# Louis-Nicolas Davout

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French Marshal (1770–1823)

"Davout" redirects here. For the ship, see [French cruiser Davout](/source/French_cruiser_Davout).

Marshal of the Empire Louis-Nicolas Davout Duke of Auerstaedt, Prince of Eckmühl Portrait by Tito Marzocchi de Bellucci, c. 1852 Minister of War of the Hundred Days Empire In office 20 March 1815 – 9 July 1815 Monarchs Napoleon I Napoleon II Louis XVIII Preceded by Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke Succeeded by Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr Governor-general of the Duchy of Warsaw In office 15 July 1807 – 1809 Mayor of Savigny-sur-Orge In office 8 October 1822 – 1 June 1823 Personal details Born (1770-05-10)10 May 1770 Annoux, Kingdom of France Died 1 June 1823(1823-06-01) (aged 53) Paris, Kingdom of France Resting place Père Lachaise Cemetery Children 8, including Napoléon-Louis and Adélaïde-Louise Awards Legion of Honour Signature Nickname The Iron Marshal Military service Allegiance Kingdom of France Kingdom of France French First Republic First French Empire Kingdom of France Branch/service Army Years of service 1788–1815 Rank Marshal of the Empire Commands I Corps III Corps XIII Corps General inspector of cavalry Consular Guard Grenadiers Observation Corps of the Elbe Battles/wars See battles French Revolutionary Wars War of the First Coalition Battle of Jemappes Battle of Neerwinden Siege of Kehl War of the Second Coalition French campaign in Egypt and Syria Battle of Abukir Napoleonic Wars War of the Third Coalition Ulm Campaign Battle of Steyr Battle of Austerlitz War of the Fourth Coalition Battle of Jena–Auerstedt Capitulation of Küstrin Battle of Czarnowo Battle of Golymin Battle of Eylau War of the Fifth Coalition Battle of Teugen-Hausen Battle of Eckmühl Battle of Ratisbon Battle of Wagram French invasion of Russia Battle of Saltanovka Battle of Smolensk Battle of Borodino Battle of Maloyaroslavets Battle of Vyazma Battle of Krasnoi Battle of Berezina War of the Sixth Coalition Siege of Hamburg Hundred Days Defense of Paris

**Louis-Nicolas d'Avout** (French: [\[lwi nikɔla davu\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French); 10 May 1770 – 1 June 1823), better known as **Davout**, **1st Prince of Eckmühl**, **1st Duke of Auerstaedt**, was a [French](/source/French_people) [military commander](/source/Military_commander) and [Marshal of the Empire](/source/Marshal_of_the_Empire) who served during both the [French Revolutionary Wars](/source/French_Revolutionary_Wars) and the [Napoleonic Wars](/source/Napoleonic_Wars). His talent for war, along with his reputation as a stern disciplinarian, earned him the nickname "The Iron Marshal" (*Le Maréchal de fer*). He is ranked as one of [Napoleon](/source/Napoleon)'s finest commanders, and also stands among the most outstanding military commanders of the [modern era](/source/Modern_era).[1][2][3]

Born into a minor noble family in [Burgundy](/source/Burgundy), Davout was educated at the *[École Militaire](/source/%C3%89cole_Militaire)* and joined a royal cavalry regiment in 1788. On the outbreak of the [French Revolution](/source/French_Revolution), Davout embraced the revolutionary cause and first distinguished himself at the [Battle of Neerwinden](/source/Battle_of_Neerwinden_(1793)). Rapidly rising through the ranks, he took part in the [1796 Rhine campaign](/source/Rhine_campaign_of_1796) and Napoleon's [Egyptian expedition](/source/French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria), and by 1800 he had reached the rank of divisional general.

Davout was named one of the original 18 Marshals of the Empire upon Napoleon's ascension as Emperor in 1804. As commander of the [III Corps](/source/III_Corps_(Grande_Arm%C3%A9e)) of the *[Grande Armée](/source/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e)*, he played a major role in the French victory at [Austerlitz](/source/Battle_of_Austerlitz). He achieved further successes at [Auerstedt](/source/Battle_of_Jena%E2%80%93Auerstedt)—where he routed the Prussian army of the [Duke of Brunswick](/source/Charles_William_Ferdinand%2C_Duke_of_Brunswick) despite being vastly outnumbered—as well as [Eylau](/source/Battle_of_Eylau), [Eckmühl](/source/Battle_of_Eckm%C3%BChl) and [Wagram](/source/Battle_of_Wagram). In 1807, Napoleon named him governor-general of the [Duchy of Warsaw](/source/Duchy_of_Warsaw) and granted him the title [Duke of Auerstaedt](/source/Duc_d'Auerstaedt). Davout took part in Napoleon's disastrous [invasion of Russia](/source/French_invasion_of_Russia), and was in the middle of a six-month [siege of Hamburg](/source/Siege_of_Hamburg) when Napoleon abdicated.

Davout went into retirement upon the [First Restoration](/source/First_Restoration) of the Bourbons. He rejoined Napoleon during the [Hundred Days](/source/Hundred_Days) and was appointed [Minister of War](/source/Minister_of_War_(France)), but did not receive a field command. Following Napoleon's final defeat at [Waterloo](/source/Battle_of_Waterloo), he held Paris until July when he ultimately submitted to the again [restored Bourbon monarchy](/source/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France), after which he was exiled and deprived of his titles. In 1819, his titles were restored and he was made a [Peer of France](/source/Chamber_of_Peers_(France)).

## Early life

Davout's birthplace in Annoux

Davout was born in the small village of [Annoux](/source/Annoux), [Yonne](/source/Yonne), in [Burgundy](/source/Burgundy), as the eldest son of Jean-François d'Avout (1739–1779), a cavalry officer and his wife (married in 1768), Françoise-Adélaïde Minard de Velars (1741–1810).[4]: 4 The d'Avout family was an impoverished minor nobility with a tradition of [military service](/source/Military_service). Davout was the eldest son, so he was expected to carry on the tradition. So despite the family's economic problems, Davout was still educated in the nearby [Brienne-le-Chateau](/source/Brienne-le-Chateau), in their [military academy](/source/Military_academy) also attended by Napoleon, before also transferring to the *[École Militaire](/source/%C3%89cole_Militaire)* in [Paris](/source/Paris) on 29 September 1785.[5] He graduated on 19 February 1788 and was appointed a *sous-lieutenant* in the Royal-Champagne [Cavalry](/source/Cavalry) [Regiment](/source/Regiment)[5] in [garrison](/source/Garrison) at [Hesdin](/source/Hesdin) ([Pas-de-Calais](/source/Pas-de-Calais)).[6]: 94

## French Revolutionary Wars

*Louis-Nicolas Davout, lieutenant-colonel of the 3rd battalion of [Yonne](/source/Yonne) in 1792*, by Alexis-Nicolas Pérignon (1834)

On the outbreak of the [French Revolution](/source/French_Revolution), Davout embraced its principles. He was *[chef de bataillon](/source/Major_(France))* in a volunteer corps in the campaign of 1792, and distinguished himself at the [Battle of Neerwinden](/source/Battle_of_Neerwinden_(1793)) the following spring. He had just been promoted to [general of brigade](/source/Brigadier_general) when he was removed from the active list because of his [noble](/source/Nobility) birth. After he divorced his wife in 1794 he served in the [Rhine campaign of 1796](/source/Rhine_campaign_of_1796), and accompanied General [Louis Desaix](/source/Louis_Desaix) in the [Egyptian expedition of Napoleon Bonaparte](/source/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria).[7]

On his return, he did not take part in the [Battle of Marengo](/source/Battle_of_Marengo), where his friend Desaix was killed while making a decisive contribution to the victory.[4]: 65 Napoleon, who had great confidence in his abilities, finally promoted him to general of division and arranged his marriage to his sister [Pauline](/source/Pauline_Bonaparte)'s sister-in-law Aimée Leclerc, thus making him part of Napoleon's extended family, and gave him a command in the grenadiers of the [Consular Guard](/source/Consular_Guard).

## Napoleonic Wars

*Davout at the Battle of Auerstedt*, by Dick de Lonlay

At the [ascension](/source/Constitution_of_the_Year_XII) of [Napoleon](/source/Napoleon) as [Emperor](/source/Emperor_of_the_French) in 1804, Davout was named as one of the original 18 [Marshals of the Empire](/source/Marshal_of_the_Empire). Davout was the youngest and least experienced of the generals promoted to marshal, which earned him the hostility of other generals throughout his career. On 18 June 1805 he was present at the [Battle of Blanc-Nez and Gris-Nez](/source/Battle_of_Blanc-Nez_and_Gris-Nez) after joining a [Batavian](/source/Batavian_Republic) [flotilla](/source/Flotilla), headed for [Boulogne](/source/Boulogne-sur-Mer), as an observer.

As commander of the [III Corps](/source/III_Corps_(Grande_Arm%C3%A9e)) of the *[Grande Armée](/source/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e)*, Davout rendered his greatest services. At the [Battle of Austerlitz](/source/Battle_of_Austerlitz), following a forced march of 48 hours to fall on the left flank of the [Russian army](/source/Imperial_Russian_Army), the III Corps bore the brunt of the [allies](/source/War_of_the_Third_Coalition)' attack. In the subsequent [War of the Fourth Coalition](/source/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition), Davout, with a single corps, with the intention to fall on the [Prussian](/source/Prussian_Army) left wing, fought and won the [Battle of Auerstädt](/source/Battle_of_Jena-Auerstedt) against the main Prussian Army,[7] under the [Duke of Brunswick](/source/Charles_William_Ferdinand%2C_Duke_of_Brunswick), which had more than twice as many soldiers at its disposal (more than 63,000, to Davout's 28,000). His actions in this battle earned him the nickname 'Iron Marshal'. Napoleon after hearing reports about the alleged battle would mock Davout, telling his [aide-de-camp](/source/Aide-de-camp) "your Marshal must've been seeing double", mocking Davout's spectacle wearing. Historian François-Guy Hourtoulle writes: *"At Jena, Napoleon won a battle he could not lose. At Auerstädt, Davout won a battle he could not win"*.[8] As a reward, Napoleon let Davout and his men [enter](/source/Fall_of_Berlin_(1806)) [Berlin](/source/Berlin) first on 25 October 1806.

Davout added to his renown in the battles of [Eylau](/source/Battle_of_Eylau) and [Friedland](/source/Battle_of_Friedland). Napoleon left him as [governor-general](/source/Governor-general) of the newly created [Duchy of Warsaw](/source/Duchy_of_Warsaw) following the [Treaties of Tilsit](/source/Treaties_of_Tilsit) in 1807, and the next year awarded him with the title of [Duke of Auerstädt](/source/Duc_d'Auerstaedt). During the [War of the Fifth Coalition](/source/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition) in 1809, Davout took part in the [Battle of Eckmühl](/source/Battle_of_Eckm%C3%BChl), and also distinguished himself in the [Battle of Wagram](/source/Battle_of_Wagram), where he commanded the right wing. He was later made Prince of [Eckmühl](/source/Eckm%C3%BChl) following the campaign. In 1810 Davout travelled to [Compiègne](/source/Compi%C3%A8gne) with Napoleon to collect the 18-year-old bride [Marie-Louise of Austria](/source/Marie_Louise%2C_Duchess_of_Parma).

*Marshal Davout in [Chudov Monastery](/source/Chudov_Monastery) of [Moscow Kremlin](/source/Kremlin)*, by [Vasili Vereshchagin](/source/Vasili_Vereshchagin)

In 1810 he was sent to [Hamburg](/source/Hamburg) when Marshal [Jean Baptiste Jules Bernadotte](/source/Charles_XIV_John) left for [Sweden](/source/Sweden);[9] Davout was entrusted by Napoleon with the task of organizing the "corps of observation of the [Elbe](/source/Elbe)", which would become the gigantic army with which Napoleon [invaded Russia](/source/French_invasion_of_Russia) in 1812. In this, he commanded the [I Corps](/source/I_Corps_(Grande_Arm%C3%A9e)), the strongest corps, numbering over 70,000. On 1 July he left [Vilnius](/source/Vilnius). On the order of Napoleon Davout secretly took over the command of [Jérôme Bonaparte](/source/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Bonaparte),[10] occupied [Minsk](/source/Minsk) but had lost a third of his men due to sickness and desertion. Davout went very far in humiliating the 33rd regiment, which was no exception.[11] He defeated the Russians at [Mohilev](/source/Battle_of_Saltanovka) before he joined the main army at [Smolensk](/source/Smolensk), with which he continued throughout the campaign.[7] During the retreat from [Moscow](/source/Moscow) he conducted the rear guard, which was exhausted by food shortage and deemed too slow by the emperor, so Davout was replaced by Marshal [Michel Ney](/source/Michel_Ney) in the [Battle of Vyazma](/source/Battle_of_Vyazma).[12] His inability to hold out against general [Mikhail Miloradovich](/source/Mikhail_Miloradovich) in the [Battle of Krasnoi](/source/Battle_of_Krasnoi), threatened his forces with destruction,[13] until the arrival of the [Old Guard](/source/Old_Guard_(France)) led by [Édouard Mortier](/source/%C3%89douard_Mortier%2C_Duke_of_Treviso). Davout managed to successfully cross the Losvinka brook, albeit at the cost of his rearguard's sacrifice. Davout's jammed carriages, fell into the hands of the [Cossacks](/source/Cossack_host).[14] Among the booty captured by the Russians were Davout's war chest, a plethora of maps of the [Middle East](/source/Middle_East), [Central Asia](/source/Central_Asia) and [India](/source/India), and Davout's [Marshal baton](/source/Baton_(military)).[15][16] The loss of his baton led him into disgrace and he would not meet with the Emperor again until his return from [Elba](/source/Principality_of_Elba).

In April 1813, on his return from [Russia](/source/Russian_Empire) with 4,000, the remains of 70,000 men,[17] Davout commanded the military district of Hamburg and [Dirk van Hogendorp](/source/Dirk_van_Hogendorp) left.[18] (The French had initially been driven out by the Russians in March 1813.) He defended the poorly fortified and provisioned city, through the long [Siege of Hamburg](/source/Siege_of_Hamburg), only surrendering on direct order by King [Louis XVIII](/source/Louis_XVIII), who had come to the throne after Napoleon's [abdication](/source/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)) in April 1814.[7] The French restored their authority with many reprisals among the population. During the siege, he expelled up to 25,000 of Hamburg's poorest citizens out of the city into the cold winter, many of whom perished of cold and starvation.[19] Between 1806 and 1814, when the French occupation came to an end by Davout's surrender, the population decreased by nearly one-half, to 55,000.[20]

Copy of Davout's [baton](/source/Baton_(military)) (Hermitage)

Davout's military character has been interpreted as cruel and he had to defend himself against many attacks upon his conduct at Hamburg. He was a stern disciplinarian, who exacted rigid and precise obedience from his troops, and consequently his corps was more trustworthy and exact in the performance of its duty than any other. For example, Davout forbade his troops from plundering enemy villages, a policy he would enforce by the use of the death penalty. Thus, in the early days of the *[Grande Armée](/source/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e)*, the III Corps tended to be entrusted with the most difficult work. He was regarded by his contemporaries as one of the ablest of Napoleon's marshals.

### Hundred Days

Marshal Davout in [Hamburg](/source/Hamburg) (1813)

Upon the [first restoration of the Bourbon monarchy](/source/First_Restoration), he retired into private life, openly displaying his hostility to the [Bourbons](/source/House_of_Bourbon), and when Napoleon [returned](/source/Hundred_Days) from Elba, Davout rejoined him.[7] Appointed [Minister of War](/source/Minister_of_War_(France)), he reorganized the [French Army](/source/French_Imperial_Army_(1804%E2%80%931815)) insofar as time permitted, and he was so indispensable to the war department that Napoleon kept him in [Paris](/source/Paris) during the [Waterloo campaign](/source/Waterloo_campaign). To what degree his skill and bravery would have altered the fortunes of the campaign of 1815 can only be surmised, but Napoleon has been criticized for his failure to avail himself in the field of the services of the best general he then possessed.[7]

Davout directed the gallant, but hopeless, defense of Paris after the [Battle of Waterloo](/source/Battle_of_Waterloo).[7] He received the command of the army assembled under the walls of Paris, and would have fought, had he not received the order of the provisional government to negotiate with the enemy.[21] On 24 June 1815, Davout was sent by [Joseph Fouché](/source/Joseph_Fouch%C3%A9), the president of the [provisional government](/source/French_Provisional_Government_of_1815), to the dethroned emperor at the [Élysée Palace](/source/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Palace) with a request to quit Paris, where his continued presence could lead to trouble and public danger. Napoleon received him coldly but left Paris the next day and resided at [Château de Malmaison](/source/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Malmaison) until 29 June when he departed for Rochfort.[22][23] In later years, Napoleon said of Davout bitterly that *"he betrayed me too. He has a wife and children; he thought that all was lost; he wanted to keep what he had got,*"[24] while on another occasion he remarked that, *"I thought that Davout loved me, but he loved only France."*[25] Subsequently, Davout retired with the army beyond the [Loire](/source/Loire) and made his submission to the [restored Bourbon monarchy](/source/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France) on 14 July, and within a few days gave up his command to Marshal [Étienne MacDonald](/source/%C3%89tienne_MacDonald).[21]

## Later life

Davout's tomb at the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris

Upon the second restoration, Davout was deprived of his titles and was exiled to [Louviers](/source/Louviers) on 27 December 1815. When some of his subordinate generals were proscribed, he demanded to be held responsible for their acts, as executed under his orders, and he endeavoured to prevent the execution of [Ney](/source/Michel_Ney). After half a year, the hostility of the Bourbons towards Davout faded and he became reconciled to the monarchy. In 1817, his rank and titles were restored and in 1819, he became a member of the [Chamber of Peers](/source/Chamber_of_Peers_(France)).[7]

In 1822, Davout was elected mayor of [Savigny-sur-Orge](/source/Savigny-sur-Orge), an office he held for a year. His son Louis-Napoléon was also mayor of the city from 1843 to 1846. A main square bears their name in the city, as does a boulevard in Paris.[26][27]

Davout died in Paris on 1 June 1823. His remains rest in the [Père Lachaise Cemetery](/source/P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery), where an elaborate tomb marks his grave.

## Honours and awards

Davout's name, written as *Davoust*, appears on the [Arc de Triomphe](/source/Arc_de_Triomphe), eastern pillar, column 14.

Davout held the following honours and awards:[28]

- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the [Legion of Honour](/source/Legion_of_Honour)[29]

- Knight of the [Order of the Iron Crown](/source/Order_of_the_Iron_Crown)

- Grand Cross and Star of the [Virtuti Militari](/source/Virtuti_Militari)

- Knight Grand Cross of the [Order of the White Eagle](/source/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Poland))

- Knight of the [Order of Christ](/source/Order_of_Christ_(Portugal))

- Knight Grand Cross of the [Military Order of St. Henry](/source/Military_Order_of_St._Henry)

- Knight Grand Cross of the [Military Order of Max Joseph](/source/Military_Order_of_Max_Joseph)

- Knight Grand Cross of the Royal [Order of St. Stephen of Hungary](/source/Order_of_St._Stephen_of_Hungary)

- Knight of the Military [Order of Maria Theresa](/source/Order_of_Maria_Theresa)

- Knight Grand Cross of the [Order of the Elephant](/source/Order_of_the_Elephant)

## Personal life

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Château de [Savigny-sur-Orge](/source/Savigny-sur-Orge), owned by Davout from 1802

Davout was known as a methodical person in both military and personal affairs. Within the army and among his social peers, he was often considered cold and distant; while respected, he was not well-liked. During times of peace, he preferred to spend time with his family and care for his home, rather than cultivate his high social standing.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

Because of his stubborn personality and limited social skills, he developed many enemies and antagonists within the army's officer corps, notably [Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte](/source/Charles_XIV_John), [Joachim Murat](/source/Joachim_Murat) (with whom he clashed strongly during the 1812 campaign), [Louis-Alexandre Berthier](/source/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier) and [Baron Thiébault](/source/Paul_Thi%C3%A9bault) (who would harshly criticize Davout in his memoirs).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

Perhaps his fiercest anger was directed towards Bernadotte, who he perceived to have failed to come to his aid at [Auerstedt](/source/Battle_of_Auerstadt), though close enough to observe the smoke and hear the cannon fire.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] His anger was so intense that Davout requested to settle the matter with a personal duel, averted only by [Napoleon](/source/Napoleon)'s personal intervention. Bernadotte was eventually sent back to [Paris](/source/Paris) in disgrace after being caught by Napoleon retreating without orders at the [battle of Wagram](/source/Battle_of_Wagram).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] Bernadotte then caught the eye of the [Swedish ambassador](/source/List_of_ambassadors_of_Sweden_to_France), looking for a well-connected French officer to take on the role of [heir](/source/List_of_heirs_to_the_Swedish_throne) to the [Swedish throne](/source/Monarchy_of_Sweden).[30] When [Sweden](/source/Sweden) threw in her lot against Napoleon in the [War of the Sixth Coalition](/source/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition), Davout personally asked to be placed opposite Bernadotte's contingent, in order to gain retribution for the latter's betrayal. But with Davout assigned to defend Hamburg (which he did, up to and beyond Napoleon's abdication), they never did face each other in battle.[30]

Of the other Marshals, Davout had the best relations with [Michel Ney](/source/Michel_Ney), [Edouard Mortier](/source/Edouard_Mortier), [Nicolas Charles Oudinot](/source/Nicolas_Charles_Oudinot) and [Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr](/source/Laurent_Gouvion_Saint-Cyr). His best friend was possibly [Charles-Étienne Gudin de La Sablonnière](/source/Charles-%C3%89tienne_Gudin_de_La_Sablonni%C3%A8re), one of his subordinates, who was killed in battle in 1812.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]. Also, he was friends with [Louis Desaix](/source/Louis_Desaix), who was killed at the [Battle of Marengo](/source/Battle_of_Marengo).

### Family

Aimée Leclerc with two daughters

Davout was also noted for his loyalty to his long-time second wife[31] Louise *Aimée* Julie Davout ([née](/source/N%C3%A9e) Leclerc, sister of [Charles Leclerc](/source/Charles_Leclerc_(general%2C_born_1772)) and sister-in-law of [Pauline Bonaparte](/source/Pauline_Bonaparte)) ([Pontoise](/source/Pontoise), 19 June 1782 – Paris, 17 December 1868), whom he married in 1801 and who remained with him until his death. Their marriage was loving and the couple seem to have been faithful to each other despite very long periods of separation. They had eight children, four of whom died in childhood:

- Paul (1802–1803)

- Joséphine (1804–1805)

- Antoinette Joséphine (1805 – 19 August 1821), married in 1820 to Achille, Comte Félix-Vigier (1801–1868)

- Adèle Napoleone (June 1807 – 21 January 1885), married on 14 March 1827 to Étienne, Comte de Cambacérès (1804 – 20 December 1878)

- Napoleon (1809–1810)

- [Napoleon *Louis*, 2nd Duke of Auerstedt, 2nd and last Prince of Eckmühl](/source/Napol%C3%A9on_Louis_Davout_d'Auerstaedt_d'Eckm%C3%BChl) (6 January 1811 – 13 June 1853), who died unmarried and without issue

- Jules (1812–1813)

- [Adelaide-Louise](/source/Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde-Louise_d'Eckm%C3%BChl_de_Blocqueville) (8 July 1815 – 6 October 1892), married on 17 August 1835 to François-Edmond de Couliboeuf, Marquis de Blocqueville (1789–1861)

The title of duke went to the descendants of Louis-Nicolas' brother Charles Isidor (1774–1854) by his marriage in 1824 to Claire de Cheverry (1804–1895). He also had a sister Julie (1771–1846), married in 1801 to [Marc-Antoine Bonnin de La Bonninière, 1st Count de Beaumont (1763–1830)](/source/Marc_Antoine_de_Beaumont), and another brother, Alexandre-Louis-Edme, 1st Baron d'Avout (1773–1820), married in 1808 to Alire Parisot (1786–1856).[32] The youngest daughter, Adelaide-Louise, marquise de Blocqueville, left provision in her will for the name of her father to be given to a lighthouse. In 1897, the [Phare d'Eckmühl](/source/Phare_d'Eckm%C3%BChl) was opened on the headland of Penmarc'h in Brittany.

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-NapoleonicGuide_1-0)** ["Louis Davout"](http://www.napoleonguide.com/marshal_davout.htm). *Napoleonic Guide*. Retrieved 28 July 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** [Chandler, David G.](/source/David_G._Chandler) (1987). *Napoleon's Marshals*. p. 94. MacMillan, New York.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** [Bodart, Gaston](/source/Gaston_Bodart) (1908). [*Militär-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon (1618–1905)*](https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_A0kNAAAAYAAJ/page/790) (in German). C. W. Stern. p. 790. Retrieved 11 September 2023.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-iron_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-iron_4-1) Gallaher, John G. (2000). *The Iron Marshal: A Biography of Louis N. Davout*. London: Greenhill Books. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-85367-396-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85367-396-X).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-six_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-six_5-1) Six, Georges (1934). ["D'Avout ou Davout (Louis-Nicolas duc d'Awerstaedt et prince d'Eckmühl)"](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k33369055/f320.image). *Dictionnaire biographique des généraux et amiraux français de la Révolution et de l'Empire: 1792–1814* (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Librairie Historique et Nobilaire. pp. 296–297.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-chandler_6-0)** Chandler, David G. (1987). *Napoleon's Marshals*. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. pp. 93–117. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-297-79124-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-79124-9).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-eb_7-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-eb_7-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-eb_7-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-eb_7-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-eb_7-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-eb_7-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-eb_7-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-eb_7-7) One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the [public domain](/source/Public_domain): [Chisholm, Hugh](/source/Hugh_Chisholm), ed. (1911). "[Davout, Louis Nicolas](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Davout,_Louis_Nicolas)". *[Encyclopædia Britannica](/source/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition)*. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 870–871. Cites as sources: - The Marquise de Blocqueville (Davout's daughter) (1870–1880, 1887). *Le Maréchal Davout raconté par les siens et lui-même*. Paris.{{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list)) - Chenier (1866). [*Davout, duc d'Auerstaedt*](https://archive.org/details/histoiredelavie00chgoog). Paris.{{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-shosenberg_8-0)** Shosenberg, James W. (October 2009). "Napoleon's Double Knock-out Punch". *Military History*. **23** (7): 22.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** [Helmut Stubbe da Luz, Swantje Naumann: Die französischen Besatzer in Hamburg. Zeugnisse zu den Jahren 1811-1814, p. 227](https://d-nb.info/1136375120/34)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** [Correspondance de Napoleon, Tome XXIV, 18911, p. 28](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k62963499/f9.item.texteImage/f1n668.pdf?download=1)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** 1812: The March on Moscow by Paul Britten Austen

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** See the Vyazma battle article. Zamoyski, p. 385; Riehn, p. 322, describes the beginning of the breakdown in troop discipline in Moscow; on p. 341, how starvation during the retreat accelerated the deterioration in discipline.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Napoléon Et la Grande Armée en Russie, Ou, Examen Critique de L'ouvrage de M. Le Comte Ph. de Ségur by Gaspard Baron Gourgaud (1825), p. 398

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** [Adam Zamoysky (2004) Moscow 1812, p. 422](https://archive.org/details/moscow1812napole00zamo/page/421/mode/1up?q=krasny)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Wilson, p. 274. Other sources state that Davout's baggage was captured earlier that day east of Krasny, or the previous day during the fighting with Eugène near Eskovo. Wilson's narrative seems most credible.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Napoleon in Russia: A Concise History of 1812, pp. 201–203 by Digby Smith, Pen & Sword Military, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-84415-089-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84415-089-5)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Digby, p. 205

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** Helmut Stubbe da Luz: Le maréchal Davout, „le beau siège de Hambourg“ en 1813/14 et „le nom français“. In: Francia 36 (2009), p. 181–207.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Aaslestad, Katherine B.(2016) "Postwar Cities: The Cost of the Wars of 1813–1815 on Society in Hamburg and Leipzig". *War, Demobilization and Memory: The. Legacy of War in the Era of Atlantic Revolutions* (Forrest, A., Hagemann, K. and Rowe, M., ed). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 222–223. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-137-40648-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-40648-4)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Chambers, William. and Chambers, Robert., ed. (1890). "Hamburg". *Chambers's Encyclopædia: A Dictionary of Universal Knowledge, New Edition Vol. 5.* London: William & Robert Chambers. pp. 527.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Knight,_Charles_1858_pp.533_21-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Knight,_Charles_1858_pp.533_21-1) Knight, Charles. Ed (1858) "Davout, Louis Nicholas", *Cyclopædia of Biography Vols. and II*. London: Bradbury And Evans: pp. 533

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Madelin, Louis.(1967). *The Consulate and the Empire: 1809–1815 Vol. 2* (translated from the French by E.F. Buckley). New York: AMS Press. pp. 459.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** Thornton, Michael J. (1968) *Napoleon After Waterloo: England and the St. Helena Decision*. Stanford:Stanford University Press. pp. 6–11

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** Gourgaud, Gaspar (1904). [*Talks of Napoleon at St Helena with General Baron Gourgaud*](https://archive.org/details/talksofnapoleona00gour/page/264/mode/2up). Translated by Latimer, Elizabeth Wormley. Chicago: A. C. McClurg. p. 264.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** Vachée, Jean-Baptiste-Modeste-Eugène (1914) *Napoleon at Work*: London: A. and C. Black. pp. 174

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** ["Google query"](https://www.google.it/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=davout+boulevard+in+paris). *www.google.it*. Retrieved 28 July 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** ["Google query for the square"](https://www.google.it/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=davout+Savigny-sur-Orge). *www.google.it*. Retrieved 28 July 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** [*Annuaire de la pairie et de la noblesse de France et des maisons souveraines de l'Europe et de la diplomatie*](https://books.google.com/books?id=XZhAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA95) (in French). Bureau de la Publ. 1845. p. 95.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** [*Almanach impérial*](https://books.google.com/books?id=GuIaAAAAYAAJ). Testu. 1810.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_30-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_30-1) Gallaher, John G. (1976). *The iron marshal: a biography of Louis N. Davout*. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 124–135. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8093-0691-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-0691-6).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** He was first married, in 1791, to Adelaide Séguenot (c. 1768 – 1795) and later divorced in 1794

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** Valynseele, Joseph (1957). *Les maréchaux du Premier empire : leur famille et leur descendance* (in French).

## Further reading

- Potocka-Wąsowiczowa, Anna z Tyszkiewiczów. *Wspomnienia naocznego świadka.* Warszawa: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1965.

- Gallaher, John G. (2000). *The Iron Marshal. A Biography of Louis N. Davout*. London: The Greenhill Books.

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Louis-Nicolas Davout](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Louis-Nicolas_Davout).

- [*Davout and Napoleon:A Study of Their Personal Relationship* By John Gallaher for the International Napoleonic Society](http://www.napoleonicsociety.com/english/scholarship97/c_davout.html)

- [Souvenir du Maréchal Davout](http://www.Souvenir-Davout.com)

Political offices Preceded by Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke Minister of War 20 March 1815 – 7 July 1815 Succeeded by Laurent, marquis de Gouvion Saint-Cyr French nobility Preceded by New creation Duke of Auerstaedt 1808-1823 Succeeded by Napoleon Louis Davout

v t e Marshals of the First French Empire Augereau Bernadotte Berthier Bessières Brune Davout Gouvion Saint-Cyr Grouchy Jourdan Kellermann Lannes Lefebvre MacDonald Marmont Masséna Moncey Mortier Murat Ney Oudinot Pérignon Poniatowski Sérurier Soult Suchet Victor

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v t e Commanders in chief of Army of Duchy of Warsaw Louis-Nicolas Davout Józef Poniatowski Antoni Paweł Sułkowski Michał Sokolnicki Jan Henryk Dąbrowski Wincenty Krasiński

v t e French Revolution Causes Timeline Ancien régime Revolution Constitutional monarchy Republic Directory Consulate Glossary Journals Museum Significant civil and political events by year 1788 Day of the Tiles (7 Jun 1788) Assembly of Vizille (21 Jul 1788) 1789 What Is the Third Estate? (Jan 1789) Réveillon riots (28 Apr 1789) Convocation of the Estates General (5 May 1789) Death of the Dauphin (4 June 1789) National Assembly (17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790) Tennis Court Oath (20 Jun 1789) National Constituent Assembly (9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791) Storming of the Bastille (14 Jul 1789) Great Fear (20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789) Abolition of Feudalism (4–11 Aug 1789) Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (26 Aug 1789) Women's March on Versailles (5 Oct 1789) Nationalization of the Church properties (2 Nov 1789) 1790 Abolition of the Parlements (Feb–Jul 1790) Avignon–Comtat Venaissin War (Jun 1790 – 1791) Abolition of the Nobility (23 Jun 1790) Civil Constitution of the Clergy (12 Jul 1790) Fête de la Fédération (14 Jul 1790) 1791 Flight to Varennes (20–21 Jun 1791) Champ de Mars massacre (17 Jul 1791) Declaration of Pillnitz (27 Aug 1791) The Constitution of 1791 (3 Sep 1791) National Legislative Assembly (1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792) 1792 France declares war (20 Apr 1792) Brunswick Manifesto (25 Jul 1792) Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary (Jun 1792) 10th of August (10 Aug 1792) September Massacres (Sep 1792) National Convention (20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795) First republic declared (22 Sep 1792) 1793 Execution of Louis XVI (21 Jan 1793) Revolutionary Tribunal (9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795) Reign of Terror (27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794) Committee of Public Safety Committee of General Security Fall of the Girondists (2 Jun 1793) Assassination of Marat (13 Jul 1793) Levée en masse (23 Aug 1793) The Death of Marat (painting) Law of Suspects (17 Sep 1793) Marie Antoinette is guillotined (16 Oct 1793) Anti-clerical laws (throughout the year) 1794 Danton and Desmoulins guillotined (5 Apr 1794) Law of 22 Prairial (10 Jun 1794) Thermidorian Reaction (27 Jul 1794) Robespierre guillotined (28 Jul 1794) White Terror (Fall 1794) Closing of the Jacobin Club (11 Nov 1794) 1795–6 Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III (1 Apr 1795) Constitution of the Year III (22 Aug 1795) Directoire 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Alexandre de Beauharnais Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte Louis-Alexandre Berthier Jean-Baptiste Bessières Napoléon Bonaparte Guillaume Brune Jean François Carteaux Jean-Étienne Championnet Chapuis de Tourville Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine Louis-Nicolas Davout Louis Desaix Jacques François Dugommier Thomas-Alexandre Dumas Charles François Dumouriez Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino Louis-Charles de Flers Paul Grenier Emmanuel de Grouchy Jacques Maurice Hatry Lazare Hoche Jean-Baptiste Jourdan François Christophe de Kellermann Jean-Baptiste Kléber Pierre Choderlos de Laclos Jean Lannes Charles Leclerc Claude Lecourbe François Joseph Lefebvre Étienne Macdonald Jean-Antoine Marbot Marcellin Marbot François Séverin Marceau Auguste de Marmont André Masséna Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey Jean Victor Marie Moreau Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise Joachim Murat Michel Ney Pierre-Jacques Osten Nicolas Oudinot Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon Jean-Charles Pichegru Józef Poniatowski Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier Joseph Souham Jean-de-Dieu Soult Louis-Gabriel Suchet Belgrand de Vaubois Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno French Navy Charles-Alexandre Linois Opposition Austria József Alvinczi Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen Count of Clerfayt (Walloon) Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg Heinrich XV, Prince Reuss of Greiz Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze (Swiss) Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth Pál Kray (Hungarian) Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc (French) Maximilian Baillet de Latour (Walloon) Karl Mack von Leiberich Rudolf Ritter von Otto (Saxon) Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló (Hungarian) Karl Philipp Sebottendorf Dagobert von Wurmser Britain Ralph Abercromby James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany Netherlands William V, Prince of Orange Prussia Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen Russia Alexander Korsakov Alexander Suvorov Andrei Rosenberg Spain Luis Fermin de Carvajal Antonio Ricardos Other significant figures and factions Patriotic Society of 1789 Jean Sylvain Bailly Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt Isaac René Guy le Chapelier Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord Nicolas de Condorcet Feuillants and monarchiens Grace Elliott Arnaud de La Porte Jean-Sifrein Maury François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas Antoine Barnave Lafayette Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth Charles Malo François Lameth André Chénier Jean-François Rewbell Camille Jordan Madame de Staël Boissy d'Anglas Jean-Charles Pichegru Pierre Paul Royer-Collard Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Girondins Jacques Pierre Brissot Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière Madame Roland Father Henri Grégoire Étienne Clavière Marquis de Condorcet Charlotte Corday Marie Jean Hérault Jean Baptiste Treilhard Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve Jean Debry Olympe de Gouges Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux The Plain Abbé Sieyès de Cambacérès Charles-François Lebrun Pierre-Joseph Cambon Bertrand Barère Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot Philippe Égalité Louis Philippe I Mirabeau Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville Jean Joseph Mounier Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours Nicolas François de Neufchâteau Montagnards Maximilien Robespierre Georges Danton Jean-Paul Marat Camille Desmoulins Louis Antoine de Saint-Just Paul Barras Louis Philippe I Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau Jacques-Louis David Marquis de Sade Georges Couthon Roger Ducos Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois Jean-Henri Voulland Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier Jean-Pierre-André Amar Prieur de la Côte-d'Or Gilbert Romme Jeanbon Saint-André Jean-Lambert Tallien Pierre Louis Prieur Antoine Christophe Saliceti Hébertists and Enragés Jacques Hébert Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne Pierre Gaspard Chaumette Charles-Philippe Ronsin Antoine-François Momoro François-Nicolas Vincent François Chabot Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel François Hanriot Jacques Roux Stanislas-Marie Maillard Charles-Philippe Ronsin Jean-François Varlet Theophile Leclerc Claire Lacombe Pauline Léon Gracchus Babeuf Sylvain Maréchal Others Figures Charles X Louis XVI Louis XVII Louis XVIII Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien Louis Henri, Prince of Condé Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé Marie Antoinette Napoléon Bonaparte Lucien Bonaparte Joseph Bonaparte Joseph Fesch Joséphine de Beauharnais Joachim Murat Jean Sylvain Bailly Jacques-Donatien Le Ray Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes Talleyrand Thérésa Tallien Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target Catherine Théot Madame de Lamballe Madame du Barry Louis de Breteuil de Chateaubriand Jean Chouan Loménie de Brienne Charles Alexandre de Calonne Jacques Necker Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil List of people associated with the French Revolution Factions Jacobins Cordeliers Panthéon Club Social Club Influential thinkers Les Lumières Influence of the American Revolution on the French Revolution Beaumarchais Edmund Burke Anacharsis Cloots Charles-Augustin de Coulomb Pierre Daunou Diderot Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson Antoine Lavoisier Montesquieu Thomas Paine Jean-Jacques Rousseau Abbé Sieyès Voltaire Mary Wollstonecraft Cultural impact La Marseillaise Cockade of France Flag of France Liberté, égalité, fraternité Marianne Muscadin Bastille Day Panthéon French Republican calendar Metric system Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen Cult of the Supreme Being Cult of Reason Temple of Reason Napoleonic Code Sans-culottes Phrygian cap Tree of Liberty Women in the French Revolution Incroyables and merveilleuses Symbolism in the French Revolution Historiography of the French Revolution Influence of the French Revolution Films

v t e French government of the Hundred Days (20 March 1815 to 22 June 1815) Head of state: Napoleon Foreign Affairs Armand Augustin Louis de Caulaincourt Napoleon Finance Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin Treasury Nicolas François, Count Mollien Interior Lazare Carnot Police Joseph Fouché Justice Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès Navy and Colonies Denis Decrès War Louis-Nicolas Davout Secretary of State Hugues-Bernard Maret, duc de Bassano Preceded by Government of the first Bourbon restoration • Followed by French Provisional Government of 1815

v t e French Provisional Government of 1815 (22 June 1815 to 7 July 1815) Members Joseph Fouché (President) Lazare Carnot Paul Grenier Armand Augustin Louis de Caulaincourt Nicolas Marie Quinette Joseph Fouché Foreign Affairs Louis Pierre Édouard, Baron Bignon Interior Claude-Marie Carnot Police Joseph Pelet de la Lozère Justice Antoine Boulay de la Meurthe Finance Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin Treasury Nicolas François, Count Mollien Navy and Colonies Denis Decrès War Louis-Nicolas Davout Preceded by French government of the Hundred Days • Followed by Ministry of Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Louis-Nicolas Davout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.