# MIXL1

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{{Short description|InterPro protein family}}
'''Mixl1''' is a paired-type [homeobox](/source/homeobox) [transcription factor](/source/transcription_factor) weighing 27 kDa with 232 amino acids.<ref># "Homeobox Protein MIXL1 - MIXL1 - ''Homo sapiens'' (Human)." Homeobox Protein MIXL1 - MIXL1 - ''Homo sapiens'' (Human). N.p., 16 Apr. 2014. Web. 15 Apr. 2014.[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9H2W2]</ref> Mixl1 transcription factor preferentially binds to the [DNA sequence](/source/DNA_sequence) TAAT on the Mix gene. Mixl1 is part of the Mix/Bix family of transcription factors, with Mixl1 being the only member identified in humans. The Xenopus Mix gene and human Mix genese are homologues. Mixl1 is functionally similar to the Xenopus Mix.1.<ref># Cloning, expression analysis, and chromosomal localization of murine and human homologues of a Xenopus Mix gene. Robb, L., Hartley, L., Begley, C. G., Brodnicki, T. C., Copeland, N. G., Gilbert, D. J., Jenkins, N. A. and Elefanty, A. G. Dec. Dyn. 219, 497-504 (2000){{PMID|11084649}}.</ref>

Mixl1 is transiently expressed in the [primitive streak](/source/primitive_streak) of the gastrulating embryo, between embryonic day (E) 12 through E.19. Its expression is restricted to embryonic mesoderm precursors.<ref name= "Hart" ># Mixl1 is required for axial mesendoderm morphogenesis and patterning in the murine embryo. Hart, A.H., Hartley, L., Sourris, K., Stadler, E.S., Li, R., Stanley, E.G., Tam, P.P., Elefanty, A.G., Robb, L. Development (2002) {{PMID|12117810}}</ref>

Also known as: Mix; Mix1; Mild1

== Function ==
Mixl1 plays a role in mesoderm patterning and tissue specification at [gastrulation](/source/gastrulation). It marks cells destined to be [mesoderm](/source/mesoderm) and [endoderm](/source/endoderm). Mixl1 expression is required for both mesoderm development and hematopoiesis. Mixl1 homologues are also a necessary intermediate for BMP4-induced ventral mesoderm patterning and differentiating ES cells.<ref name= "Primitive" ># The primitive streak gene Mixl1 is required for efficient haematopoiesis and BMP4-induced ventral mesoderm patterning in differentiating ES cells. Ng, E.S., Azzola, L., Sourris, K., Robb, L., Stanley, E.G., Elefanty, A.G. Development (2005) {{PMID|15673572}}</ref>

== Clinical Significance ==
In mice, [knockout](/source/knockout_gene) of Mixl1 has resulted in [embryonic death](/source/embryonic_death) at E.8.5 due abnormalities in axial morphogenesis and a disruption of definitive endoderm. Overexpression of Mixl1 resulted in impaired hematopoietic differentiation which results in [acute myeloid leukemia](/source/acute_myeloid_leukemia).  In humans Mixl1 has been detected in leukemic cells lines from biopsy samples of individuals with high-grade lymphoma.<ref name= "Enforced" ># Enforced expression of the homeobox gene Mixl1 impairs hematopoietic differentiation and results in acute myeloid leukemia. Glaser, S., Metcalf, D., Wu, L., Hart, A.H., Dirago, L., Mifsud, S., D'Amico, A., Dagger, S., Campo, C., Chan, A.C., Izon, D.J., Robb, L. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (2006) {{PMID|17060613}}</ref>

Observed Mixl1-null mutants resulted in embryonic arrest at the early somite stage. These mutants had a thick primitive streak, abnormal head folds, absence of heart tube and gut, and enlarged midline tissue mass that replaced the notochord.<ref name=Hart/>

== Interactions ==
Mixl1 has been shown to interact with [BMP4](/source/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_4).

== References ==
{{reflist}}

Category:Transcription factors
Category:Embryology

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [MIXL1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIXL1) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIXL1?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.