# MALAT1

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Non-coding RNA in the species Homo sapiens

MALAT1 Identifiers Aliases MALAT1, HCN, LINC00047, MALAT-1, NCRNA00047, NEAT2, PRO2853, mascRNA, metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (non-protein coding), metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 External IDs OMIM: 607924; GeneCards: MALAT1; OMA:MALAT1 - orthologs Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 11 (human)[1] Band 11q13.1 Start 65,497,688 bp[1] End 65,506,516 bp[1] RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in renal medulla trigeminal ganglion cardia corpus callosum pylorus seminal vesicula Achilles tendon external globus pallidus spinal ganglia pars compacta n/a More reference expression data BioGPS n/a Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 378938 n/a Ensembl ENSG00000251562 n/a UniProt n a n/a RefSeq (mRNA) n/a n/a RefSeq (protein) n/a n/a Location (UCSC) Chr 11: 65.5 – 65.51 Mb n/a PubMed search [2] n/a Wikidata View/Edit Human

RNA family

Conserved secondary structure in Metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of MALAT1 Identifiers Symbol MALAT1 Rfam RF01871 Other data RNA type Gene; Domain Eukaryota; GO GO:2000147 SO SO:0001263 PDB structures PDBe

**MALAT1** (**Metastasis Associated Lung Adenocarcinoma Transcript 1**) also known as **NEAT2** (**Nuclear-Enriched Abundant Transcript 2**) is an infrequently [spliced](/source/Alternative_splicing) [long non-coding RNA](/source/Long_non-coding_RNA), which is highly conserved amongst [mammals](/source/Mammals) and highly expressed in the [nucleus](/source/Cell_nucleus).[3] It regulates the [expression](/source/Expression_(genetics)) of [metastasis](/source/Metastasis)-associated [genes](/source/Genes).[4] It also positively regulates [cell](/source/Cell_(biology)) motility via the [transcriptional](/source/Transcription_(genetics)) and/or post-transcriptional regulation of motility-related genes.[5] MALAT1 may play a role in [temperature-dependent sex determination](/source/Temperature-dependent_sex_determination) in the Red-eared slider turtle (*[Trachemys scripta](/source/Trachemys_scripta)*).[6]

## Expression in alcoholic brains

Transcripts of MALAT1 are significantly increased in the [cerebellum](/source/Cerebellum) of human alcoholics, as well as in similar regions of rat brains after the withdrawal of ethanol vapours. This alcohol-induced upregulation of MALAT1 may be responsible for differential expression of a number of proteins which contribute to ethanol tolerance and dependency in humans.[7]

## Prognostic potential in cancer

Elevated MALAT1 expression is correlated with poor overall survival in various types of cancer, suggesting that this gene is a prognostic factor for different types of cancer.[8][9][10] MALAT1 is implicated in multiple hallmarks of cancer, influencing cell proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, evasion of apoptosis, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and cancer stem cell behavior.[10] It exerts these effects through diverse mechanisms, including regulation of RNA splicing, modification of chromatin states, sponging of microRNAs, and remodeling of protein interactions, thereby modulating major oncogenic pathways such as PI3K/AKT, Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β/Smad, mTOR, and Hippo–YAP signaling. MALAT1 also shapes the tumor immune microenvironment, contributing to immune evasion, therapy resistance, metabolic reprogramming, and exosome-mediated tumor–stromal communication. Although predominantly oncogenic, it can act as a tumor suppressor in a context-dependent manner.[10]

## See also

- [Long non-coding RNA](/source/Long_non-coding_RNA)

- [MALAT1-associated small cytoplasmic RNA](/source/MALAT1-associated_small_cytoplasmic_RNA)

- [miPEP-52](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MiPEP-52&action=edit&redlink=1)

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-2) [GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000251562](http://May2017.archive.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Gene/Summary?db=core;g=ENSG00000251562) – [Ensembl](/source/Ensembl_genome_database_project), May 2017

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** ["Human PubMed Reference:"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=378938). *National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid17270048_3-0)** Hutchinson JN, Ensminger AW, Clemson CM, Lynch CR, Lawrence JB, Chess A (2007). ["A screen for nuclear transcripts identifies two linked noncoding RNAs associated with SC35 splicing domains"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1800850). *BMC Genomics*. **8** 39. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1186/1471-2164-8-39](https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2164-8-39). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [1800850](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1800850). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [17270048](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17270048).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Gutschner T, Hämmerle M, Eissmann M, Hsu J, Kim Y, Hung G, Revenko A, Arun G, Stentrup M, Gross M, Zörnig M, MacLeod AR, Spector DL, Diederichs S (February 2013). ["The noncoding RNA MALAT1 is a critical regulator of the metastasis phenotype of lung cancer cells"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3589741). *Cancer Research*. **73** (3): 1180–1189. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-2850](https://doi.org/10.1158%2F0008-5472.CAN-12-2850). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [3589741](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3589741). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [23243023](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23243023).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid20937273_5-0)** Tano K, Mizuno R, Okada T, Rakwal R, Shibato J, Masuo Y, Ijiri K, Akimitsu N (November 2010). ["MALAT-1 enhances cell motility of lung adenocarcinoma cells by influencing the expression of motility-related genes"](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.febslet.2010.10.008). *FEBS Letters*. **584** (22): 4575–4580. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2010FEBSL.584.4575T](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010FEBSL.584.4575T). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.febslet.2010.10.008](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.febslet.2010.10.008). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [20937273](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20937273). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [207575862](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207575862).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Chojnowski JL, Braun EL (Jul 15, 2012). ["An unbiased approach to identify genes involved in development in a turtle with temperature-dependent sex determination"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3434017). *BMC Genomics*. **13**: 308. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1186/1471-2164-13-308](https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2164-13-308). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [3434017](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3434017). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [22793670](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22793670).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Kryger R, Fan L, Wilce PA, Jaquet V (November 2012). "MALAT-1, a non protein-coding RNA is upregulated in the cerebellum, hippocampus and brain stem of human alcoholics". *Alcohol*. **46** (7): 629–634. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.alcohol.2012.04.002](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.alcohol.2012.04.002). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [22560368](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22560368).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Tian X, Xu G (2015). ["Clinical value of lncRNA MALAT1 as a prognostic marker in human cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4593150). *BMJ Open*. **5** (9) e008653. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008653](https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmjopen-2015-008653). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [4593150](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4593150). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [26423854](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26423854).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Wei Y, Niu B (2015). ["Role of MALAT1 as a Prognostic Factor for Survival in Various Cancers: A Systematic Review of the Literature with Meta-Analysis"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4572489). *Disease Markers*. **2015** 164635. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1155/2015/164635](https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2015%2F164635). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [4572489](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4572489). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [26420912](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26420912).*This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) license.*

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_10-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_10-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:0_10-2) Bitaraf, Amirreza; Zafarani, Alireza; Jahandideh, Pardis; Hakak-Zargar, Benyamin; Haghi, Atousa; Asgaritarghi, Golareh; Babashah, Sadegh (2025-10-06). ["MALAT1 as a molecular driver of tumor progression, immune evasion, and resistance to therapy"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12502584). *Molecular Cancer*. **24** (1): 245. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1186/s12943-025-02415-6](https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12943-025-02415-6). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1476-4598](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4598). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [12502584](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12502584). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [41053822](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41053822).

## Further reading

- Rai KR, Wen F, Maarouf M, Cai M, Sun H, Yin Z, Wang Y, Chi X, Li Y, Chen Y, Shrestha P, Yang Z, Huang S, Wang S, Chen JL (February 2026). ["The long non-coding RNA MALAT1 encodes a micropeptide that promotes influenza A virus replication by suppressing innate immune responses"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12857292). *Journal of Biological Chemistry*. **302** (2) 111112. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.jbc.2025.111112](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jbc.2025.111112). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [12857292](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12857292). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [41461314](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41461314).

- Guo F, Li Y, Liu Y, Wang J, Li Y, Li G (March 2010). ["Inhibition of metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 in CaSki human cervical cancer cells suppresses cell proliferation and invasion"](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fabbs%2Fgmq008). *Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica*. **42** (3): 224–229. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/abbs/gmq008](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fabbs%2Fgmq008). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [20213048](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20213048).

- Ji Q, Liu X, Fu X, Zhang L, Sui H, Zhou L, Sun J, Cai J, Qin J, Ren J, Li Q (Nov 2013). ["Resveratrol inhibits invasion and metastasis of colorectal cancer cells via MALAT1 mediated Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3823921). *PLOS ONE*. **8** (11) e78700. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2013PLoSO...878700J](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...878700J). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1371/journal.pone.0078700](https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0078700). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [3823921](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3823921). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [24244343](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24244343).

- Tseng JJ, Hsieh YT, Hsu SL, Chou MM (November 2009). ["Metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 is up-regulated in placenta previa increta/percreta and strongly associated with trophoblast-like cell invasion in vitro"](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolehr%2Fgap071). *Molecular Human Reproduction*. **15** (11): 725–731. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/molehr/gap071](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolehr%2Fgap071). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [19690017](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19690017).

- van Asseldonk M, Schepens M, de Bruijn D, Janssen B, Merkx G, Geurts van Kessel A (May 2000). "Construction of a 350-kb sequence-ready 11q13 cosmid contig encompassing the markers D11S4933 and D11S546: mapping of 11 genes and 3 tumor-associated translocation breakpoints". *Genomics*. **66** (1): 35–42. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1006/geno.2000.6194](https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fgeno.2000.6194). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [10843802](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10843802).

- Koshimizu TA, Fujiwara Y, Sakai N, Shibata K, Tsuchiya H (March 2010). "Oxytocin stimulates expression of a noncoding RNA tumor marker in a human neuroblastoma cell line". *Life Sciences*. **86** (11–12): 455–460. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.lfs.2010.02.001](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.lfs.2010.02.001). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [20149803](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20149803).

- Guru SC, Agarwal SK, Manickam P, Olufemi SE, Crabtree JS, Weisemann JM, Kester MB, Kim YS, Wang Y, Emmert-Buck MR, Liotta LA, Spiegel AM, Boguski MS, Roe BA, Collins FS, Marx SJ, Burns L, Chandrasekharappa SC (July 1997). ["A transcript map for the 2.8-Mb region containing the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 locus"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC310681). *Genome Research*. **7** (7): 725–735. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1101/gr.7.7.725](https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.7.7.725). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [310681](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC310681). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [9253601](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9253601).

- Tripathi V, Ellis JD, Shen Z, Song DY, Pan Q, Watt AT, Freier SM, Bennett CF, Sharma A, Bubulya PA, Blencowe BJ, Prasanth SG, Prasanth KV (September 2010). ["The nuclear-retained noncoding RNA MALAT1 regulates alternative splicing by modulating SR splicing factor phosphorylation"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4158944). *Molecular Cell*. **39** (6): 925–938. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.molcel.2010.08.011](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.molcel.2010.08.011). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [4158944](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4158944). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [20797886](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20797886).

- Kuiper RP, Schepens M, Thijssen J, van Asseldonk M, van den Berg E, Bridge J, Schuuring E, Schoenmakers EF, van Kessel AG (July 2003). ["Upregulation of the transcription factor TFEB in t(6;11)(p21;q13)-positive renal cell carcinomas due to promoter substitution"](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhmg%2Fddg178). *Human Molecular Genetics*. **12** (14): 1661–1669. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/hmg/ddg178](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhmg%2Fddg178). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [12837690](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12837690).

- Yamada K, Kano J, Tsunoda H, Yoshikawa H, Okubo C, Ishiyama T, Noguchi M (February 2006). ["Phenotypic characterization of endometrial stromal sarcoma of the uterus"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11158577). *Cancer Science*. **97** (2): 106–112. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/j.1349-7006.2006.00147.x](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1349-7006.2006.00147.x). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [11158577](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11158577). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [16441420](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16441420). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [25815889](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25815889).

- Wilusz JE, Freier SM, Spector DL (November 2008). ["3′ end processing of a long nuclear-retained noncoding RNA yields a tRNA-like cytoplasmic RNA"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2722846). *Cell*. **135** (5): 919–932. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2008Cell..135..919W](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Cell..135..919W). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.cell.2008.10.012](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2008.10.012). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [2722846](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2722846). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [19041754](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19041754).

- Ji P, Diederichs S, Wang W, Böing S, Metzger R, Schneider PM, Tidow N, Brandt B, Buerger H, Bulk E, Thomas M, Berdel WE, Serve H, Müller-Tidow C (September 2003). "MALAT-1, a novel noncoding RNA, and thymosin beta4 predict metastasis and survival in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer". *Oncogene*. **22** (39): 8031–8041. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/sj.onc.1206928](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1206928). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [12970751](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12970751). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [34070842](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34070842).

- Miyagawa R, Tano K, Mizuno R, Nakamura Y, Ijiri K, Rakwal R, Shibato J, Masuo Y, Mayeda A, Hirose T, Akimitsu N (April 2012). ["Identification of cis- and trans-acting factors involved in the localization of MALAT-1 noncoding RNA to nuclear speckles"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3312561). *RNA*. **18** (4): 738–751. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1261/rna.028639.111](https://doi.org/10.1261%2Frna.028639.111). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [3312561](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3312561). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [22355166](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22355166).

## External links

- [OMIM page for MALAT1](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=607924)[*[dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*]

- [HGNC page for MALAT1](https://www.genenames.org/data/hgnc_data.php?hgnc_id=29665) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130917153912/https://www.genenames.org/data/hgnc_data.php?hgnc_id=29665) 2013-09-17 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

- [Page for Metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1](http://rfam.xfam.org/family?entry=RF01871) at [Rfam](/source/Rfam)

- [Relevance of MALAT1 in single-cell RNA sequencing data](https://kb.10xgenomics.com/hc/en-us/articles/360004729092-Why-do-I-see-high-levels-of-Malat1-in-my-gene-expression-data-) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231208202011/https://kb.10xgenomics.com/hc/en-us/articles/360004729092-Why-do-I-see-high-levels-of-Malat1-in-my-gene-expression-data-) 2023-12-08 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [MALAT1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MALAT1) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MALAT1?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.