# Lund string model > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Lund_string_model > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Lund_string_model.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lund_string_model > Source revision: 1354161226 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) {{Short description|Model of hadronization}}In [particle physics](/source/particle_physics), the '''Lund string model''' is a [phenomenological model](/source/phenomenological_model) of [hadronization](/source/hadronization).{{Cite journal |last1=Ferreres-Solé |first1=Silvia |last2=Sjöstrand |first2=Torbjörn |date=2018-11-28 |title=The space–time structure of hadronization in the Lund model |url=https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-018-6459-8 |journal=The European Physical Journal C |language=en |volume=78 |issue=11 |pages=983 |doi=10.1140/epjc/s10052-018-6459-8 |doi-access=free|issn=1434-6052 |pmc=6394252 |pmid=30881217 |arxiv=1808.04619 |bibcode=2018EPJC...78..983F }}{{Cite journal |last1=Roman |first1=Pasechnik |last2=Michal |first2=Šumbera |date=September 2021 |title=Different Faces of Confinement |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1997/7/9/330 |journal=Universe |language=en |volume=7 |issue=9 |doi=10.3390/univer |doi-broken-date=25 August 2025 |doi-access=free |issn=2218-1997 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126165613/https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1997/7/9/330 |archive-date=2025-01-26 |access-date=2025-08-24 |url-status=live }}{{Citation |last1=Assi |first1=Benoît |title=Post-hoc reweighting of hadron production in the Lund string model |date=2025-08-12 |arxiv=2505.00142 |last2=Bierlich |first2=Christan |last3=Ilten |first3=Philip |last4=Menzo |first4=Tony |last5=Mrenna |first5=Stephen |last6=Szewc |first6=Manuel |last7=Wilkinson |first7=Michael K. |last8=Youssef |first8=Ahmed |last9=Zupan |first9=Jure |journal=SciPost Physics |volume=19 |issue=4 |article-number=104 |doi=10.21468/SciPostPhys.19.4.104 |doi-access=free }} It treats all but the highest-energy [gluons](/source/gluons) as field lines, which are attracted to each other due to the gluon [self-interaction](/source/self-interaction) and so form a narrow tube (or string) of [strong color field](/source/color_charge).{{Citation |title=The Lund gluon model, its kinematics and decay properties |date=1998 |work=The Lund Model |pages=269–301 |editor-last=Andersson |editor-first=Bo |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/lund-model/lund-gluon-model-its-kinematics-and-decay-properties/53CB0B7E775606EB794730C494784B97 |access-date=2025-08-24 |series=Cambridge Monographs on Particle Physics, Nuclear Physics and Cosmology |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511524363.015 |isbn=978-0-511-52436-3}} ([Electromagnetic field lines](/source/magnetic_field) do not stringify, but instead spread out, because the [photon](/source/photon), carrier of the [electromagnetic force](/source/electromagnetic_force), does not self-interact.) The model is named after the particle theory group of [Lund University](/source/Lund_University), which developed it. It was derived from the 1977 PhD thesis of [Carsten Peterson](/source/Carsten_Peterson), supervised by Bo Andersson and Gösta Gustafson.{{Cite book |title=Physics in Lund: in time and space |date=2016 |publisher=Lund University |editor-last=Forkman |editor-first=Bengt |chapter=The Lund model for high energy collisions |editor-last2=Verdozzi |editor-first2=Kristina Holmin |chapter-url=http://history.fysik.lu.se/EN/EN_Bok_17_LB_web.pdf}} The model was refined by the contributions of researchers of the group, like [Torbjörn Sjöstrand](/source/Torbj%C3%B6rn_Sj%C3%B6strand), Bo Söderberg, [Gunnar Ingelman](/source/Gunnar_Ingelman), Hans-Uno Bengtsson, and Ulf Pettersson. In 1979, the model was able to describe gluon jet fragmentation by considering the force field to be similar to a massless relativistic string. The model successfully predicted a specific asymmetry in the particles produced in electron–positron collisions, observed in 1980. String fragmentation is one of the [parton](/source/parton_(particle_physics)) fragmentation models used in the [PYTHIA](/source/PYTHIA)/Jetset and the [University of California, Los Angeles](/source/University_of_California%2C_Los_Angeles) as [event generator](/source/event_generator)s, and explains many features of hadronization quite well.{{Cite web |title=Rope Hadronization and Strange Particle Production |url=https://indico.cern.ch/event/576735/papers/2565832/files/5808-template.pdf}} In particular, the model predicts that in addition to the [particle jet](/source/particle_jet)s formed along the original paths of two separating [quark](/source/quark)s, there will be a spray of [hadron](/source/hadron)s produced between the jets by the string itself—which is precisely what is observed. ==See also== *[QCD string](/source/QCD_string) *[Color confinement](/source/Color_confinement) == References == {{Ref-list}} == External links == *[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/lund-model/ADFC4799240BF3CC16E8E0991EB87674 The Lund Model by Bo Andersson] Category:Quantum chromodynamics Category:Experimental particle physics --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Lund string model](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lund_string_model) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lund_string_model?action=history)). 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