 10.14 Mojave 10.15 Catalina 11 Big Sur 12 Monterey 13 Ventura 14 Sonoma 15 Sequoia 26 Tahoe 27 Golden Gate Server Mac OS X Server 1.0 Other projects Shipped A/ROSE A/UX AIX for Apple Network Servers MAE MkLinux PowerOpen Environment Cancelled Star Trek Taligent Copland Nukernel Vanguard iOS derivatives iOS iPhone OS 1 2 3 iOS 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 26 27 iPadOS 13 14 15 16 17 18 26 27 Others tvOS visionOS watchOS audioOS bridgeOS Others Newton OS iPod software List • Category

v t e Apple Inc. History Outline Environment Marketing Supply chain Trade unions Products Hardware Mac iMac Pro MacBook Air Neo Pro Mini Studio Pro Mac models by CPU type iPod Classic Mini Nano Shuffle Touch iPhone Hardware History iPhone models iPad Mini Air Pro Accessories iPad models Other Apple SIM AirPods Pro Max AirTag Beats Pill HomePod Mini Silicon TV Vision Pro Watch Force Touch Software Operating systems iOS / iPadOS iOS history iPadOS history Apps macOS History Server Apps tvOS watchOS visionOS bridgeOS Darwin Classic Mac OS CarPlay Classroom HomeKit Core Foundation FileMaker Final Cut Pro Compressor Motion Logic Pro MainStage iLife GarageBand iMovie iPhoto Intelligence iTunes iWork Keynote Numbers Pages Mail Pixelmator Pro Photomator QuickTime Safari SceneKit Shazam Siri Swift Xcode Services Financial Card Pay Wallet Media Arcade Books Music 1 Beats Music Up Next Festival iTunes Radio App News Newsstand Podcasts TV streaming service originals MLS on Apple TV Communication FaceTime Walkie-Talkie iMessage iChat App Invites Game Center Retail App Store macOS iTunes Store Connect Store Fifth Avenue Michigan Avenue Pioneer Place Tower Theatre Support AppleCare+ AASP Certifications Genius Bar ProCare One to One Other Apple Account (formerly Apple ID) Sign in with Apple One Developer iAd TestFlight WWDC Developer Tools Developer App iCloud MobileMe Find My Fitness Photos Maps Companies Subsidiaries Anobit Apple IMC Apple Studios Beats Beddit Braeburn Capital Claris Acquisitions Anobit AuthenTec Beats Beddit BIS Records Cue EditGrid Emagic FingerWorks Intrinsity InVisage Technologies The Keyboard Company Lala Metaio NeXT Nothing Real P.A. Semi Power Computing PrimeSense Shazam Entertainment Limited Siri Texture Topsy Partnerships AIM alliance Kaleida Labs Taligent Akamai Arm DiDi Digital Ocean Eldim iFund Imagination Rockstar Consortium Design and marketing Advertising "1984" "Think different" "Get a Mac" iPod Product Red Events IDg Typography Legal issues and labour relations #AppleToo EU tax dispute Litigation 2024 US antitrust case App Store antitrust case Non-recruiting agreements Price-fixing ebooks FBI encryption dispute Epic Games Right to repair Unions Related Car project Criticism Community AppleMasters Ecosystem History Codenames Apple FileWare iOS app approvals Offices Infinite Loop campus Park University People CEOs Michael Scott Mike Markkula John Sculley Michael Spindler Gil Amelio Steve Jobs Tim Cook Board chairs Mike Markkula Steve Jobs John Sculley Arthur D. Levinson Other executives Current Katherine Adams Eddy Cue Craig Federighi Isabel Ge Mahe Greg Joswiak Sabih Khan Steve Lemay Jennifer Newstead Luca Maestri Deirdre O'Brien Kevan Parekh Phil Schiller Johny Srouji John Ternus Former Alan Dye Angela Ahrendts Fred D. Anderson John Browett Guerrino De Luca Paul Deneve Al Eisenstat Tony Fadell Scott Forstall John Giannandrea Ellen Hancock Nancy R. Heinen Jony Ive Lisa Jackson Ron Johnson David Nagel Peter Oppenheimer Mark Papermaster Dan Riccio Jon Rubinstein Bertrand Serlet Bruce Sewell Sina Tamaddon Avie Tevanian Steve Wozniak Founders Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak Ronald Wayne Italics indicate discontinued products, services, or defunct companies. Category

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Mac OS X Server](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.