# Lupinus

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"Lupin" redirects here. For the bean, see [Lupin bean](/source/Lupin_bean). For Maurice Leblanc's gentleman-burglar, see [Arsène Lupin](/source/Ars%C3%A8ne_Lupin).

Not to be confused with the similar looking fodder crop [lucerne](/source/Alfalfa).

***Lupinus***, commonly known as **lupin**, **lupine**,[Efn 1] or regionally **bluebonnet**, is a [genus](/source/Genus) of plants in the legume family [Fabaceae](/source/Fabaceae). The genus includes over 199 [species](/source/Species), with [centres of diversity](/source/Centre_of_diversity) in North and South America.[1] Smaller centres occur in North Africa and the [Mediterranean](/source/Mediterranean_Basin).[1][2] They are widely cultivated both as a food source and as ornamental plants, but are invasive to some areas. For instance, lupine has become an ecological problem in [Iceland](/source/Iceland) since the beginning of the 21st century.[3]

## Description

The species are mostly [herbaceous](/source/Herbaceous) [perennial plants](/source/Perennial_plant) 0.3–1.5 metres (1–5 feet) tall, but some are [annual plants](/source/Annual_plant) and a few are [shrubs](/source/Bush_lupin) up to 3 m (10 ft) tall. An exception is the *chamis de monte* (*[Lupinus jaimehintonianus](/source/Lupinus_jaimehintonianus)*) of [Oaxaca](/source/Oaxaca) in Mexico, which is a tree up to 8 m (26 ft) tall.[4]

Lupins have soft green to grey-green leaves which may be coated in silvery hairs, often densely so. The leaf blades are usually [palmately](/source/Palmate) divided into five to 28 leaflets, or reduced to a single leaflet in a few species of the southeastern United States and eastern South America.[5]

The flowers are produced in dense or open whorls on an erect spike, each flower 1–2 cm long. The pea-like flowers have an upper standard, or banner, two lateral wings, and two lower [petals](/source/Petal) fused into a keel. The flower shape has inspired common names such as [bluebonnets](/source/Bluebonnet_(plant)) and [quaker bonnets](/source/Lupinus_perennis).

The fruit is a [pod](/source/Legume) containing several seeds. The seeds contain [alkaloids](/source/Alkaloid) which lend them a bitter taste.

[Extrafloral nectaries](/source/Extrafloral_nectaries) have been found on a species in Arizona.[6]

## Taxonomy

Main article: [List of Lupinus species](/source/List_of_Lupinus_species)

The genus *Lupinus* L. and, in particular, its North American species were divided by [Sereno Watson](/source/Sereno_Watson) (1873) into three sections: *Lupinus*, *Platycarpos*, and *Lupinnelus*. Differences in habitat and in the number of [ovules](/source/Ovule) were the basis for this classification. A majority of the perennial and annual species from the American continent described by Watson were referred to *Lupinus*. Some annual species with two ovules in the ovary and two seeds in the pod (*L. densiflorus*, *L. microcarpus*, etc.) were attributed to the *Platycarpos* section. Section *Lupinnelus* consisted of one species (*L. uncialis*), with axillary and solitary flowers, scarcely reflexed banner, and also with two ovules in the ovary.

While Watson's work was predominantly based on study of North American species, the later research of Ascherson and Graebner (1907) extended his principle of classification to cover all lupins from the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, also using number of ovules (seedbuds) in the ovary (and thus of seeds in the pod) as the criterion for this division. They described two subgenera, *Eulupinus* and *Platycarpos*. Most of the described species were referred to subgen. A. *Eulupinus*. Subgen. B. *Platycarpos* included several annual species from the Eastern Hemisphere with two seedbuds and seeds in the bean (the same species, as the one specified by S. Watson).

A current schema retains this distinction, but uses the nomenclature for the subgenera of *Platycarpos* and *Lupinus*. In this schema, subgenus [Platycarpos](/source/Platycarpos) (S.Wats.) [Kurl.](/source/Boguslav_S._Kurlovich) contains perennial and annual species from the Western Hemisphere, with a minimum two or more ovules or seedbuds. Subgenus *Lupinus* consists of 12 species from Africa and the Mediterranean, with a minimum of four ovules or seedbuds.[7]

The taxonomy of *Lupinus* has always been confusing. How many distinct species exist or how they might be organized within the genus is not clear. The plants are variable and the taxa are not always distinct from one another. Some American taxa have been described as [complexes](/source/Species_complex) rather than separate species.[8] Estimates of the number of lupine species generally fall between 200 and 500.[2] One authority places the estimate at approximately 267 species worldwide.[1] Currently, two [subgenera](/source/Subgenus) are recognized.

### Subgenus *Platycarpos*

Main article: [[Lupinus

g. Platycarpos]]

The ovary contains two and more ovules or seedbuds. The seed are predominantly small-sized, with an underdeveloped embryo and small amount of endosperm. Cotyledons are small-sized, with long caulicles. The first pair of true leaves is alternate. The stem is predominantly naked with [waxen coating](/source/Plant_cuticle). Dominating is the monopodial type of branching. Leaflets are smooth, with waxen coating or slight [pubescence](/source/Pubescence_(botany)), predominantly narrow. Pods are flat or orbicular, with two or more seeds. Represented by frutcuilose, fruticose and herbaceous perennial forms, or less often annual ones. Plants are cross-pollinated. [Chromosome number](/source/Ploidy) 2*n* is either 36, 48, or 96.[9] This subgenus is distributed throughout North, Central and South America, predominantly in the mining systems of the Andes and Cordillera. Some species are cultivated (*L. mutabilis*, *L. polyphyllus*). This subgenus includes several hundred species, requiring further analysis of their authenticity.

It comprises the following species:[10][11][12]

- *[Lupinus aberrans](/source/Lupinus_aberrans)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus abramsii](/source/Lupinus_abramsii)* C.P. Sm. – Abrams' lupine
- *[Lupinus acopalcus](/source/Lupinus_acopalcus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus adinoanthus](/source/Lupinus_adinoanthus)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus adsurgens](/source/Lupinus_adsurgens)* Drew – Drew's silky lupine

- *[Lupinus affinis](/source/Lupinus_affinis)* J. Agardh – fleshy lupine
- *[Lupinus agardhianus](/source/Lupinus_agardhianus)* A. Heller
- *[Lupinus alaristatus](/source/Lupinus_alaristatus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus albert-smithianus](/source/Lupinus_albert-smithianus)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus albescens](/source/Lupinus_albescens)* Hook. & Arn. – hoary lupine
- *[Lupinus albicaulis](/source/Lupinus_albicaulis)* Douglas – sickle-keel lupine
- *[Lupinus albifrons](/source/Lupinus_albifrons)* Benth. – silver bush lupine - var. *albifrons* Benth. - var. *douglasii* (J. Agardh) C. P. Sm. - var. *hallii* (Abrams) Isely
- *[Lupinus albopilosus](/source/Lupinus_albopilosus)* A. Heller
- *[Lupinus albosericeus](/source/Lupinus_albosericeus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus alcis-montis](/source/Lupinus_alcis-montis)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus aliamandus](/source/Lupinus_aliamandus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus aliattenuatus](/source/Lupinus_aliattenuatus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus alibicolor](/source/Lupinus_alibicolor)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus aliceae](/source/Lupinus_aliceae)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus alilatissimus](/source/Lupinus_alilatissimus)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus alinanus](/source/Lupinus_alinanus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus alipatulus](/source/Lupinus_alipatulus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus alirevolutus](/source/Lupinus_alirevolutus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus alivillosus](/source/Lupinus_alivillosus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus allargyreius](/source/Lupinus_allargyreius)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus alopecuroides](/source/Lupinus_alopecuroides)* Desr.
- *[Lupinus alpestris](/source/Lupinus_alpestris)* A. Nelson[13]

- *[Lupinus altimontanus](/source/Lupinus_altimontanus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus altiplani](/source/Lupinus_altiplani)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus amabayensis](/source/Lupinus_amabayensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus amandus](/source/Lupinus_amandus)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus amboensis](/source/Lupinus_amboensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus ammophilus](/source/Lupinus_ammophilus)* Greene - var. *ammophilus* Greene - var. *crassus* (Payson) Isely

- *[Lupinus amnis-otuni](/source/Lupinus_amnis-otuni)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus ampaiensis](/source/Lupinus_ampaiensis)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus amphibius](/source/Lupinus_amphibius)* Suksd.
- *[Lupinus ananeanus](/source/Lupinus_ananeanus)* Ulbr.
- *[Lupinus anatolicus](/source/Lupinus_anatolicus)* W. Święcicki & W. K. Święcicki
- *[Lupinus andersonii](/source/Lupinus_andersonii)* S. Watson – Anderson's lupine
- *[Lupinus andicola](/source/Lupinus_andicola)* Gillies
- *[Lupinus andinus](/source/Lupinus_andinus)* Rose ex J. F. Macbr.
- *[Lupinus angustiflorus](/source/Lupinus_angustiflorus)* Eastw. – narrowflower lupine
- *[Lupinus antensis](/source/Lupinus_antensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus antiplani](/source/Lupinus_antiplani)* C. P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus antoninus](/source/Lupinus_antoninus)* Eastw. – Anthony Peak lupine
- *[Lupinus apertus](/source/Lupinus_apertus)* A. Heller
- *[Lupinus appositus](/source/Lupinus_appositus)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus arboreus](/source/Lupinus_arboreus)* Sims – yellow bush lupin, tree lupine
- *[Lupinus arbustus](/source/Lupinus_arbustus)* Lindl. – longspur lupine - subsp. *arbustus* Lindl. - subsp. *neolaxiflorus* D.B.Dunn - subsp. *pseudoparviflorus* (Rydb.) D.B.Dunn
- *[Lupinus arbutosocius](/source/Lupinus_arbutosocius)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus archeranus](/source/Lupinus_archeranus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus arcticus](/source/Lupinus_arcticus)* S. Watson – Arctic lupine - subsp. *arcticus* S. Watson - subsp. *subalpinus* (Piper & Robinson)D.B.Dunn
- *[Lupinus arenarius](/source/Lupinus_arenarius)* Gardner

- *[Lupinus arequipensis](/source/Lupinus_arequipensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus argenteus](/source/Lupinus_argenteus)* Pursh – silvery lupine - var. *argentatus* (Rydb.) Barneby - var. *argenteus* Pursh - var. *argophyllus* (A. Gray) S. Watson - var. *depressus* (Rydb.) C. L. Hitchc. - var. *fulvomaculatus* (Payson) Barneby - var. *heteranthus* (S. Watson) Barneby – Kellogg's spurred lupine - var. *hillii* (Greene) Barneby - var. *holosericeus* (Torr. & A.Gray) Barneby - var. *montigenus* (A. Heller) Barneby - var. *palmeri* (S.Watson) Barneby - var. *rubricaulis* (Greene) S. L. Welsh - var. *utahensis* (S.Watson) Barneby

- *[Lupinus argurocalyx](/source/Lupinus_argurocalyx)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus aridorum](/source/Lupinus_aridorum)* McFarlin ex Beckner – scrub lupine[14]
- *[Lupinus aridulus](/source/Lupinus_aridulus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus aridus](/source/Lupinus_aridus)* Lindl.[15]
- *[Lupinus ariste-josephii](/source/Lupinus_ariste-josephii)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus arizelus](/source/Lupinus_arizelus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus arizonicus](/source/Lupinus_arizonicus)* (S. Watson) S. Watson - subsp. *arizonicus* (S. Watson) S. Watson – Arizona lupine - subsp. *sonorensis* Christian & D. Dunn – Sonora lupine
- *[Lupinus arvensi-plasketti](/source/Lupinus_arvensi-plasketti)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus arvensis](/source/Lupinus_arvensis)* Benth.
- *[Lupinus asa-grayanus](/source/Lupinus_asa-grayanus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus aschenbornii](/source/Lupinus_aschenbornii)* S. Schauer
- *[Lupinus asplundianus](/source/Lupinus_asplundianus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus asymbepus](/source/Lupinus_asymbepus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus atropurpureus](/source/Lupinus_atropurpureus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus attenuatus](/source/Lupinus_attenuatus)* Gardner[16]

- *[Lupinus aureonitens](/source/Lupinus_aureonitens)* Hook. & Arn.
- *[Lupinus austrobicolor](/source/Lupinus_austrobicolor)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus austrohumifusus](/source/Lupinus_austrohumifusus)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus austrorientalis](/source/Lupinus_austrorientalis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus austrosericeus](/source/Lupinus_austrosericeus)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus ballianus](/source/Lupinus_ballianus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus bandelierae](/source/Lupinus_bandelierae)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus bangii](/source/Lupinus_bangii)* Rusby
- *[Lupinus barbatilabius](/source/Lupinus_barbatilabius)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus barkeri](/source/Lupinus_barkeri)* Lindl.
- *[Lupinus bartlettianus](/source/Lupinus_bartlettianus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus benthamii](/source/Lupinus_benthamii)* A. Heller
- *[Lupinus bi-inclinatus](/source/Lupinus_bi-inclinatus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus bicolor](/source/Lupinus_bicolor)* Lindl. – miniature lupine, bicolor lupine, Lindley's annual lupine - subsp. *bicolor* Lindl. - subsp. *microphyllus* (S. Watson) D. B. Dunn - subsp. *pipersmithii* (A. Heller) D. B. Dunn - subsp. *umbellatus* (Greene) D. B. Dunn

- *[Lupinus bingenensis](/source/Lupinus_bingenensis)* Suksd. – Bingen lupine
- *[Lupinus blaisdellii](/source/Lupinus_blaisdellii)* Eastw.

- *[Lupinus bogotensis](/source/Lupinus_bogotensis)* Benth.
- *[Lupinus bolivianus](/source/Lupinus_bolivianus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus bombycinocarpus](/source/Lupinus_bombycinocarpus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus bonplandius](/source/Lupinus_bonplandius)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus boyacensis](/source/Lupinus_boyacensis)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus brachypremnon](/source/Lupinus_brachypremnon)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus bracteolaris](/source/Lupinus_bracteolaris)* Desr.
- *[Lupinus brandegeei](/source/Lupinus_brandegeei)* Eastw.
- *[Lupinus brevecuneus](/source/Lupinus_brevecuneus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus brevicaulis](/source/Lupinus_brevicaulis)* S. Watson – shortstem lupine[17]
- *[Lupinus brevior](/source/Lupinus_brevior)* (Jeps.) Christian & D.B. Dunn
- *[Lupinus breviscapus](/source/Lupinus_breviscapus)* Ulbr.
- *[Lupinus breweri](/source/Lupinus_breweri)* A. Gray – Brewer's lupine

- *[Lupinus bryoides](/source/Lupinus_bryoides)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus buchtienii](/source/Lupinus_buchtienii)* Rusby
- *[Lupinus burkartianus](/source/Lupinus_burkartianus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus burkei](/source/Lupinus_burkei)* S. Watson – Burke's lupine[18]
- *[Lupinus burkeri](/source/Lupinus_burkeri)* Lindl.
- *[Lupinus caballoanus](/source/Lupinus_caballoanus)* B.L. Turner
- *[Lupinus cachupatensis](/source/Lupinus_cachupatensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus cacuminis](/source/Lupinus_cacuminis)* Standl.
- *[Lupinus caeruleus](/source/Lupinus_caeruleus)* A. Heller
- *[Lupinus caesius](/source/Lupinus_caesius)* Eastw.
- *[Lupinus caespitosus](/source/Lupinus_caespitosus)* Torr. & A. Gray – stemless dwarf lupine[19]
- *[Lupinus calcensis](/source/Lupinus_calcensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus caldasensis](/source/Lupinus_caldasensis)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus camiloanus](/source/Lupinus_camiloanus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus campestris](/source/Lupinus_campestris)* Schltdl. & Cham.

- *[Lupinus carazensis](/source/Lupinus_carazensis)* Ulbr.
- *[Lupinus carchiensis](/source/Lupinus_carchiensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus cardenasianus](/source/Lupinus_cardenasianus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus carhuamayus](/source/Lupinus_carhuamayus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus carlos-ochoae](/source/Lupinus_carlos-ochoae)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus carpapaticus](/source/Lupinus_carpapaticus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus carrikeri](/source/Lupinus_carrikeri)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus caucensis](/source/Lupinus_caucensis)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus cavicaulis](/source/Lupinus_cavicaulis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus ccorilazensis](/source/Lupinus_ccorilazensis)* Vargas ex C. P. Smith
- *[Lupinus celsimontanus](/source/Lupinus_celsimontanus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus cervinus](/source/Lupinus_cervinus)* Kellogg – Santa Lucia lupine
- *[Lupinus cesar-vargasii](/source/Lupinus_cesar-vargasii)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus cesaranus](/source/Lupinus_cesaranus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus chachas](/source/Lupinus_chachas)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus chamissonis](/source/Lupinus_chamissonis)* Eschsch. – Chamisso bush lupine
- *[Lupinus chavanillensis](/source/Lupinus_chavanillensis)* (J.F. Macbr.) C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus chipaquensis](/source/Lupinus_chipaquensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus chlorolepis](/source/Lupinus_chlorolepis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus chocontensis](/source/Lupinus_chocontensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus chongos-bajous](/source/Lupinus_chongos-bajous)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus christinae](/source/Lupinus_christinae)* A. Heller
- *[Lupinus chrysanthus](/source/Lupinus_chrysanthus)* Ulbr.
- *[Lupinus chrysocalyx](/source/Lupinus_chrysocalyx)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus chumbivilcensis](/source/Lupinus_chumbivilcensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus citrinus](/source/Lupinus_citrinus)* Kellogg – orange lupine
- *[Lupinus clarkei](/source/Lupinus_clarkei)* Oerst.

- *[Lupinus cochapatensis](/source/Lupinus_cochapatensis)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus colcabambensis](/source/Lupinus_colcabambensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus collinus](/source/Lupinus_collinus)* (Greene) A. Heller
- *[Lupinus colombiensis](/source/Lupinus_colombiensis)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus compactiflorus](/source/Lupinus_compactiflorus)* Rose
- *[Lupinus comptus](/source/Lupinus_comptus)* Benth.
- *[Lupinus concinnus](/source/Lupinus_concinnus)* J. Agardh - subsp. *concinnus* J. Agardh - subsp. *orcuttii* (S.Watson) D.B.Dunn
- *[Lupinus condensiflorus](/source/Lupinus_condensiflorus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus confertus](/source/Lupinus_confertus)* Kellogg[20]

- *[Lupinus congdonii](/source/Lupinus_congdonii)* (C.P. Sm.) D.B. Dunn
- *[Lupinus conicus](/source/Lupinus_conicus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus constancei](/source/Lupinus_constancei)* T.W. Nelson & J.P. Nelson – Lassics lupine
- *[Lupinus convencionensis](/source/Lupinus_convencionensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus cookianus](/source/Lupinus_cookianus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus coriaceus](/source/Lupinus_coriaceus)* Benth.

- *[Lupinus costaricensis](/source/Lupinus_costaricensis)* D.B. Dunn
- *[Lupinus cotopaxiensis](/source/Lupinus_cotopaxiensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus couthouyanus](/source/Lupinus_couthouyanus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus covillei](/source/Lupinus_covillei)* Greene – shaggy lupine
- *[Lupinus crassulus](/source/Lupinus_crassulus)* Greene
- *[Lupinus crassus](/source/Lupinus_crassus)* Payson[21]
- *[Lupinus croceus](/source/Lupinus_croceus)* Eastw. – saffron-flowered lupine
- *[Lupinus crotalarioides](/source/Lupinus_crotalarioides)* Benth.
- *[Lupinus crucis-viridis](/source/Lupinus_crucis-viridis)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus cuatrecasasii](/source/Lupinus_cuatrecasasii)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus culbertsonii](/source/Lupinus_culbertsonii)* Greene - subsp. *culbertsonii* Greene - subsp. *hypolasius* (Greene) B.J.Cox

- *[Lupinus cumulicola](/source/Lupinus_cumulicola)* Small[22]
- *[Lupinus cusickii](/source/Lupinus_cusickii)* S. Watson - subsp. *abortivus* (Greene) B.J.Cox - subsp. *brachypodus* (Piper) B.J.Cox - subsp. *cusickii* S. Watson
- *[Lupinus cuspidatus](/source/Lupinus_cuspidatus)* Rusby

- *[Lupinus cuzcensis](/source/Lupinus_cuzcensis)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus cymboides](/source/Lupinus_cymboides)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus czermakii](/source/Lupinus_czermakii)* Briq. & Hochr.

- *[Lupinus dalesiae](/source/Lupinus_dalesiae)* Eastw. – Quincy lupine
- *[Lupinus decemplex](/source/Lupinus_decemplex)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus decurrens](/source/Lupinus_decurrens)* Gardner

- *[Lupinus deflexus](/source/Lupinus_deflexus)* Congdon
- *[Lupinus delicatulus](/source/Lupinus_delicatulus)* Sprague & Riley
- *[Lupinus densiflorus](/source/Lupinus_densiflorus)* Benth. – dense-flowered lupin[23] - subsp. *densiflorus* Benth. - subsp. *lacteus* (Kellogg) R.M.Beauch.
- *[Lupinus depressus](/source/Lupinus_depressus)* Rydb.[24]
- *[Lupinus diasemus](/source/Lupinus_diasemus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus diehlii](/source/Lupinus_diehlii)* M.E. Jones
- *[Lupinus diffusus](/source/Lupinus_diffusus)* Nutt. – spreading lupine, Oak Ridge lupine, sky-blue lupine
- *[Lupinus disjunctus](/source/Lupinus_disjunctus)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus diversalpicola](/source/Lupinus_diversalpicola)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus dorae](/source/Lupinus_dorae)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus dotatus](/source/Lupinus_dotatus)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus duranii](/source/Lupinus_duranii)* Eastw. – Mono Lake lupine
- *[Lupinus dusenianus](/source/Lupinus_dusenianus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus eanophyllus](/source/Lupinus_eanophyllus)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus edysomatus](/source/Lupinus_edysomatus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus egens](/source/Lupinus_egens)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus elaphoglossum](/source/Lupinus_elaphoglossum)* Barneby
- *[Lupinus elatus](/source/Lupinus_elatus)* I.M. Johnst. – tall silky lupine
- *[Lupinus elegans](/source/Lupinus_elegans)* Kunth – elegant lupine
- *[Lupinus elegantulus](/source/Lupinus_elegantulus)* Eastw.
- *[Lupinus ellsworthianus](/source/Lupinus_ellsworthianus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus elmeri](/source/Lupinus_elmeri)* Greene – Elmer's lupine

- *[Lupinus eramosus](/source/Lupinus_eramosus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus erectifolius](/source/Lupinus_erectifolius)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus eremonomus](/source/Lupinus_eremonomus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus eriocalyx](/source/Lupinus_eriocalyx)* (C.P. Sm.) C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus eriocladus](/source/Lupinus_eriocladus)* Ulbr.
- *[Lupinus evermannii](/source/Lupinus_evermannii)* Rydb.
- *[Lupinus espinarensis](/source/Lupinus_espinarensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus exaltatus](/source/Lupinus_exaltatus)* Zucc.
- *[Lupinus excubitus](/source/Lupinus_excubitus)* M.E. Jones – grape soda lupine - subsp. *austromontanus* (A.Heller) R.M.Beauch. - subsp. *excubitus* M.E. Jones
- *[Lupinus exochus](/source/Lupinus_exochus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus expetendus](/source/Lupinus_expetendus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus extrarius](/source/Lupinus_extrarius)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus falsomutabilis](/source/Lupinus_falsomutabilis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus falsoprostratus](/source/Lupinus_falsoprostratus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus falsorevolutus](/source/Lupinus_falsorevolutus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus famelicus](/source/Lupinus_famelicus)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus fiebrigianus](/source/Lupinus_fiebrigianus)* Ulbr.
- *[Lupinus fieldii](/source/Lupinus_fieldii)* J.F. Macbr.

- *[Lupinus fissicalyx](/source/Lupinus_fissicalyx)* A. Heller

- *[Lupinus flavoculatus](/source/Lupinus_flavoculatus)* A. Heller

- *[Lupinus foliolosus](/source/Lupinus_foliolosus)* Benth.

- *[Lupinus formosus](/source/Lupinus_formosus)* Greene – summer lupine - var. *bridgesii* (S.Watson) Greene - var. *formosus* Greene

- *[Lupinus fragrans](/source/Lupinus_fragrans)* A. Heller
- *[Lupinus francis-whittieri](/source/Lupinus_francis-whittieri)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus fratrum](/source/Lupinus_fratrum)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus fulcratus](/source/Lupinus_fulcratus)* Greene

- *[Lupinus gachetensis](/source/Lupinus_gachetensis)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus garfieldensis](/source/Lupinus_garfieldensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus gaudichaudianus](/source/Lupinus_gaudichaudianus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus gayanus](/source/Lupinus_gayanus)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus gentryanus](/source/Lupinus_gentryanus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus geophilus](/source/Lupinus_geophilus)* Rose
- *[Lupinus gibertianus](/source/Lupinus_gibertianus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus giganteus](/source/Lupinus_giganteus)* Rose
- *[Lupinus glabratus](/source/Lupinus_glabratus)* J. Agardh

- *[Lupinus goodspeedii](/source/Lupinus_goodspeedii)* J.F. Macbr.
- *[Lupinus gormanii](/source/Lupinus_gormanii)* Piper
- *[Lupinus gracilentus](/source/Lupinus_gracilentus)* Greene

- *[Lupinus grayi](/source/Lupinus_grayi)* S. Watson – Sierra lupine
- *[Lupinus grauensis](/source/Lupinus_grauensis)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus grisebachianus](/source/Lupinus_grisebachianus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus guadalupensis](/source/Lupinus_guadalupensis)* C.P. Sm. – Guadalupe Island lupine
- *[Lupinus guaraniticus](/source/Lupinus_guaraniticus)* (Hassl.) C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus guascensis](/source/Lupinus_guascensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus guggenheimianus](/source/Lupinus_guggenheimianus)* Rusby

- *[Lupinus hamaticalyx](/source/Lupinus_hamaticalyx)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus hartmannii](/source/Lupinus_hartmannii)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus hartwegii](/source/Lupinus_hartwegii)* Lindl.[25]
- *[Lupinus haughtianus](/source/Lupinus_haughtianus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus hautcarazensis](/source/Lupinus_hautcarazensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus havardii](/source/Lupinus_havardii)* S. Watson
- *[Lupinus hazenanus](/source/Lupinus_hazenanus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus hendersonii](/source/Lupinus_hendersonii)* Eastw.

- *[Lupinus heptaphyllus](/source/Lupinus_heptaphyllus)* (Vell.) Hassl.[26]
- *[Lupinus herreranus](/source/Lupinus_herreranus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus herzogii](/source/Lupinus_herzogii)* Ulbr.
- *[Lupinus hieronymii](/source/Lupinus_hieronymii)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus hilarianus](/source/Lupinus_hilarianus)* Benth.[27]
- *[Lupinus hillii](/source/Lupinus_hillii)* Greene[28]
- *[Lupinus hinkleyorum](/source/Lupinus_hinkleyorum)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus hintoniorum](/source/Lupinus_hintoniorum)* B.L. Turner
- *[Lupinus hirsutissimus](/source/Lupinus_hirsutissimus)* Benth. – stinging lupine

- *[Lupinus holmgrenianus](/source/Lupinus_holmgrenianus)* C.P. Sm. – Holmgren's lupine

- *[Lupinus honoratus](/source/Lupinus_honoratus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus horizontalis](/source/Lupinus_horizontalis)* A. Heller
- *[Lupinus hornemanni](/source/Lupinus_hornemanni)* J. Agardh
- *[Lupinus hortonianus](/source/Lupinus_hortonianus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus hortorum](/source/Lupinus_hortorum)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus howard-scottii](/source/Lupinus_howard-scottii)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus howardii](/source/Lupinus_howardii)* M.E. Jones
- *[Lupinus huachucanus](/source/Lupinus_huachucanus)* M.E. Jones
- *[Lupinus huancayoensis](/source/Lupinus_huancayoensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus huariacus](/source/Lupinus_huariacus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus huaronensis](/source/Lupinus_huaronensis)* J.F. Macbr.
- *[Lupinus huigrensis](/source/Lupinus_huigrensis)* Rose ex C. P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus humifusus](/source/Lupinus_humifusus)* Sessé & Moc. ex G. Don
- *[Lupinus hyacinthinus](/source/Lupinus_hyacinthinus)* C.F. Baker – San Jacinto lupine
- *[Lupinus hybridus](/source/Lupinus_hybridus)* Lem.

- *[Lupinus ignobilis](/source/Lupinus_ignobilis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus imminutus](/source/Lupinus_imminutus)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus indigoticus](/source/Lupinus_indigoticus)* Eastw.
- *[Lupinus inflatus](/source/Lupinus_inflatus)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus insignis](/source/Lupinus_insignis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus insulae](/source/Lupinus_insulae)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus interruptus](/source/Lupinus_interruptus)* Benth.
- *[Lupinus intortus](/source/Lupinus_intortus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus inusitatus](/source/Lupinus_inusitatus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus involutus](/source/Lupinus_involutus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus inyoensis](/source/Lupinus_inyoensis)* A. Heller
- *[Lupinus isabelianus](/source/Lupinus_isabelianus)* Eastw.

- *[Lupinus jahnii](/source/Lupinus_jahnii)* Rose ex Pittier
- *[Lupinus jaimehintoniana](/source/Lupinus_jaimehintoniana)* B.L. Turner
- *[Lupinus james-westii](/source/Lupinus_james-westii)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus jean-julesii](/source/Lupinus_jean-julesii)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus jelskianus](/source/Lupinus_jelskianus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus johannis-howellii](/source/Lupinus_johannis-howellii)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus jonesii](/source/Lupinus_jonesii)* Rydb.
- *[Lupinus jujuyensis](/source/Lupinus_jujuyensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus juninensis](/source/Lupinus_juninensis)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus kalenbornorum](/source/Lupinus_kalenbornorum)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus kellermanianus](/source/Lupinus_kellermanianus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus kerrii](/source/Lupinus_kerrii)* Eastw.
- *[Lupinus killipianus](/source/Lupinus_killipianus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus kingii](/source/Lupinus_kingii)* S. Watson

- *[Lupinus klamathensis](/source/Lupinus_klamathensis)* Eastw.
- *[Lupinus kunthii](/source/Lupinus_kunthii)* J. Agardh

- *[Lupinus kuschei](/source/Lupinus_kuschei)* Eastw. – Yukon lupine

- *[Lupinus lacus](/source/Lupinus_lacus)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus laetus](/source/Lupinus_laetus)* Wooton & Standl.
- *[Lupinus laevigatus](/source/Lupinus_laevigatus)* Benth.
- *[Lupinus lagunae-negrae](/source/Lupinus_lagunae-negrae)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus lanatocarpus](/source/Lupinus_lanatocarpus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus lanatus](/source/Lupinus_lanatus)* Benth.
- *[Lupinus lapidicola](/source/Lupinus_lapidicola)* A. Heller – Mt. Eddy lupine

- *[Lupinus latifolius](/source/Lupinus_latifolius)* J. Agardh - subsp. *dudleyi* (C.P.Sm.) P.Kenney & D.B.Dunn - subsp. *latifolius* J. Agardh - var. *latifolius* J. Agardh – broadleaf lupine - var. *[barbatus](/source/Lupinus_latifolius_var._barbatus)* – Klamath lupine, bearded lupine - subsp. *leucanthus* (Rydb.)P.Kenney & D.B.Dunn - subsp. *longipes* (Greene) P.Kenney & D.B.Dunn - subsp. *parishii* (C.P.Sm.) P.Kenney & D.B.Dunn - subsp. *viridifolius* (A.Heller) P.Kenney & D.B.Dunn

- *[Lupinus laudandrus](/source/Lupinus_laudandrus)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus lechlerianus](/source/Lupinus_lechlerianus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus ledigianus](/source/Lupinus_ledigianus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus lelandsmithii](/source/Lupinus_lelandsmithii)* Eastw.
- *[Lupinus lemmonii](/source/Lupinus_lemmonii)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus lepidus](/source/Lupinus_lepidus)* Lindl. – prairie lupine - var. *aridus* (Douglas) Jeps. - var. *confertus* (Kellogg) C. P. Sm. - var. *lepidus* Lindl. - var. *lobbii* (A. Gray ex S. Watson) C. L. Hitchc. - var. *sellulus* (Kellogg) Barneby - var. *utahensis* (S. Watson) C. L. Hitchc.
- *[Lupinus leptocarpus](/source/Lupinus_leptocarpus)* Benth.
- *[Lupinus leptophyllus](/source/Lupinus_leptophyllus)* Cham. & Schltdl.

- *[Lupinus lespedezoides](/source/Lupinus_lespedezoides)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus leucophyllus](/source/Lupinus_leucophyllus)* Lindl. – woolly-leaf lupine

- *[Lupinus lilacinus](/source/Lupinus_lilacinus)* A. Heller
- *[Lupinus lindenianus](/source/Lupinus_lindenianus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus lindleyanus](/source/Lupinus_lindleyanus)* J. Agardh
- *[Lupinus linearis](/source/Lupinus_linearis)* Desr.
- *[Lupinus littoralis](/source/Lupinus_littoralis)* Lindl. – seashore lupine
- *[Lupinus lobbianus](/source/Lupinus_lobbianus)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus longifolius](/source/Lupinus_longifolius)* (S. Watson) Abrams – longleaf bush lupine

- *[Lupinus lorenzensis](/source/Lupinus_lorenzensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus ludovicianus](/source/Lupinus_ludovicianus)* Greene – San Luis Obispo County Lupine
- *[Lupinus luetzelburgianus](/source/Lupinus_luetzelburgianus)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus luteolus](/source/Lupinus_luteolus)* Kellogg – butter lupine, pale yellow lupine[29]
- *[Lupinus lutescens](/source/Lupinus_lutescens)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus lutosus](/source/Lupinus_lutosus)* A. Heller
- *[Lupinus lyallii](/source/Lupinus_lyallii)* A. Gray[30] - subsp. *alcis-temporis* (C.P. Sm.) B.J.Cox - subsp. *lyallii* A. Gray – Lyall's lupine - subsp. *minutifolius* (Eastw.) B.J.Cox - subsp. *washoensis* (A.Heller) B.J.Cox

- *[Lupinus macbrideanus](/source/Lupinus_macbrideanus)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus macranthus](/source/Lupinus_macranthus)* Rose

- *[Lupinus maculatus](/source/Lupinus_maculatus)* Rydb.
- *[Lupinus madrensis](/source/Lupinus_madrensis)* Seem.
- *[Lupinus magdalenensis](/source/Lupinus_magdalenensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus magnificus](/source/Lupinus_magnificus)* M.E. Jones
- *[Lupinus magniflorus](/source/Lupinus_magniflorus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus magnistipulatus](/source/Lupinus_magnistipulatus)* Planchuelo & D.B. Dunn
- *[Lupinus malacophyllus](/source/Lupinus_malacophyllus)* Greene
- *[Lupinus malacotrichus](/source/Lupinus_malacotrichus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus maleopinatus](/source/Lupinus_maleopinatus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus mandonanus](/source/Lupinus_mandonanus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus mantaroensis](/source/Lupinus_mantaroensis)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus marinensis](/source/Lupinus_marinensis)* Eastw.
- *[Lupinus mariposanus](/source/Lupinus_mariposanus)* Eastw.
- *[Lupinus martensis](/source/Lupinus_martensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus martinetianus](/source/Lupinus_martinetianus)* (C.P. Sm.) C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus mathewsianus](/source/Lupinus_mathewsianus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus matucanicus](/source/Lupinus_matucanicus)* Ulbr.[31]
- *[Lupinus meionanthus](/source/Lupinus_meionanthus)* A. Gray
- *[Lupinus melaphyllus](/source/Lupinus_melaphyllus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus menziesii](/source/Lupinus_menziesii)* J. Agardh
- *[Lupinus meridanus](/source/Lupinus_meridanus)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus metensis](/source/Lupinus_metensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus mexicanus](/source/Lupinus_mexicanus)* Lag.
- *[Lupinus michelianus](/source/Lupinus_michelianus)* C. P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus microcarpus](/source/Lupinus_microcarpus)* Sims - var. *densiflorus* - var. *microcarpus* – wide-bannered lupin, chick lupin
- *[Lupinus microphyllus](/source/Lupinus_microphyllus)* Desr.

- *[Lupinus minimus](/source/Lupinus_minimus)* Hook.[32]

- *[Lupinus mirabilis](/source/Lupinus_mirabilis)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus misticola](/source/Lupinus_misticola)* Ulbr.
- *[Lupinus mollendoensis](/source/Lupinus_mollendoensis)* Ulbr.
- *[Lupinus mollis](/source/Lupinus_mollis)* A. Heller
- *[Lupinus monensis](/source/Lupinus_monensis)* Eastw.
- *[Lupinus monserratensis](/source/Lupinus_monserratensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus montanus](/source/Lupinus_montanus)* Kunth - subsp. *glabrior* (S.Watson) D.B.Dunn & Harmon - subsp. *montanus* Kunth - subsp. *montesii* (C.P.Sm.) D.B.Dunn & Harmon

- *[Lupinus monticola](/source/Lupinus_monticola)* Rydb.
- *[Lupinus montigenus](/source/Lupinus_montigenus)* A. Heller[33]

- *[Lupinus moritzianus](/source/Lupinus_moritzianus)* Kunth
- *[Lupinus mucronulatus](/source/Lupinus_mucronulatus)* Howell
- *[Lupinus muelleri](/source/Lupinus_muelleri)* Standl.

- *[Lupinus multiflorus](/source/Lupinus_multiflorus)* Desr.

- *[Lupinus munzianus](/source/Lupinus_munzianus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus munzii](/source/Lupinus_munzii)* Eastw.
- *[Lupinus mutabilis](/source/Lupinus_mutabilis)* Sweet – Andean lupin, pearl lupin, South American lupin, *tarwi*, *tarhui*, *chocho*

- *[Lupinus nanus](/source/Lupinus_nanus)* Benth. – dwarf lupin, field lupin, sky lupin, Douglas' annual lupin
- *[Lupinus navicularius](/source/Lupinus_navicularius)* A. Heller
- *[Lupinus nehmadae](/source/Lupinus_nehmadae)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus neocotus](/source/Lupinus_neocotus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus neomexicanus](/source/Lupinus_neomexicanus)* Greene
- *[Lupinus nepubescens](/source/Lupinus_nepubescens)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus nevadensis](/source/Lupinus_nevadensis)* A. Heller – Nevada lupine
- *[Lupinus niederleinianus](/source/Lupinus_niederleinianus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus nipomensis](/source/Lupinus_nipomensis)* Eastw. – Nipomo Mesa lupine

- *[Lupinus niveus](/source/Lupinus_niveus)* S. Watson
- *[Lupinus nonoensis](/source/Lupinus_nonoensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus nootkatensis](/source/Lupinus_nootkatensis)* Sims – Nootka lupin
- *[Lupinus notabilis](/source/Lupinus_notabilis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus nubigenus](/source/Lupinus_nubigenus)* Kunth
- *[Lupinus nubilorum](/source/Lupinus_nubilorum)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus obscurus](/source/Lupinus_obscurus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus obtusilobus](/source/Lupinus_obtusilobus)* A. Heller – bluntlobe lupine
- *[Lupinus ochoanus](/source/Lupinus_ochoanus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus ochroleucus](/source/Lupinus_ochroleucus)* Eastw.
- *[Lupinus odoratus](/source/Lupinus_odoratus)* A. Heller – royal Mojave lupin
- *[Lupinus onustus](/source/Lupinus_onustus)* S. Watson – Plumas lupine
- *[Lupinus opertospicus](/source/Lupinus_opertospicus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus oquendoanus](/source/Lupinus_oquendoanus)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus oreganus](/source/Lupinus_oreganus)* A. Heller – Oregon lupin[34]
- *[Lupinus oreophilus](/source/Lupinus_oreophilus)* Phil.
- *[Lupinus ornatus](/source/Lupinus_ornatus)* Lindl.[35]
- *[Lupinus oscar-haughtii](/source/Lupinus_oscar-haughtii)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus ostiofluminis](/source/Lupinus_ostiofluminis)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus otto-buchtienii](/source/Lupinus_otto-buchtienii)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus otto-kuntzeanus](/source/Lupinus_otto-kuntzeanus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus otuzcoensis](/source/Lupinus_otuzcoensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus ovalifolius](/source/Lupinus_ovalifolius)* Benth.

- *[Lupinus pachanoanus](/source/Lupinus_pachanoanus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus pachitensis](/source/Lupinus_pachitensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus pachylobus](/source/Lupinus_pachylobus)* Greene
- *[Lupinus padre-crowleyi](/source/Lupinus_padre-crowleyi)* C.P. Sm. – DeDecker's lupine, Father Crowley's lupine
- *[Lupinus pallidus](/source/Lupinus_pallidus)* Brandegee

- *[Lupinus paniculatus](/source/Lupinus_paniculatus)* Desr.
- *[Lupinus paraguariensis](/source/Lupinus_paraguariensis)* Chodat & Hassl.
- *[Lupinus paranensis](/source/Lupinus_paranensis)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus paruroensis](/source/Lupinus_paruroensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus parviflorus](/source/Lupinus_parviflorus)* Hook. & Arn. – lodgepole lupin - subsp. *myrianthus* (Greene) Harmon - subsp. *parviflorus* Hook. & Arn.
- *[Lupinus parvifolius](/source/Lupinus_parvifolius)* Gardner
- *[Lupinus pasachoensis](/source/Lupinus_pasachoensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus pasadenensis](/source/Lupinus_pasadenensis)* Eastw.
- *[Lupinus patulus](/source/Lupinus_patulus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus paucartambensis](/source/Lupinus_paucartambensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus paucovillosus](/source/Lupinus_paucovillosus)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus paynei](/source/Lupinus_paynei)* Davidson
- *[Lupinus pearceanus](/source/Lupinus_pearceanus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus pendentiflorus](/source/Lupinus_pendentiflorus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus peirsonii](/source/Lupinus_peirsonii)* H. Mason – Peirson's lupine, long lupine
- *[Lupinus penlandianus](/source/Lupinus_penlandianus)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus perblandus](/source/Lupinus_perblandus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus perbonus](/source/Lupinus_perbonus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus perennis](/source/Lupinus_perennis)* L. – wild perennial lupine, sundial lupine, Indian beet, old maid's bonnets - subsp. *gracilis* (Nutt.) D.B.Dunn - subsp. *occidentalis* S. Watson - subsp. *perennis* L.
- *[Lupinus perglaber](/source/Lupinus_perglaber)* Eastw.
- *[Lupinus perissophytus](/source/Lupinus_perissophytus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus persistens](/source/Lupinus_persistens)* Rose
- *[Lupinus peruvianus](/source/Lupinus_peruvianus)* Ulbr.
- *[Lupinus philippianus](/source/Lupinus_philippianus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus physodes](/source/Lupinus_physodes)* Douglas
- *[Lupinus pickeringii](/source/Lupinus_pickeringii)* A. Gray

- *[Lupinus pilosellus](/source/Lupinus_pilosellus)* Eastw.
- *[Lupinus pilosissimus](/source/Lupinus_pilosissimus)* M. Martens & Galeotti
- *[Lupinus pinguis](/source/Lupinus_pinguis)* Ulbr.
- *[Lupinus pipersmithianus](/source/Lupinus_pipersmithianus)* J.F. Macbr.
- *[Lupinus pisacensis](/source/Lupinus_pisacensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus piurensis](/source/Lupinus_piurensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus platamodes](/source/Lupinus_platamodes)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus plattensis](/source/Lupinus_plattensis)* S. Watson
- *[Lupinus platyptenus](/source/Lupinus_platyptenus)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus polycarpus](/source/Lupinus_polycarpus)* Greene[36] – smallflower lupin
- *[Lupinus polyphyllus](/source/Lupinus_polyphyllus)* Lindl. – largeleaf lupine, bigleaf lupine, garden lupin, many-leaved lupine - var. *burkei* (S. Watson) C. L. Hitchc. - var. *humicola* (A.Nelson) Barneby - var. *pallidipes* (A. Heller) C. P. Sm. - var. *polyphyllus* Lindl. - var. *prunophilus* (M. E. Jones) L. Ll. Phillips
- *[Lupinus poopoensis](/source/Lupinus_poopoensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus popayanensis](/source/Lupinus_popayanensis)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus potosinus](/source/Lupinus_potosinus)* Rose
- *[Lupinus praealtus](/source/Lupinus_praealtus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus praestabilis](/source/Lupinus_praestabilis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus praetermissus](/source/Lupinus_praetermissus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus pratensis](/source/Lupinus_pratensis)* A.Heller[37] – Inyo Meadow lupine
- *[Lupinus pringlei](/source/Lupinus_pringlei)* Rose
- *[Lupinus proculaustrinus](/source/Lupinus_proculaustrinus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus prostratus](/source/Lupinus_prostratus)* J. Agardh
- *[Lupinus protrusus](/source/Lupinus_protrusus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus prouvensalanus](/source/Lupinus_prouvensalanus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus prunophilus](/source/Lupinus_prunophilus)* M.E. Jones[38] – hairy bigleaf lupin

- *[Lupinus pseudopolyphyllus](/source/Lupinus_pseudopolyphyllus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus pseudotsugoides](/source/Lupinus_pseudotsugoides)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus pubescens](/source/Lupinus_pubescens)* Benth.
- *[Lupinus pucapucensis](/source/Lupinus_pucapucensis)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus pulloviridus](/source/Lupinus_pulloviridus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus pulvinaris](/source/Lupinus_pulvinaris)* Ulbr.

- *[Lupinus punto-reyesensis](/source/Lupinus_punto-reyesensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus puracensis](/source/Lupinus_puracensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus purdieanus](/source/Lupinus_purdieanus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus pureriae](/source/Lupinus_pureriae)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus purosericeus](/source/Lupinus_purosericeus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus pusillus](/source/Lupinus_pusillus)* Pursh – rusty lupine or dwarf lupine - subsp. *intermontanus* (A.Heller) D.B.Dunn - subsp. *pusillus* Pursh
- *[Lupinus puyupatensis](/source/Lupinus_puyupatensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus pycnostachys](/source/Lupinus_pycnostachys)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus quellomayus](/source/Lupinus_quellomayus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus quitensis](/source/Lupinus_quitensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus radiatus](/source/Lupinus_radiatus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus ramosissimus](/source/Lupinus_ramosissimus)* Benth.
- *[Lupinus reflexus](/source/Lupinus_reflexus)* Rose
- *[Lupinus regalis](/source/Lupinus_regalis)* Bergmans
- *[Lupinus regnellianus](/source/Lupinus_regnellianus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus reineckianus](/source/Lupinus_reineckianus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus reitzii](/source/Lupinus_reitzii)* Burkart ex M. Pinheiro & Miotto

- *[Lupinus retrorsus](/source/Lupinus_retrorsus)* L.F. Hend.
- *[Lupinus revolutus](/source/Lupinus_revolutus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus richardianus](/source/Lupinus_richardianus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus rimae](/source/Lupinus_rimae)* Eastw.
- *[Lupinus rivularis](/source/Lupinus_rivularis)* Lindl. – riverbank lupin
- *[Lupinus romasanus](/source/Lupinus_romasanus)* Ulbr.

- *[Lupinus roseolus](/source/Lupinus_roseolus)* Rydb.
- *[Lupinus roseorum](/source/Lupinus_roseorum)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus rotundiflorus](/source/Lupinus_rotundiflorus)* M.E. Jones

- *[Lupinus rowleeanus](/source/Lupinus_rowleeanus)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus ruber](/source/Lupinus_ruber)* A. Heller[39]

- *[Lupinus rubriflorus](/source/Lupinus_rubriflorus)* Planchuelo

- *[Lupinus ruizensis](/source/Lupinus_ruizensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus rupestris](/source/Lupinus_rupestris)* Kunth
- *[Lupinus rusbyanus](/source/Lupinus_rusbyanus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus russellianus](/source/Lupinus_russellianus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus sabinianus](/source/Lupinus_sabinianus)* Lindl.
- *[Lupinus sabinii](/source/Lupinus_sabinii)* Hook.
- *[Lupinus sabulosus](/source/Lupinus_sabulosus)* A. Heller
- *[Lupinus salticola](/source/Lupinus_salticola)* Eastw.
- *[Lupinus sandiensis](/source/Lupinus_sandiensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus santanderensis](/source/Lupinus_santanderensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus sarmentosus](/source/Lupinus_sarmentosus)* Desr.
- *[Lupinus saxatilis](/source/Lupinus_saxatilis)* Ulbr.
- *[Lupinus saxosus](/source/Lupinus_saxosus)* Howell – rock lupine
- *[Lupinus schwackeanus](/source/Lupinus_schwackeanus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus seifrizianus](/source/Lupinus_seifrizianus)* (C.P. Sm.) C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus sellowianus](/source/Lupinus_sellowianus)* Harms
- *[Lupinus sellulus](/source/Lupinus_sellulus)* Kellogg[40] - var. *lobbii* (S.Watson) B.J.Cox - var. *sellulus* Kellogg - var. *ursinus* (Eastw.) B.J.Cox
- *[Lupinus semiprostratus](/source/Lupinus_semiprostratus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus semperflorens](/source/Lupinus_semperflorens)* Benth.
- *[Lupinus sericatus](/source/Lupinus_sericatus)* Kellogg – Cobb Mountain lupine

- *[Lupinus sericeus](/source/Lupinus_sericeus)* Pursh – Pursh's silky lupin - var. *barbiger* (S.Watson) S.L.Welsh - var. *sericeus* Pursh
- *[Lupinus setifolius](/source/Lupinus_setifolius)* Planchuelo & D.B. Dunn
- *[Lupinus shastensis](/source/Lupinus_shastensis)* Lupinus albicaulis
- *[Lupinus shockleyi](/source/Lupinus_shockleyi)* S. Watson – purple desert lupine
- *[Lupinus sierrae-blancae](/source/Lupinus_sierrae-blancae)* Wooton & Standl. - subsp. *aquilinus* (Wooton & Standl.) L.S.Fleak & D.B.Dunn - subsp. *sierrae-blancae* Wooton & Standl.
- *[Lupinus simonsianus](/source/Lupinus_simonsianus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus simulans](/source/Lupinus_simulans)* Rose
- *[Lupinus sinaloensis](/source/Lupinus_sinaloensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus sitgreavesii](/source/Lupinus_sitgreavesii)* S. Watson

- *[Lupinus smithianus](/source/Lupinus_smithianus)* Kunth
- *[Lupinus solanagrorum](/source/Lupinus_solanagrorum)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus sonomensis](/source/Lupinus_sonomensis)* A. Heller
- *[Lupinus soratensis](/source/Lupinus_soratensis)* Rusby
- *[Lupinus soukupianus](/source/Lupinus_soukupianus)* C. P. Smith ex J. F. Macbr.
- *[Lupinus sparsiflorus](/source/Lupinus_sparsiflorus)* Benth. – desert lupin, Coulter's lupin, Mojave lupin

- *[Lupinus spectabilis](/source/Lupinus_spectabilis)* Hoover – shaggyhair lupine
- *[Lupinus splendens](/source/Lupinus_splendens)* Rose
- *[Lupinus spragueanus](/source/Lupinus_spragueanus)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus staffordiae](/source/Lupinus_staffordiae)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus stipulatus](/source/Lupinus_stipulatus)* J. Agardh
- *[Lupinus stiversii](/source/Lupinus_stiversii)* Kellogg – harlequin annual lupine

- *[Lupinus storkianus](/source/Lupinus_storkianus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus subacaulis](/source/Lupinus_subacaulis)* Griseb.

- *[Lupinus subcarnosus](/source/Lupinus_subcarnosus)* Hook. – buffalo clover
- *[Lupinus subcuneatus](/source/Lupinus_subcuneatus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus subhamatus](/source/Lupinus_subhamatus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus subinflatus](/source/Lupinus_subinflatus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus sublanatus](/source/Lupinus_sublanatus)* Eastw.
- *[Lupinus submontanus](/source/Lupinus_submontanus)* Rose
- *[Lupinus subsessilis](/source/Lupinus_subsessilis)* Benth.
- *[Lupinus subtomentosus](/source/Lupinus_subtomentosus)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus subvexus](/source/Lupinus_subvexus)* C.P. Sm.[41]
- *[Lupinus succulentus](/source/Lupinus_succulentus)* K. Koch – succulent lupin, arroyo lupin, hollowleaf annual lupin
- *[Lupinus sufferrugineus](/source/Lupinus_sufferrugineus)* Rusby
- *[Lupinus suksdorfii](/source/Lupinus_suksdorfii)* Robinson
- *[Lupinus sulfureus](/source/Lupinus_sulfureus)* Douglas - subsp. *kincaidii* (Suksd.) L. Ll. Phillips – Kincaid's lupin - subsp. *subsaccatus* (Suksd.) L. Ll. Phillips - subsp. *sulfureus* Douglas – sulfur lupin, sulfur-flowered lupin
- *[Lupinus surcoensis](/source/Lupinus_surcoensis)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus syriggedes](/source/Lupinus_syriggedes)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus tacitus](/source/Lupinus_tacitus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus tafiensis](/source/Lupinus_tafiensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus talahuensis](/source/Lupinus_talahuensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus tamayoanus](/source/Lupinus_tamayoanus)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus tarapacensis](/source/Lupinus_tarapacensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus tarijensis](/source/Lupinus_tarijensis)* Ulbr.
- *[Lupinus tarmaensis](/source/Lupinus_tarmaensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus tatei](/source/Lupinus_tatei)* Rusby
- *[Lupinus taurimortuus](/source/Lupinus_taurimortuus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus tauris](/source/Lupinus_tauris)* Benth.
- *[Lupinus tayacajensis](/source/Lupinus_tayacajensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus tegeticulatus](/source/Lupinus_tegeticulatus)* Eastw.

- *[Lupinus tetracercophorus](/source/Lupinus_tetracercophorus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus texanus](/source/Lupinus_texanus)* Hook.
- *[Lupinus texensis](/source/Lupinus_texensis)* Hook. – Texas bluebonnet
- *[Lupinus thompsonianus](/source/Lupinus_thompsonianus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus tidestromii](/source/Lupinus_tidestromii)* Greene – Tidestrøm's lupin - var. *layneae* (Eastw.) Munz - var. *tidestromii* Greene

- *[Lupinus tolimensis](/source/Lupinus_tolimensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus tomentosus](/source/Lupinus_tomentosus)* DC.
- *[Lupinus tominensis](/source/Lupinus_tominensis)* Wedd.
- *[Lupinus toratensis](/source/Lupinus_toratensis)* C.P. Sm. – *warwanzo*, *lito*
- *[Lupinus tracyi](/source/Lupinus_tracyi)* Eastw. – Tracy's lupine
- *[Lupinus triananus](/source/Lupinus_triananus)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus truncatus](/source/Lupinus_truncatus)* Hook. & Arn. – collared annual lupine
- *[Lupinus tucumanensis](/source/Lupinus_tucumanensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus ulbrichianus](/source/Lupinus_ulbrichianus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus uleanus](/source/Lupinus_uleanus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus ultramontanus](/source/Lupinus_ultramontanus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus umidicola](/source/Lupinus_umidicola)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus uncialis](/source/Lupinus_uncialis)* S. Watson
- *[Lupinus uncinatus](/source/Lupinus_uncinatus)* Schltdl.
- *[Lupinus urcoensis](/source/Lupinus_urcoensis)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus urubambensis](/source/Lupinus_urubambensis)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus valerioi](/source/Lupinus_valerioi)* Standl.
- *[Lupinus vallicola](/source/Lupinus_vallicola)* A. Heller – open lupin - subsp. *apricus* (Greene) D.B.Dunn - subsp. *vallicola* A. Heller
- *[Lupinus vargasianus](/source/Lupinus_vargasianus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus varicaulis](/source/Lupinus_varicaulis)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus variicolor](/source/Lupinus_variicolor)* Steud. – varied lupin
- *[Lupinus velillensis](/source/Lupinus_velillensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus velutinus](/source/Lupinus_velutinus)* Benth.
- *[Lupinus venezuelensis](/source/Lupinus_venezuelensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus ventosus](/source/Lupinus_ventosus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus verbasciformis](/source/Lupinus_verbasciformis)* Sandwith
- *[Lupinus verjonensis](/source/Lupinus_verjonensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus vernicius](/source/Lupinus_vernicius)* Rose

- *[Lupinus viduus](/source/Lupinus_viduus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus vilcabambensis](/source/Lupinus_vilcabambensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus villosus](/source/Lupinus_villosus)* Willd.

- *[Lupinus visoensis](/source/Lupinus_visoensis)* J.F. Macbr.
- *[Lupinus volubilis](/source/Lupinus_volubilis)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus weberbaueri](/source/Lupinus_weberbaueri)* Ulbr.

- *[Lupinus werdermannianus](/source/Lupinus_werdermannianus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus westianus](/source/Lupinus_westianus)* Small - var. *aridorum* (McFarlin ex Beckner) Isely - var. *westianus* Small
- *[Lupinus whiltoniae](/source/Lupinus_whiltoniae)* Eastw.
- *[Lupinus wilkesianus](/source/Lupinus_wilkesianus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus williamlobbii](/source/Lupinus_williamlobbii)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus williamsianus](/source/Lupinus_williamsianus)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus xanthophyllus](/source/Lupinus_xanthophyllus)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus xenophytus](/source/Lupinus_xenophytus)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus yanahuancensis](/source/Lupinus_yanahuancensis)* C.P. Sm.
- *[Lupinus yarushensis](/source/Lupinus_yarushensis)* C.P. Sm.

- *[Lupinus ynesiae](/source/Lupinus_ynesiae)* C.P. Sm.

### Subgenus *Lupinus*

In its current [circumscription](/source/Circumscription_(taxonomy)),[9] subgenus *Lupinus* includes 12 species from the Mediterranean region and Africa with at least four ovules or seedbuds in the ovary:

- *[Lupinus albus](/source/Lupinus_albus)* L. 1753 – white lupine - subsp. *albus* L. - subsp. *graecus* (Boiss. & Spruner) Franco & P.Silva - subsp. *termis* (Forsk.) Ponert.
- *[Lupinus angustifolius](/source/Lupinus_angustifolius)* L. 1753 – blue lupin, narrow-leafed lupin - var. *angustifolius* L. - var. *albopunctatus* [Kurl.](/source/Boguslav_S._Kurlovich) et Stankev. - var. *griseomaculatus* [Kurl.](/source/Boguslav_S._Kurlovich) et Stankev. - var. *chalybens* [Kurl.](/source/Boguslav_S._Kurlovich) et Stankev. - var. *corylinus* [Kurl.](/source/Boguslav_S._Kurlovich) et Stankev. - var. *purpureus* [Kurl.](/source/Boguslav_S._Kurlovich) et Stankev. - var. *rubidus* [Kurl.](/source/Boguslav_S._Kurlovich) et Stankev. - var. *atabekovae* [Kurl.](/source/Boguslav_S._Kurlovich) et Stankev. - var. *sparsiusculus* [Kurl.](/source/Boguslav_S._Kurlovich) et Stankev. - var. *brunneus* [Kurl.](/source/Boguslav_S._Kurlovich) et Stankev. - var. *albosyringeus* Taran. - var. *albidus* [Kurl.](/source/Boguslav_S._Kurlovich) et Stankev. - var. *candidus* Kuptzov. et [Kurl.](/source/Boguslav_S._Kurlovich)
- *[Lupinus atlanticus](/source/Lupinus_atlanticus)* Gladstones 1974
- *[Lupinus cosentinii](/source/Lupinus_cosentinii)* Guss. 1828 – sandplain lupin

- *[Lupinus digitatus](/source/Lupinus_digitatus)* Forsk. 1775[42]

- *[Lupinus hispanicus](/source/Lupinus_hispanicus)* Boiss. & Reut. 1842 - subsp. *bicolor* (Merino) Gladst. - subsp. *hispanicus* Boiss. & Reut.

- *[Lupinus luteus](/source/Lupinus_luteus)* L. 1753 – yellow lupin - var. *luteus* L. - var. *maculosus* [Kurl.](/source/Boguslav_S._Kurlovich) et Stankev. - var. *kazimierskii* [Kurl.](/source/Boguslav_S._Kurlovich) et Stankev. - var. *arcellus* [Kurl.](/source/Boguslav_S._Kurlovich) et Stankev. - var. *sempolovskii* (Atab) [Kurl.](/source/Boguslav_S._Kurlovich) et Stankev. - var. *melanospermus* Kurl. et Stankev. - var. *niger* Kurl. et Stankev. - var. *cremeus* Kurl. et Stankev. - var. *leucospermus* Kurl. et Stankev. - var. *sulfureus* (Atab.) Kurl. et Stankev. - var. *stepanovae* Kurl. et Stankev. - var. *ochroleucus* Kurl. et Stankev. - var. *aurantiacus* Kurl. et Stankev. - var. *croceus* Kurl. et Stankev. - var. *aureus* Kurl. et Stankev. - var. *albicans* [Kurl.](/source/Boguslav_S._Kurlovich) et Stankev. - var. *sinskayae* [Kurl.](/source/Boguslav_S._Kurlovich) et Stankev.
- *[Lupinus micranthus](/source/Lupinus_micranthus)* Guss. 1828
- *[Lupinus palaestinus](/source/Lupinus_palaestinus)* Boiss. 1849 – white-grey lupine
- *[Lupinus pilosus](/source/Lupinus_pilosus)* Murr. 1774 – blue lupine
- *[Lupinus princei](/source/Lupinus_princei)* Harms 1901

- *[Lupinus somaliensis](/source/Lupinus_somaliensis)* Baker f. 1895

### Species names with uncertain taxonomic status

The status of the following binomials is unresolved:[12]

- *Lupinus acaulis* [Larrañaga](/source/D%C3%A1maso_Antonio_Larra%C3%B1aga)
- *Lupinus achilleaphilus* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus acutilobus* A.Heller
- *Lupinus aegr-Aovium* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus africanus* Lour.
- *Lupinus agninus* Gand.
- *Lupinus agropyrophilus* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus alaimandus* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus albicaulis* Douglas ex Hook.
- *Lupinus alicanescens* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus aliclementinus* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus aliumbellatus* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus altissimus* Sessé & Moc.
- *Lupinus alturasensis* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus alveorum* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus amabilis* A.Heller
- *Lupinus amniculi-cervi* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus amniculi-salicis* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus amniculi-vulpum* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus andersonianus* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus anemophilus* Greene
- *Lupinus angustifolius* Blanco
- *Lupinus aphronorus* Blank.
- *Lupinus apodotropis* A.Heller
- *Lupinus aralloius* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus arborescens* Amabekova & Maisuran
- *Lupinus arceuthinus* Greene
- *Lupinus argyraeus* DC.
- *Lupinus atacamicus* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus aureus* J.Agardh
- *Lupinus axillaris* Blank.
- *Lupinus barkeriae* Knowles & Westc.
- *Lupinus bartolomei* M.E.Jones
- *Lupinus bassett-maguirei* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus beaneanus* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus biddleii* L.F.Hend.
- *Lupinus bimaculatus* Hook. ex D.Don
- *Lupinus bimaculatus* Desr.
- *Lupinus bivonii* C.Presl
- *Lupinus blankinshipii* A.Heller
- *Lupinus blaschkeanus* Fisch. & C.A.Mey.
- *Lupinus brevior* (Jeps.) J.A. Christian & D.B. Dunn
- *Lupinus brittonii* Abrams
- *Lupinus caespitosus* Nutt.
- *Lupinus californicus* K.Koch
- *Lupinus campbelliae* Eastw.
- *Lupinus campestris* Cham. & Schltdl.
- *Lupinus campestris-florum* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus candicans* Rydb.
- *Lupinus canus* Hemsl.
- *Lupinus capitatus* Greene
- *Lupinus capitis-amniculi* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus carolus-bucarii* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus chachas* Ochoa ex C. P. Smith
- *Lupinus chamissonis* Eschscholtz
- *Lupinus chiapensis* Rose
- *Lupinus chihuahuensis* S.Watson
- *Lupinus christianus* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus chrysomelas* Casar.
- *Lupinus clementinus* Greene
- *Lupinus comatus* Rydb.
- *Lupinus consentinii* Walp.
- *Lupinus cymb-Aegressus* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus dasyphyllus* Greene
- *Lupinus davisianus* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus debilis* Eastw.
- *Lupinus decaschistus* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus diaboli-septem* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus dichrous* Greene
- *Lupinus dispersus* A.Heller
- *Lupinus dissimulans* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus durangensis* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus eatonanus* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus equi-coeli* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus equi-collis* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus erectus* L.F.Hend.
- *Lupinus erminens* S.Watson
- *Lupinus ermineus* S.Watson
- *Lupinus falcifer* Nutt.
- *Lupinus falsoerectus* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus falsoformosus* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus falsograyi* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus fieldii* Rose ex J. F. Macbr.
- *Lupinus filicaulis* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus finitus* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus flavescens* Rydb.
- *Lupinus foliosus* Hook.
- *Lupinus foliosus* Nutt.
- *Lupinus forskahlei* Boiss.
- *Lupinus franciscanus* Greene
- *Lupinus fraxinetorum* Greene
- *Lupinus fruticosus* Steud.
- *Lupinus fruticosus* Dum.Cours.
- *Lupinus garcianus* Bennett & Dunn
- *Lupinus geophilus* Rose
- *Lupinus geraniophilus* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus glabellus* M.Martens & Galeotti
- *Lupinus graciliflorus* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus gratus* Greene
- *Lupinus gredensis* Gand.
- *Lupinus guadalupensis* Greene
- *Lupinus guadiloupensis* Steud.
- *Lupinus guatimalensis* auct.
- *Lupinus gussoneanus* J.Agardh
- *Lupinus habrocomus* Greene
- *Lupinus haudcytisoides* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus helleri* Greene
- *Lupinus hexaedrus* E. Fourn.
- *Lupinus hintonii* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus huigrensis* Rose ex C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus humicolus* A.Nelson
- *Lupinus humifusus* Benth.
- *Lupinus humilis* Rose ex Pittier
- *Lupinus hyacinthinus* Greene
- *Lupinus idoneus* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus inamoenus* Greene ex C.F.Baker
- *Lupinus indutus* Greene ex C.F.Baker
- *Lupinus insignis* Glaz. ex C. P. Smith
- *Lupinus integrifolius* L.
- *Lupinus intergrifolius* Desr.
- *Lupinus ione-grisetae* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus ione-walkerae* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus jamesonianus* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus javanicus* Burm.f.
- *Lupinus jorgensenanus* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus jucundus* Greene
- *Lupinus kellerrnanianus* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus kyleanus* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus labiatus* Nutt.
- *Lupinus lacticolor* Tamayo
- *Lupinus lacus-huntingtonii* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus lacuum-trinitatum* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus larsonanus* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus lassenensis* Eastw.
- *Lupinus latissimus* Greene
- *Lupinus laxifolius* A.Gray
- *Lupinus leptostachyus* Greene
- *Lupinus lesueurii* Standl.
- *Lupinus linearifolius* [Larrañaga](/source/D%C3%A1maso_Antonio_Larra%C3%B1aga)
- *Lupinus lingulae* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus longilabrum* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus lorentzianus* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus louise-bucariae* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus louise-grisetae* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus lucidus* Benth. ex Loudon
- *Lupinus lyman-bensonii* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus lysichitophilus* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus macrocarpus* Hook. & Arn.
- *Lupinus macrocarpus* Torr.
- *Lupinus macrophyllus* Benth.
- *Lupinus macrorhizos* Georgi
- *Lupinus magnistipulatus* Planchuelo & Dunn
- *Lupinus maissurianii* Atabek. & Polukhina
- *Lupinus marcusianus* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus mariae-josephae* H.Pascual
- *Lupinus markleanus* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus marschallianus* Sweet
- *Lupinus mearnsii* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus meli-campestris* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus meridanus* Moritz ex C. P. Smith
- *Lupinus mexiae* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus micensis* M.E.Jones
- *Lupinus micheneri* Greene
- *Lupinus milleri* J.Agardh
- *Lupinus minearanus* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus minutissimus* Tamayo
- *Lupinus molle* A.Heller
- *Lupinus mollissifolius* Davidson
- *Lupinus monettianus* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus muellerianus* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus multicincinnis* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus neglectus* Rose
- *Lupinus nemoralis* Greene
- *Lupinus niger* Wehmer
- *Lupinus noldekae* Eastw.
- *Lupinus nutcanus* Spreng.
- *Lupinus nutkatensis* J.G.Cooper
- *Lupinus obtunsus* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus octablomus* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus opsianthus* Amabekova & Maisuran
- *Lupinus pavonum* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus pendeltonii* A.Heller
- *Lupinus pendletonii* A.Heller
- *Lupinus perconfertus* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus perplexus* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus philistaeus* Boiss.
- *Lupinus pinus-contortae* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus piperi* B.L.Rob. ex Piper
- *Lupinus piperitus* Davidson
- *Lupinus platanophilus* M.E.Jones
- *Lupinus plebeius* Greene ex C.F.Baker
- *Lupinus prato-lacuum* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus prolifer* Desr.
- *Lupinus propinquus* Greene
- *Lupinus proteanus* Eastw.
- *Lupinus psoraleoides* Pollard
- *Lupinus pumviridis* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus puroviridis* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus purpurascens* A.Heller
- *Lupinus pygmaeus* Tamayo
- *Lupinus quercus-jugi* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus quercuum* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus rainierensis* Eastw.
- *Lupinus regius* Rudolph ex Torr. & A.Gray
- *Lupinus rhodanthus* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus rickeri* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus rivetianus* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus rydbergii* Blank.
- *Lupinus sabuli* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus salicisocius* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus salinensis* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus sativus* Gaterau
- *Lupinus scaposus* Rydb.
- *Lupinus scheuberae* Rydb.
- *Lupinus schickendantzii* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus schiedeanus* Steud.
- *Lupinus schumannii* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus seclusus* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus semiaequus* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus semiverticillatus* Desr.
- *Lupinus sergenti* Tamayo ex Pittier
- *Lupinus sergentii* Tamayo
- *Lupinus serradentum* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus shrevei* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus sierrae-zentae* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus sileri* S.Watson
- *Lupinus sinus-meyersii* C.P. Sm.
- *Lupinus sparhawkianus* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus spatulata* [Larrañaga](/source/D%C3%A1maso_Antonio_Larra%C3%B1aga)
- *Lupinus speciosus* Voss
- *Lupinus spruceanus* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus standleyensis* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus stationis* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus stiveri* Kellogg
- *Lupinus stoloniferus* L.
- *Lupinus strigulosus* Gand.
- *Lupinus subhirsutus* Davidson
- *Lupinus subvolutus* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus suksdorfii* B.L. Rob. ex Piper
- *Lupinus summersianus* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus sylvaticus* Hemsl.
- *Lupinus thermis* Gasp.
- *Lupinus thermus* St.-Lag.
- *Lupinus tilcaricus* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus timotensis* Tamayo
- *Lupinus tricolor* Greene
- *Lupinus tricolor* G.Nicholson
- *Lupinus trifidus* Torr. ex S.Watson
- *Lupinus tristis* Sweet
- *Lupinus trochophyllus* Hoffmanns.
- *Lupinus tuckeranus* C.P. Sm.
- *Lupinus vaginans* Benth.
- *Lupinus valdepallidus* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus vandykeae* Eastw.
- *Lupinus variegatus* A.Heller
- *Lupinus variegatus* Poir.
- *Lupinus varneranus* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus vavilovii* Atabekova & Maissurjan
- *Lupinus venustus* Bailly
- *Lupinus violaceus* A.Heller
- *Lupinus viridicalyx* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus volcanicus* Greene
- *Lupinus watsonii* A.Heller
- *Lupinus westiana* Small
- *Lupinus wolfianus* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus yanlyensis* C.P.Sm.
- *Lupinus yaruahensis* C.P.Sm.

### Hybrids

The following hybrids have been described:[12]

- *Lupinus* ×*alpestris* (A. Nelson) D.B. Dunn & J.M. Gillett
- *Lupinus* ×*hispanicoluteus* W.Święcicki & W.K.Święcicki
- *Lupinus* ×*hybridus* Lem.
- *Lupinus* ×*insignis* Lem.
- *Lupinus* ×*regalis* (auct.) Bergmans—rainbow lupin (*Lupinus arboreus* × *Lupinus polyphyllus*)
- *Lupinus* ×*versicolor* Caball.

### Etymology

While some sources believe the origin of the name to be in doubt[citation needed], the Collins Dictionary definition asserts that the word is 14th century in origin, from the Latin *lupīnus* "wolfish" from *lupus* "wolf"[43] as it was believed that the plant ravenously exhausted the soil.[44] But a more likely explanation is that *lupinus* meant that the plants were as dangerous to livestock as wolves, because the alkaloid poisons of lupines can sicken or kill grazing animals, especially sheep[citation needed]. Farmers have known since ancient Rome[45] that lupines improve soil by adding nitrogen and loosening compacted earth with their strong root systems, so the Collins explanation is improbable.[citation needed]

## Ecology

Certain species, such as the [yellow bush lupin](/source/Yellow_bush_lupin) (*L. arboreus*), are considered [invasive](/source/Invasive_species) weeds when they appear outside their native ranges. In New Zealand, lupines are viewed as invasive and a severe threat in some cases.[46] *[L. polyphyllus](/source/Lupinus_polyphyllus)* has escaped into the wild and grows in large numbers along main roads and streams on the [South Island](/source/South_Island). A similar spread of the species has occurred in Sweden, [Finland](/source/Finland) and [Norway](/source/Norway) after the non-native species was first deliberately planted in the [landscaping](/source/Landscaping) along the main roads.[citation needed] Lupins have been planted in some parts of Australia with a considerably cooler climate, particularly in rural [Victoria](/source/Victoria_(Australia)) and [New South Wales](/source/New_South_Wales).

Lupins are important [larval](/source/Larva) food plants for many [lepidopterans](/source/Lepidoptera) (butterflies and moths). These include:

- *[Iraricia icarioides missionensis](/source/Mission_blue_butterfly)* (Mission blue butterfly), larvae limited to *Lupinus*[47]
- *[Callophrys irus](/source/Callophrys_irus)* (frosted elfin), recorded on *L. perennis*[48]
- *[Erynnis persius](/source/Erynnis_persius)* (Persius duskywing)[49]
- [†](/source/Extinction)*[Glaucopsyche xerces](/source/Xerces_Blue)* (Xerces blue)
- *[Glaucopsyche lygdamus](/source/Glaucopsyche_lygdamus)* (silvery blue)[50]
- *[Plebejus melissa samuelis](/source/Karner_Blue)* (Karner blue)[51]
- *[Erynnis persius persius](/source/Erynnis_persius_persius)* (eastern Persius duskywing)[52]
- *[Schinia sueta](/source/Schinia_sueta)*, larvae limited to *Lupinus*[53]

## Cultivation

*[Lupinus polyphyllus](/source/Lupinus_polyphyllus)*, the garden lupin, and *[Lupinus arboreus](/source/Lupinus_arboreus)*, the tree lupin, are popular [ornamental plants](/source/Ornamental_plant) in gardens, and are the source of numerous [hybrids](/source/Hybrid_(biology)) and [cultivars](/source/Cultivar) in a wide range of colours, including bicolors. As [legumes](/source/Legume), lupins are good [companion plants](/source/Companion_plant) in gardens, increasing the soil nitrogen for vegetables and other plants. As well as growing in the ground, lupins can do well in pots on balconies or patios.[54]

### Agriculture

Like other legumes, lupines can [fix nitrogen](/source/Nitrogen_fixation) from the atmosphere[55] into [ammonia](/source/Ammonia) via a [rhizobium](/source/Rhizobia)–[root nodule](/source/Root_nodule) [symbiosis](/source/Symbiosis), fertilizing the soil for other plants. This adaptation allows lupins to be tolerant of infertile soils and capable of pioneering change in barren and poor-quality soils. The genus *Lupinus* is [nodulated](/source/Nodulate) by *[Bradyrhizobium](/source/Bradyrhizobium)* soil bacteria.[7]

In the early 20th century, German scientists attempted to cultivate a sweet variety of lupin lacking the bitter taste, making it more suitable for both human and animal consumption.[56]

Many annual species of lupins are used in agriculture and most of them have Mediterranean origin.[57] While originally cultivated as a [green manure](/source/Green_manure) or [forage](/source/Forage), lupins are increasingly grown for their seeds, which can be used as an alternative to [soybeans](/source/Soybean). Sweet (low [alkaloid](/source/Alkaloid)) lupins are highly regarded as a [stock feed](/source/Stock_feed), particularly for [ruminants](/source/Ruminant), but also for pigs and poultry and more recently as an ingredient in aqua-feeds. Three Mediterranean species of lupin, [blue (narrow-leafed) lupin](/source/Narrowleaf_lupine), [White Lupin](/source/White_Lupin), and [yellow lupin](/source/Lupinus_luteus), are widely cultivated for livestock and poultry feed.[citation needed]

The market for lupin seeds for human food is currently small, but researchers believe it has great potential. Lupin seeds are considered "superior" to soybeans in certain applications and evidence is increasing for their potential health benefits. They contain similar [protein](/source/Protein_(nutrient)) to soybean, but less fat. As a food source, they are [gluten-free](/source/Gluten-free_diet) and high in [dietary fibre](/source/Dietary_fibre), [amino acids](/source/Amino_acid), and [antioxidants](/source/List_of_antioxidants_in_food), and they are considered to be [prebiotic](/source/Prebiotic_(nutrition)).[citation needed]

About 85% of the world's lupin seeds are grown in [Western Australia](/source/Western_Australia).[58]

## Toxicity

Main article: [Lupin poisoning](/source/Lupin_poisoning)

Some lupins contain certain [secondary compounds](/source/Secondary_metabolism), including [isoflavones](/source/Isoflavone) and toxic alkaloids,[55] such as [lupinine](/source/Lupinine), [anagyrine](/source/Anagyrine) and [sparteine](/source/Sparteine). With early detection, these can be removed through processing, although lupins containing these elements are not usually selected for food-grade products.

A risk of lupin allergy exists in patients allergic to peanuts.[59] Most lupin reactions reported have been in people with [peanut allergy](/source/Peanut_allergy).[60] Because of the cross-allergenicity of peanut and lupin, the [European Commission](/source/European_Commission), as of 2006, has required that food labels indicate the presence of "lupin and products thereof" in food.[61]

Lupin plants can be colonized by the fungus *[Diaporthe toxica](/source/Diaporthe_toxica)*[62] which can cause a mycotoxicosis known as [lupinosis](/source/Lupinosis) when ingested by grazing animals.

## Uses

Main article: [Lupin bean](/source/Lupin_bean)

The [legume](/source/Legume) seeds of lupins, commonly called lupin beans, were popular with the Romans, who cultivated the plants throughout the [Roman Empire](/source/Roman_Empire) where the lupin is still known in extant [Romance languages](/source/Romance_languages) by names such as *lupini*.

Seeds of various species of lupins have been used as a food for over 3,000 years around the Mediterranean[63] and for as long as 6,000 years in the [Andes](/source/Andes).[64] Lupins were also used by many [Native American](/source/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas) peoples of North America such as the [Yavapai](/source/Yavapai_people). The [Andean lupin](/source/Lupinus_mutabilis) or *tarwi* (*[Lupinus mutabilis](/source/Lupinus_mutabilis)*) was a widespread food in the [Incan Empire](/source/Incan_Empire); but they have never been accorded the same status as soybeans, dry peas and other pulse crops. The pearl lupin of the Andean highlands of South America, *L. mutabilis*, known locally as *tarwi* or *chocho*, was extensively cultivated, but no conscious genetic improvement other than to select for larger and water-permeable seeds seems to have been made. Users soaked the seed in running water to remove most of the bitter alkaloids and then cooked or toasted the seeds to make them edible,[65][full citation needed] or else boiled and dried them to make *kirku*,[64] reported as a pre-Columbian practice in *[Las Relaciones geográficas de Indias](/source/Relaciones_geogr%C3%A1ficas)*.[66] Spanish domination led to a change in the eating habits of the indigenous peoples, and only recently[67] (late 20th century onward) has interest in using lupins as a food been renewed.[68][63]: 353

Lupins can be used to make a variety of foods both sweet and savoury, including everyday meals, traditional fermented foods, baked foods, and sauces. The European white lupin (*[L. albus](/source/Lupinus_albus)*) beans are commonly sold in a salty solution in jars (like [olives](/source/Olive) and [pickles](/source/Pickled_cucumber)) and can be eaten with or without the skin. *Lupini* dishes are most commonly found in Europe, especially in [Portugal](/source/Portugal), Spain, [Greece](/source/Greece), and Italy. They are also common in Brazil and [Egypt](/source/Egypt). In Egypt, the lupin is known in Arabic as ترمس *termes*, and is a popular street snack after being treated with several soakings of water, and then brined. In Portugal, Spain, and the [Spanish Harlem](/source/Spanish_Harlem) district of New York City, they are consumed with beer and wine. In the [Levant](/source/Levant) region, the salty and chilled beans are called *turmus* (in Arabic: تُرمُس, Hebrew: תורמוס) and are served as part of an [apéritif](/source/Ap%C3%A9ritif_and_digestif) or a snack. Other species, such as *L. albus* (white lupin), *[L. angustifolius](/source/Lupinus_angustifolius)* (narrow-leafed lupin),[69] and *[L. hirsutus](/source/Lupinus_hirsutus)* (blue lupin)[70] also have edible seeds.[71]

## Culture

Consumed throughout the Mediterranean region and the [Andean mountains](/source/Andes), lupins were eaten by the early Egyptian and pre-Incan people and were known to Roman agriculturalists for their ability to improve the [fertility](/source/Soil_fertility) of soils.[72]

In the late 18th century, lupins were introduced into northern Europe as a means of improving [soil quality](/source/Soil_quality), and by the 1860s, the garden yellow lupin was seen across the sandy soils of the Baltic coastal plain.

The successful development of lupin varieties with the necessary "sweet gene" paved the way for the greater adoption of lupins across Europe and later Australia.[citation needed]

Further work carried out by the Western Australian Department of Agriculture and Food during the 1950s and '60s has led to more sweet lupin crops being produced in Western Australia now than anywhere else in the world.[citation needed]

[Bluebonnets](/source/Bluebonnet_(plant)), including the [Texas bluebonnet](/source/Lupinus_texensis) (*L. texensis*), are the [state flowers](/source/List_of_U.S._state_flowers) of [Texas](/source/Texas).

## See also

- [Alice Eastwood](/source/Alice_Eastwood)
- [Lupinus mutabilis](/source/Lupinus_mutabilis), an edible species of Lupinus

## References

1. Drummond, C. S. (2012). ["Multiple continental radiations and correlates of diversification in *Lupinus* (Leguminosae): Testing for key innovation with incomplete taxon sampling."](http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/61/3/443.full). *Systematic Biology*. **61** (3): 443–60. [doi:10.1093/sysbio/syr126](https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syr126). [PMC 3329764](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3329764). [PMID 22228799](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22228799). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160714175306/http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/61/3/443.full) 14 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine.

1. Aïnouche, A. K. & Bayer, R. J. (1999). "Phylogenetic relationships in *Lupinus* (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae) based on internal transcribed spacer sequences (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA.". *American Journal of Botany*. **86** (4): 590–607. [doi:10.2307/2656820](https://doi.org/10.2307/2656820). [JSTOR 2656820](https://www.jstor.org/stable/2656820). [PMID 10205079](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10205079)

1. Greenfield, Patrick (2025-12-04). ["How an invasion of purple flowers made Iceland an Instagram paradise – and caused a biodiversity crisis"](https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/dec/04/invasive-species-flowers-iceland-nootka-lupins-lupines-aoe). *The Guardian*. [ISSN 0261-3077](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077). Retrieved 2025-12-05.

1. Villa-Ruano, N. (2012). ["Alkaloid profile, antibacterial and allelopathic activities of *Lupinus jaimehintoniana* BL Turner (Fabaceae)."](http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/(A(-wsTwqzGzgEkAAAAMDM3NmY1ODMtNDRkMS00YTNmLWExZTgtOGMwZDk0MjJlNWQ5qQymZSev6uZabo19x2jsEpadeOw1))/img/doi/0354-4664/2012/0354-46641203065V.pdf). *Archives of Biological Sciences*. **64** (3): 1065–71. [doi:10.2298/ABS1203065R](https://doi.org/10.2298/ABS1203065R)

1. Planchuelo, Ana Maria & Dunn, David B. (1984). ["The Simple Leaved Lupines and Their Relatives in Argentina"](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16166394). *Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden*. **71** (1): 92–103. [Bibcode:1984AnMBG..71...92P](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984AnMBG..71...92P). [doi:10.2307/2399057](https://doi.org/10.2307/2399057). [JSTOR 2399057](https://www.jstor.org/stable/2399057)

1. Weber, Marjorie G. & Keeler, Kathleen H. (2012-10-18). "The phylogenetic distribution of extrafloral nectaries in plants". *Annals of Botany*. **111** (6): 1251–1261. [doi:10.1093/aob/mcs225](https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcs225). [PMC 3662505](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3662505). [PMID 23087129](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23087129)

1. Kurlovich, B. S. and A. K. Stankevich. (eds.) [Classification of Lupins.](http://personal.inet.fi/tiede/lupin/Classific.htm) In: *Lupins: Geography, Classification, Genetic Resources and Breeding*. St. Petersburg: Intan. 2002. pp. 42–43. Accessed 2 August 2013.

1. Naganowska, B., et al. (2005). [2C DNA variation and relationships among New World species of the genus *Lupinus* (Fabaceae).](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00606-005-0364-y#page-1) *Plant Systematics and Evolution* 256(1–4), 147–57.

1. ["Subgen. PLATYCARPOS and Subgen. LUPINUS"](http://biodiversity.ucoz.ru/p0006.htm)

1. ["ILDIS LegumeWeb entry for *Lupinus*"](http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?version~10.01&genus~Lupinus&species~). *International Legume Database & Information Service*. Cardiff School of Computer Science & Informatics. Retrieved 11 April 2014.

1. [USDA](/source/USDA), [ARS](/source/Agricultural_Research_Service), National Genetic Resources Program. ["GRIN species records of *Lupinus*"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150924122153/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?7036). *[Germplasm Resources Information Network](/source/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network)—(GRIN) [Online Database]*. [National Germplasm Resources Laboratory](/source/Henry_A._Wallace_Beltsville_Agricultural_Research_Center), Beltsville, Maryland. Archived from [the original](http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?7036) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 11 April 2014.

1. ["The Plant List entry for *Lupinus*"](http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Leguminosae/Lupinus/). *[The Plant List](/source/The_Plant_List)*. [Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew](/source/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew) and the [Missouri Botanical Garden](/source/Missouri_Botanical_Garden). 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2014.

1. Some sources treat *Lupinus alpestris* as a synonym of *Lupinus argenteus*.

1. Some sources treat *Lupinus aridorum* as a synonym of *Lupinus westianus*.

1. Some sources treat *Lupinus aridus* as a synonym of *[Lupinus lepidus](/source/Lupinus_lepidus)*.

1. Some sources treat *Lupinus attenuatus* as a synonym of *Lupinus coriaceus*.

1. Some sources treat *Lupinus brevicaulis* as a synonym of *Lupinus grisebachianus*.

1. Some sources treat *Lupinus burkei* as a synonym of *Lupinus polyphyllus*.

1. Some sources treat *Lupinus caespitosus* as a synonym of *Lupinus lepidus*.

1. Some sources treat *Lupinus confertus* as a synonym of *Lupinus lepidus*.

1. Some sources treat *Lupinus crassus* as a synonym of *Lupinus ammophilus*.

1. Some sources treat *Lupinus cumulicola* as a synonym of *Lupinus diffusus*.

1. Some sources treat *Lupinus densiflorus* as a synonym of *Lupinus microcarpus*.

1. Some sources treat *Lupinus depressus* as a synonym of *Lupinus argenteus*.

1. Some sources treat *Lupinus hartwegii* as a synonym of *Lupinus mexicanus*.

1. Some sources treat *Lupinus heptaphyllus* as a synonym of *Lupinus gibertianus*.

1. Some sources treat *Lupinus hilarianus* as a synonym of *Lupinus gibertianus*.

1. Some sources treat *Lupinus hillii* as a synonym of *Lupinus argenteus*.

1. Some sources treat *Lupinus luteolus* as a synonym of *Lupinus luteus*.

1. Some sources treat *Lupinus lyallii* as a synonym of *Lupinus lepidus*.

1. Some sources treat *Lupinus matucanicus* as a synonym of *Lupinus lindleyanus*.

1. Some sources treat *Lupinus minimus* as a synonym of *Lupinus lepidus*.

1. Some sources treat *Lupinus montigenus* as a synonym of *Lupinus argenteus*.

1. Some sources treat *Lupinus oreganus* as a synonym of *Lupinus sulfureus*.

1. Some sources treat *Lupinus ornatus* as a synonym of *Lupinus sericeus*.

1. Some sources treat *Lupinus polycarpus* as a synonym of *Lupinus bicolor*.

1. Some sources treat *Lupinus pratensis* as a synonym of *Lupinus confertus*.

1. Some sources treat *Lupinus prunophilus* as a synonym of *Lupinus polyphyllus*.

1. Some sources treat *Lupinus ruber* as a synonym of *Lupinus microcarpus*.

1. Some sources treat *Lupinus sellulus* as a synonym of *Lupinus lepidus*.

1. Some sources treat *Lupinus subvexus* as a synonym of *Lupinus microcarpus*.

1. Some sources treat *Lupinus digitatus* as a synonym of *Lupinus cosentinii*.

1. Lewis, Charlton T. & Short, Charles (1879). ["lupīnus"](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0060%3Aentry%3Dlupinus). *A Latin Dictionary*. Perseus Digital Library.

1. ["Lupin definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary"](https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/lupin)

1. Tietz, W., & von Minckwitz, M.-C. (2023). Plant Nutrition in the Roman empire. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 186, 479–486. [https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.202300152](https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.202300152)

1. White, Mike (3 March 2017). ["Lupins: A love-hate story – North & South"](https://www.noted.co.nz/planet/lupins-a-love-hate-story/). *Noted*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200421010043/https://www.noted.co.nz/planet/planet-planet/lupins-a-love-hate-story) 21 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 12 July 2022.

1. [Mission Blue Butterfly.](http://www.parksconservancy.org/conservation/plants-animals/endangered-species/mission-blue-butterfly.html) Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy.

1. [*Callophrys irus*.](http://www.cbif.gc.ca/spp_pages/butterflies/species/FrostedElfin_e.php) Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility.

1. [*Erynnis persius*.](https://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/insects/bflynd/nd/7.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130802182250/http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/insects/bflynd/nd/7.htm) 2 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine Atlas of North Dakota Butterflies. USGS.

1. [*Glaucopsyche lygdamus*.](https://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/insects/bflynd/nd/85.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130802183450/http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/insects/bflynd/nd/85.htm) 2 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine Atlas of North Dakota Butterflies. USGS.

1. [*Plebejus melissa*.](http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/Plebejus-melissa) Butterflies and Moths of North America.

1. [Eastern persius duskywing](https://www.ontario.ca/page/eastern-persius-duskywing), Ontario Species at Risk

1. Anweiler, G. G. (2007). ["Species Details *Schinia suetus*"](https://search.museums.ualberta.ca/g/2-6199). *University of Alberta Museums*. E.H. Strickland Entomological Museum. Retrieved 8 November 2020.

1. ["How To Grow Lupins In Pots – The Ultimate Guide"](https://www.plant-garden-secrets.com/blog/how-to-grow-lupins-in-pots). plant-garden-secrets.com. 4 October 2022.

1. Taylor, Ronald J. (1994 [1992]). *Sagebrush Country: A Wildflower Sanctuary*. rev. ed. Missoula, MT: Mountain Press Pub. Co. p. 104. ISBN 0-87842-280-3. [OCLC 25708726](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25708726)

1. *Lupins: Geography, Classification, Genetic Resources and Breeding*. Bogouslav Kourlovitch. 2002. p. 148. ISBN 586741034X.

1. [Langer, R.H.M.](/source/Reinhart_Langer) & [Hill, G.D.](/source/George_Hill_(agronomist)) 1991. Agricultural Plants, second edition. p 261. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-40545-9

1. Ross, K. [Soy substitute edges its way into European meals.](https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/17/business/energy-environment/soy-substitute-edges-its-way-into-european-meals.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0) *[New York Times](/source/New_York_Times)* 16 November 2011.

1. *The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology* 104(4 Pt. 1), 883–88.

1. [Opinion of the scientific panel on dietetic products, nutrition and allergies on a request from the Commission related to the evaluation of lupin for labelling purposes.](https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2903/j.efsa.2006.302) *The [European Food Safety Authority](/source/European_Food_Safety_Authority) Journal* 302 1–11. 2005.

1. [Commission Directive 2006/142/EC of 22 December 2006 amending Annex IIIa of Directive 2000/13/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council listing the ingredients which must under all circumstances appear on the labeling of foodstuffs.](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1536439272158&uri=CELEX:32006L0142)

1. Williamson et al. (1994) *[Diaporthe toxica](/source/Diaporthe_toxica)* sp. nov., The cause of lupinosis in sheep. Mycological Research, 98 (12): 1367

1. Gladstone, J. S.; Atkins, C. A.; Hamblin, J. (eds.) (1998). [*Lupins as Crop Plants: Biology, Production and Utilization*](https://books.google.com/books?id=RCUhAQAAMAAJ). CAB International. ISBN 9780851992242.

1. Uauy, Ricardo; Gattas, Vivien; Yañez, Enrique (1995). ["Sweet Lupins in Human Nutrition"](https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/424466). *Plants in Human Nutrition*. **77**: 75–88. World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics. [doi:10.1159/000424466](https://doi.org/10.1159/000424466). ISBN 978-3-8055-6101-3. [PMID 7732701](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7732701)

1. (Hill, 1977; Aguilera and Truer, 1978)

1. López-Bellido, Luis & Fuentes, M (1986). ["Lupin crop as an alternative source of protein"](https://books.google.com/books?id=HVGOVkGDouUC&q=kirku&pg=PA241). *Advances in Agronomy*. **40**: 239–295 (at page 241). [doi:10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60284-9](https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60284-9). ISBN 9780080563534.

1. Sweetingham, Mark & Kingwell, Ross (2008). ["LUPINS – REFLECTIONS AND FUTURE POSSIBILITIES"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268376093). *12th International Lupin Conference; Fremantle, Western Australia.*

1. (Hill, 1977).

1. Murcia, J. and I. Hoyos. (1998). ['Características y applicaciones de las plantas: Altramuz Azul (*Lupinus angustifolius*).](http://www.zonaverde.net/lupinusangustifolius.htm) [in Spanish]. Accessed 3 August 2013.

1. Hedrick, U. P. (ed.) *[Sturtevant's Edible Plants of the World](http://www.swsbm.com/Ephemera/Sturtevants_Edible_Plants.pdf)*. 1919. 387-88.

1. Fionnuala Fallon (5 January 2019). ["Pink dandelions, cucamelons, edible lupins: seeds to plant now for a delicious summer"](https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/homes-and-property/gardens/pink-dandelions-cucamelons-edible-lupins-seeds-to-plant-now-for-a-delicious-summer-1.3745964). *The Irish Times*. Retrieved 22 April 2019.

1. Vol. 17. p. 127.

## Further reading

- Eastwood, R. J., et al. 2008. Diversity and evolutionary history of lupins—insights from new phylogenies. pp. 346–54, In: Palta, J. A. and J. B. Burger. (Eds.) Lupins for Health & Wealth. Proceedings 12th International Lupin Conference, Fremantle, Australia; International Lupin Association, Canterbury, New Zealand.
- Putnam, D. H., et al. [Lupine.](http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/lupine.html) Alternative Field Crops Manual. University of Minnesota, University of Wisconsin Extension. 1997.
- Zhukovsky, P.M. 1929. A contribution to the knowledge of genus *Lupinus* Tourn. Bull. Apll. Bot. Gen. Pl.-Breed., Leningrad-Moscow, XXI, I:16-294.
- Kurlovich, B.S. 1989. On the centers of species formation of the genus *Lupinus* L. (in Russian). Bull.N.I. Vavilov Inst. of plant Industry. Leningrad, 193:20–24.
- Kurlovich, B.S., Rep’ev, S.I., Shchelko, L.G., Budanova, V.I., Petrova, M.V., Buravtseva, T.V., Stankevich, A.K., Kartuzova, L.T., Alexandrova, T.G., Teplyakova and T.E., Malysh, L.K. 1995. Theoretical basis of plant breeding. Vol.111. The gene bank and breeding of grain legumes (lupine, vetch, soya, and bean), St.Petersburg, VIR, 438p.
- Kurlovich, B.S.(Ed.). 2002. [Lupins](http://lupins-bk.blogspot.com/). Geography, Classification, Genetic Resources and Breeding. "Intan", 468p.

## External links

- [Sorting *Lupinus* Names](http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Lupinus.html) Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database. University of Melbourne.
- [Biodiversity of LUPINS](http://biodiversity.ucoz.ru/index.htm)
- Hughes, C. [*Lupinus*.](http://www.systbot.uzh.ch/static/personen/colin_hughes_assets/Lupinus.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110401153822/http://www.systbot.uzh.ch/static/personen/colin_hughes_assets/Lupinus.pdf) 1 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- [Lupins.org](http://www.lupins.org)
- [Superhydrophobicity in Lupins – video and commentary.](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_A0bl0JpDD4)

1. Both pronounced /ˈluːpᵻn/; the latter spelling is prevalent in North America.

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Lupinus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupinus) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupinus?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.