# Lubdu

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{{Short description|Ancient Hurrian city}}
{{Infobox ancient site
  |name = Lubdu
  |native_name =
  |alternate_name = Lubda, Lubdi
  |image = 
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  |map_type = Iraq#Near East
  |map_alt =
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  |relief = yes
  |coordinates = {{coord|35|12|03|N|44|11|43|E|display=inline,title}}
  |location = Possibly ''Tall Buldāgh'', [Kirkuk Governorate](/source/Kirkuk_Governorate), [Iraq](/source/Iraq)
  |region = [Mesopotamia](/source/Mesopotamia)
  |type = Settlement
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'''Lubdu''', also written as '''Lubda''' or '''Lubdi''',<ref name="Ignace" /> was a city in ancient [Mesopotamia](/source/Mesopotamia). It was a provincial center located south of [Arrapḫa](/source/Arrapha), modern [Kirkuk](/source/Kirkuk).<ref name="Astour">{{cite book |last1=Astour |first1=Michael C. |title=Studies on the Civilization and Culture of Nuzi and the Hurrians - Volume 2 |date=1987 |publisher=Eisenbrauns |location=Winona Lake, Indiana |page=51f |isbn=978-0-931464-08-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=agi4O1c3UhQC&dq=daquq+ta%27uq+tawuq&pg=PA51 |access-date=29 February 2024}}</ref> 

== Location ==
The exact site is uncertain, but researchers have proposed the mound of Tall Buldāgh ([Arabic](/source/Arabic_language): تل بلداغ, also transcribed as ''Tall Buldağ'' or ''Tell Buldag'') as the possible location of Lubdu.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bagg |first1=Ariel M. |title=Reviewed Work: Siedlungsgeschichte im mittleren Osttigrisgebiet. Vom Neolithikum bis in die neuassyrische Zeit (= Abhandlungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 28) |journal=Archiv für Orientforschung |volume=53 |date=2015 |page=431 |jstor=44810859 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44810859 |access-date=29 February 2024}}</ref> This archeological site is located east of the road from [Kirkuk](/source/Kirkuk) to [Tikrit](/source/Tikrit), roughly in the first quarter of the way from the first city to the latter.<ref>{{cite web |title=Location of Tall Buldagh on Wikimapia |url= https://wikimapia.org/#lang=en&lat=35.200149&lon=44.207225&z=15&m=w |website=Wikimapia |access-date=1 March 2024}}</ref> The attempt of other researchers to locate Lubdu at modern [Daquq](/source/Daquq) is rejected by the historian [Michael Astour](/source/Michael_Astour), who argues that the name of Daquq is attested as ''Diquqina'' in the [Neo-Assyrian](/source/Neo-Assyrian_Empire) period in the same time as Lubdu. Thus, the two were separate cities at a certain distance to each other.<ref name="Astour" />

== History ==
===Late Bronze Age===
Lubdu was mentioned in the middle of the 15th century BCE in a text on a clay tablet in [Hurrian](/source/Hurrian_language) by ''Itḫi-Tešup'', the king of [Arrapḫa](/source/Arrapha), where he appeals to a god called ''Ištar Lu-ub-tu-ḫi''. In Hurrian culture, gods were frequently given epithets of the cities their main temples were in.<ref name="Astour" /> The inscription is a testament to the importance of early Lubdu, which can be considered a cultic center during that time. [Arrapḫa](/source/Arrapha) was a vassal kingdom of the [Hurrian](/source/Hurrians) kingdom [Mitanni](/source/Mitanni), which also had chariots stationed in Lubdu.<ref name="Qader">{{cite book |last1=Qader |first1=Asoss M. |title=Arrapḫa (Kirkuk) von den Anfängen bis 1340 v. Chr. nach keilschriftlichen Quellen |date=2013 |publisher=Universität Würzburg |location=Würzburg |pages=121, 124, 173 |url=https://opus.bibliothek.uni-wuerzburg.de/opus4-wuerzburg/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/12664/file/Dissertation_Qader_Asoss.pdf |access-date=1 March 2024}}</ref>

Later, the Mitanni rule in the area was being challenged by the Babylonians. At some point, Lubdu was taken by the [Kassite](/source/Kassites) kingdom of [Babylonia](/source/Babylonia), possibly under [Burna-Buriaš II](/source/Burna-Buriash_II) during the middle of the 14th century BCE, who waged a successful war against the Mitanni in this area. It then was located at the north-eastern fringes of the Babylonian zone of control and witnessed an influx of [Hurrian](/source/Hurrians) servile workers.<ref name="Zimmermann">{{cite journal |last1=Zimmermann |first1=Lynn-Salammbô |title=Knocking on Wood: Writing Boards in the Kassite Administration |journal=Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History |date=2024 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=184–185 |doi=10.1515/janeh-2023-0010 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/janeh-2023-0010/html?lang=de |access-date=1 March 2024|doi-access=free }}</ref> 

During the reign of the [Assyrian](/source/Assyria) king [Adad-nīrārī I](/source/Adad-nirari_I) (1307–1275), he destroyed the area of Lubdu in his war against the Babylonian king [Nazi-maruttaš](/source/Nazi-Maruttash).<ref name="Zimmermann" /> In 911 or 910 BCE, the [Assyrian](/source/Assyria) king [Adad-nīrārī II](/source/Adad-nirari_II) conquered the city of Lubdu and [Arrapḫa](/source/Arrapha),<ref name="Oxford">{{cite book |last1=Radner |first1=Karen |last2=Moeller |first2=Nadine |last3=Potts |first3=D.T. |title=The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East Volume IV: The Age of Assyria |date=2023 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |page=203 |url=https://ebin.pub/the-oxford-history-of-the-ancient-near-east-volume-iv-the-age-of-assyria-0190687630-9780190687632.html |access-date=1 March 2024}}</ref> after defeating the [Babylonian](/source/Babylonia) king [Šamaš-mudammiq](/source/Shamash-mudammiq).<ref>{{ cite book | title = Assyrian and Babylonian chronicles | author = A. K. Grayson | publisher = J. J. Augustin | year = 1975 | pages = 208, 243 }}</ref> Having captured these cities, which were described as fortresses of Babylonia at that time, he had secured important bridgeheads for further operations in the west and the south.<ref name="Oxford" />

In 648 BCE, Lubdu is mentioned in a record of the [Assyrian](/source/Assyria) king [Ashurbanipal](/source/Ashurbanipal). There it is written, that ''Antarii̯a'', a chieftain of Lubdu, had marched out at night to attack the Assyrian cities ''Ubbumme'' and ''Kullimmeri''. However, his forces were defeated and his head reportedly brought to Ashurbanipal in [Nineveh](/source/Nineveh).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Luckenbill |first1=Daniel David |title=Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia |date=1927 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=328 |url=https://isac.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/uploads/shared/docs/ancient_records_assyria2.pdf}}</ref> The historian A.C. Piepkorn identified Antarii̯a not as an independent chieftain but a governor of [Urartu](/source/Urartu). The Assyriologist [Ignace Gelb](/source/Ignace_Gelb) added that the name of ''Antarii̯a'' is likely of [Hurrian](/source/Hurrian_language) origin.<ref name="Ignace">{{cite book |last1=Gelb |first1=Ignace |title=Hurrians and Subarians |date=1944 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=83 |url=https://isac.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/uploads/shared/docs/saoc22.pdf |access-date=1 March 2024}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

Category:Ancient Assyrian cities
Category:Destroyed populated places
Category:Archaeological sites in Iraq
Category:Former populated places in Iraq
Category:Ancient Mesopotamia
Category:Tells (archaeology)
Category:City-states

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Lubdu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubdu) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubdu?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.