# Longwu Emperor

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Emperor of Southern Ming from 1645 to 1646

Not to be confused with [Zhu Youjian](/source/Zhu_Youjian).

In this [Chinese name](/source/Chinese_name), the [family name](/source/Chinese_surname) is *[Zhu](/source/Zhu_(surname))*.

Longwu Emperor 隆武帝 Qing Dynasty portrait of the Longwu Emperor Emperor of the Southern Ming dynasty Reign 18 August 1645 – 6 October 1646 Predecessor Hongguang Emperor Successor Shaowu Emperor Prince of Tang Reign 18 July 1632 – 17 December 1632 Predecessor Zhu Shuohuang, Prince Duan Successor Zhu Yuse, Prince Min Reign 31 July 1645 – 18 August 1645 Predecessor Zhu Yuse, Prince Min Successor Zhu Yuyue Prince of Nanyang Reign 1644 – 31 July 1645 Born 25 May 1602 Died 6 October 1646(1646-10-06) (aged 44) Burial Luohanling (羅漢嶺), Tingzhou Spouse Empress Xiaoyixiang Issue Zhu Linyuan, Crown Prince Zhuangjing House Zhu Dynasty Southern Ming Father Zhu Qisheng Mother Lady Mao Chinese name Chinese 隆武帝 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Lóngwǔ Dì

**Zhu Yujian** (1602 – 6 October 1646), nickname **Changshou**,[f] originally the **Prince of Tang**, later reigned as the **Longwu Emperor** of the [Southern Ming dynasty](/source/Southern_Ming) from 18 August 1645, when he was enthroned in [Fuzhou](/source/Fuzhou), to 6 October 1646, when he was captured and executed by a contingent of the [Qing](/source/Qing_dynasty) army.[1] He was an eighth generation descendant of Zhu Jing, Prince Ding of Tang, who was the 23rd son of Ming founder [Zhu Yuanzhang](/source/Hongwu_Emperor) (Hongwu Emperor).[2]

## Early life

Before ascending to the throne, he followed his father as the Prince of Tang, their [fief](/source/Fief) being situated in [Nanyang](/source/Nanyang%2C_Henan) prefecture, in [Henan](/source/Henan) province. In 1636, he was stripped of his title by the [Chongzhen Emperor](/source/Chongzhen_Emperor) and put under house arrest in [Fengyang](/source/Fengyang). His former title was transferred to his younger brother [Zhu Yumo](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhu_Yumo&action=edit&redlink=1) (朱聿鏌). In 1641, Zhu Yumo committed suicide when [Li Zicheng](/source/Li_Zicheng) invaded Nanyang. After the death of the Chongzhen Emperor 1644, his successor on the Ming throne, the [Hongguang Emperor](/source/Prince_of_Fu), released the Prince of Tang from his arrest.

## Reign

When [Qing](/source/Qing_Dynasty) forces captured [Nanjing](/source/Nanjing) in June 1645, he fled to [Hangzhou](/source/Hangzhou). However, when [Hangzhou](/source/Hangzhou) fell to the Qing on 6 July 1645, the Prince of Tang managed to escape by land to the southeastern province of Fujian.[3]

In August of the same year, at the behest of several high officials, he ascended to the Ming throne in [Fuzhou](/source/Fuzhou), taking the [reign title](/source/Era_name) "Longwu" (隆武; pinyin: Lóngwǔ). His [era name](/source/Era_name) means "plentiful and martial". After a promising start, [Fujian](/source/Fujian)'s geographical position on the margin of the empire, cut off from the heartland by several mountain ranges, as well as his lack of effective troops and the failure on part of the officialdom to find a united stance doomed the Longwu government. When Qing forces invaded Fujian in the late summer of 1646, [Zheng Zhilong](/source/Zheng_Zhilong), the emperor's strongest ally, surrendered while his son Zheng Chenggong (the famous [Koxinga](/source/Koxinga)) retreated to the sea.

The Prince of Tang was left with a dwindling court. On 6 October 1646, he was captured and immediately executed.

## Personality

Against the Ming policy of keeping imperial princes out of politics, the Prince of Tang early on showed interest in the government of the empire and strove for a larger role of the princes in it. His initiatives had brought him under house arrest during the reign of the [Chongzhen Emperor](/source/Chongzhen_Emperor), but his knowledge of history and of Ming institutions, paired with a diligent personality, made him take his imperial role seriously.[4]

Zhu Yujian is said to have had a very close relationship with his wife, who had shared his hardship when he was incarcerated.[4] Contrary to Chinese custom, he steadfastly declined to take any [concubines](/source/Concubine).

## Consorts and issue

- [Empress Xiaoyixiang](/source/Empress_Zeng_(Longwu)), of the Zeng clan (孝毅襄皇后 曾氏; d. 1646) - Zhu Linyuan, Crown Prince Zhuangjing (莊敬太子 朱琳源; 1646－1646), first son

- Concubine, of the Shen clan (沈嫔)

- Concubine, of the Chen clan (陳嬪)

## Ancestry

Patrilineal descent Zhu Yujian was the senior-most male-line descendants of Zhu Jing, Prince Ding of Tang, the 23rd son of Zhu Yuanzhang, after his father's death. Therefore, he was an eighth cousin of the Wanli Emperor. This chart only showed the latest actual title of the person(s). Zhu Yuanzhang, the Hongwu Emperor, 1328–1398 Zhu Jing, Prince Ding of Tang, 1386–1415 (23rd son) Zhu Qiongda, Prince Xian of Tang, 1412–1475 (4th son & 2nd son as son by primary consort) Zhu Zhizhi, Prince Zhuang of Tang, 1432–1485 (2nd son) Zhu Miqian, Comm. Prince Gongjing of Wencheng, d.1516 (3rd son) Zhu Yuwen, Prince Jing of Tang, 1490–1560 Zhu Zhouyong, Prince Shun of Tang, 1538–1564 Zhu Shuohuang, Prince Duan of Tang, d.1630 Zhu Qisheng, the Hereditary Prince of Tang, d.1629 (1st son) Zhu Yujian, the Longwu Emperor, 1602–1646 (1st son)

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** [simplified Chinese](/source/Simplified_Chinese_characters): 朱聿键; [traditional Chinese](/source/Traditional_Chinese_characters): 朱聿鍵; [pinyin](/source/Pinyin): *Zhū Yùjiàn*

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** [Chinese](/source/Chinese_language): 思文皇帝 (conferred by the [Yongli Emperor](/source/Zhu_Youlang))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** [simplified Chinese](/source/Simplified_Chinese_characters): 配天至道弘毅肃穆思文烈武敏仁广孝襄皇帝; [traditional Chinese](/source/Traditional_Chinese_characters): 配天至道弘毅肅穆思文烈武敏仁廣孝襄皇帝 (conferred by the Yongli Emperor)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** [simplified Chinese](/source/Simplified_Chinese_characters): 绍宗; [traditional Chinese](/source/Traditional_Chinese_characters): 紹宗; [pinyin](/source/Pinyin): *Shàozōng* (conferred by the Yongli Emperor)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** [Chinese](/source/Chinese_language): 隆武; [pinyin](/source/Pinyin): *Lóngwǔ*

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** [simplified Chinese](/source/Simplified_Chinese_characters): 长寿; [traditional Chinese](/source/Traditional_Chinese_characters): 長壽; [pinyin](/source/Pinyin): *Chángshòu*

## References

### Citations

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** [Struve 1988](#CITEREFStruve1988), pp. 665 (date of enthronement) and 676 (date of capture and execution).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** [Struve 1988](#CITEREFStruve1988), p. 665, note 24.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStruve1988660–665_9-0)** [Struve 1988](#CITEREFStruve1988), pp. 660–665.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Struve_669_10-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Struve_669_10-1) [Struve 1988](#CITEREFStruve1988), p. 669.

### Bibliography

- Struve, Lynn A. (1988). "The Southern Ming, 1644–1662". In Frederick W. Mote and Denis Twitchett (ed.). *The Cambridge History of China*, Volume 7,*The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part I*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

- [Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.](/source/Arthur_W._Hummel_Sr.), ed. (1943). ["Chu Yü-chien"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Eminent_Chinese_of_the_Ch%27ing_Period/Chu_Y%C3%BC-chien). *[Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period](/source/Eminent_Chinese_of_the_Ch'ing_Period)*. [United States Government Printing Office](/source/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office).

Longwu Emperor House of Zhu Prince of Tang's line (line of one of the Hongwu Emperor's son) Born: 1602 Died: 1646 Chinese royalty Preceded by Zhu Shuohuang, Prince Duan Prince of Tang (First time) 1632–1636 Succeeded by Zhu Yuse, Prince Min New title Prince of Nanyang 1644–1645 Princedom later repealed, for regency of the Ming dynasty Preceded by Zhu Yuse, Prince Min Prince of Tang (Second time) 1645 Succeeded by Zhu Yuyue Regnal titles Preceded by Zhu Changfang, Prince Min of Lu Regent of the Southern Ming 1645 Succeeded by Zhu Yihai, Prince of Lu Zhu Changqing, Prince of Huai Zhu Youlang, Prince of Gui Preceded by Hongguang Emperor Emperor of the Southern Ming 1645–1646 Succeeded by Shaowu Emperor

v t e Emperors of the Ming dynasty Ming Hongwu Jianwen Yongle Hongxi Xuande Yingzong Jingtai Yingzong (second reign) Chenghua Hongzhi Zhengde Jiajing Longqing Wanli Taichang Tianqi Chongzhen Southern Ming Hongguang Prince of Lu (regent) Longwu Prince of Lu (regent) Shaowu Yongli Xia → Shang → Zhou → Qin → Han → Three Kingdoms → Jìn / Sixteen Kingdoms → Southern Dynasties / Northern Dynasties → Sui → Tang → Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms → Liao / Song / Western Xia / Jīn → Yuan → Ming → Qing → Republic of China / People's Republic of China

Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF FAST WorldCat National United States Netherlands Other SNAC Yale LUX

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