# Longrakered trevally

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Species of fish

Longrakered trevally Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1] Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Carangiformes Suborder: Carangoidei Family: Carangidae Genus: Atropus Species: A. mentalis Binomial name Atropus mentalis (G. Cuvier, 1833) Approximate range of the longrakered trevally Synonyms[2] Caranx mentalis Cuvier, 1833 Leioglossus carangoides Bleeker, 1851 Caranx lioglossus Günther, 1860 Caranx mandibularis Macleay, 1882 Ulua mandibularis (Macleay, 1882) Ulua mentalis Cuvier, 1833 Ulua richardsoni Jordan & Snyder, 1908

The **longrakered trevally** (***Atropus mentalis***), also known as the **cale cale trevally** and **heavyjawed kingfish**, is a [species](/source/Species) of [marine](/source/Marine_biology) fish in the jack and horse mackerel [family](/source/Family_(taxonomy)) [Carangidae](/source/Carangidae). The longrakered trevally is distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical waters of the [Indian](/source/Indian_Ocean) and west Pacific Oceans, from Mozambique and Madagascar in the west, to Japan and northern Australia in the east. A large species growing to a recorded length of 1 m, the longrakered trevally is distinguished by is protruding lower [jaw](/source/Jaw), elongated [gill rakers](/source/Gill_raker) and lack of [villiform](/source/Ichthyology_terms#V) teeth on its tongue. It is an inshore species, restricted to [coastal](/source/Coastal) and [estuarine](/source/Estuarine) regions, where it preys on fishes and [crustaceans](/source/Crustacean). Little is known of the species [reproductive cycle](/source/Reproductive_cycle) or growth. The longrakered trevally is of minor importance to [fisheries](/source/Fisheries) and is often taken as bycatch in [finfish](/source/Finfish) and [prawn](/source/Prawn) [trawls](/source/Trawl), as well as by [recreational fishermen](/source/Angling).

## Taxonomy and naming

The longrakered trevally is one of five [species](/source/Species) in the genus *[Atropus](/source/Atropus)*, one of around thirty genera in the jack and horse mackerel family [Carangidae](/source/Carangidae), which in turn is part of the [order](/source/Order_(biology)) [Carangiformes](/source/Carangiformes).[3]

The longrakered trevally was first [scientifically described](/source/Scientific_classification) by the famed French [naturalist](/source/Naturalist) [Georges Cuvier](/source/Georges_Cuvier) in his 1833 volume *[Histoire Naturelle des Poissons](/source/Histoire_Naturelle_des_Poissons)*. Cuvier based his description off the designated [holotype](/source/Holotype) specimen collected from the [Red Sea](/source/Red_Sea) near the port city of [Massawa](/source/Massawa) in Eritrea. Cuvier named the species *Caranx mentalis*, with the [specific epithet](/source/Specific_epithet_(zoology)) derived from the Latin word for "chin".[4] In 1908 the American [ichthyologists](/source/Ichthyologist) [David Starr Jordan](/source/David_Starr_Jordan) and [John Snyder](/source/John_Otterbein_Snyder) described *Ulua richardsoni* and in the process erected a new [genus](/source/Genus) for the [species](/source/Species).[5] Subsequent review has shown the designation of a new genus to be correct, however *U. richardsoni* was found to be [synonymous](/source/Junior_synonym) with *A. mentalis*. [ICZN](/source/International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature) rules state that the first description takes priority, thus the combination of *Ulua mentalis* was accepted.[2] Finally, the species was placed into *[Atropus](/source/Atropus)* in 2022.[6] Between 1833 and 1908, three other redescriptions were published, with [William Macleay](/source/William_John_Macleay)'s *Caranx mandibularis* entering common usage before priority was established.[7][8]

The species is [commonly](/source/Common_name) referred to as the 'longrakered trevally' or 'heavyjawed kingfish' in reference to the protruding lower jaw, with the name 'cale cale trevally' also used, predominantly in Australia.[9]

## Description

The protruding lower jaw is characteristic of the longrakered trevally

The longrakered trevally is a large fish, reported to reach 1m in length, however is commonly seen at lengths below 60 cm.[9] The longrakered trevally has a body shape typical of many trevallies in the genera *Carangoides* and *Caranx*, having a compressed [oblong](/source/Oval) body, with the convexity of the forehead increasing with age. The lower [jaw](/source/Jaw) protrudes beyond the upper jaw, giving a pronounced '[chin](/source/Chin)', which becomes stronger as the fish grows, and is diagnostic of the species.[10] The jaws of the species contain narrow bands of [villiform](/source/Ichthyology_terms#V) teeth, with no teeth present on the tongue, a feature which distinguishes it from the [silvermouth trevally](/source/Ulua_aurochs). The [gill rakers](/source/Gill_raker) of the longrakered trevally are also distinctive, being elongated and feather like, extending into the mouth to the [tongue](/source/Tongue).[11] There are 74–86 gill rakers in total. The [dorsal fin](/source/Dorsal_fin) is in two parts; the first having 7–8 [spines](/source/Fin_spine) and the second 1 spine and 20 to 22 [soft rays](/source/Soft_ray). The [anal fin](/source/Anal_fin) has 2 detached spines followed by 17 to 18 soft rays.[10] Both the soft dorsal and anal fins are elongated, sometimes to filaments in juveniles, with the dorsal fin being longest and occasionally extending to the [caudal fin](/source/Caudal_fin). The [pectoral fins](/source/Pectoral_fin) are falcate and extend beyond the intersection of the curved and straight part of the [lateral line](/source/Lateral_line).[12] The lateral line has a moderate anterior arch, with the straight section containing 0–5 [scales](/source/Scale_(zoology)) followed by 26–38 [scutes](/source/Scute). The breast area is devoid of scales from the [operculum](/source/Operculum_(fish)) to behind the [pelvic fins](/source/Pelvic_fin) and extends up to the base of the pectoral fins. There are 24 [vertebrae](/source/Vertebrae) in total.[10][11]

The longrakered trevally is a blue green to olive green above fading to a silvery white below. A dark diffuse blotch is present on the upper operculum in large individuals, but is faint or absent in smaller fish. The [cheeks](/source/Cheek), lower jaw, inside of the mouth and tongue are all silver in smaller specimens. The spinous dorsal fin is dusky to black, while the soft dorsal and anal fins are dusky to pale green. In larger individuals the lobes of both these fins are dark, however in small specimens the filamentous of the dorsal fin rays are black while the anal fin rays white. The caudal fin is dusky. Juveniles may have 7–8 dark vertical crossbands across their body.[12]

## Distribution and habitat

The longrakered trevally is distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical waters of the [Indian](/source/Indian_Ocean) and West Pacific Oceans. In the Indian Ocean the species ranges from as far south as Mozambique and Madagascar, north to the [Red Sea](/source/Red_Sea) and [Persian Gulf](/source/Persian_Gulf) and east to India, [South East Asia](/source/South_East_Asia) and Indonesia. The species has also been recorded from offshore islands including the Seychelles and Maldives. The species has a restricted range in the west Pacific; in the south it is known from [Queensland, Australia](/source/Queensland%2C_Australia), and recently [when?] has been recorded from Japan in the north.[13] The first recorded occurrence of the longrakered trevally in Japan during 2007 was of juveniles, with authors concluding schools had been carried on the [Kuroshio Current](/source/Kuroshio_Current) from China or Taiwan, and the species did not breed in Japan.[13]

The longrakered trevally inhabits shallow [coastal](/source/Coastal) waters,[10] and is known to enter [estuarine](/source/Estuarine) waters as juvenile.[14] In the Persian Gulf, studies found the species to predominately inhabit waters of 30–50 m (100–160 ft) depth.[15]

## Biology and fishery

Longrakered trevally are occasionally caught by anglers

The ecology and [breeding biology](/source/Reproduction) of the longrakered trevally is poorly understood, with only a few studies recording aspects of its feeding. In Mozambique the species was recorded as feeding on [crustaceans](/source/Crustacean), while adults also took small fishes as prey.[16] In the Solomon Islands the species is known to predominantly take fish as prey in lagoons, however at times drops fish from its diet.[17] The fine gill rakers on the longrakered trevally have also led to some authors suggesting the possibility of [filter feeding](/source/Filter_feeding) on [plankton](/source/Plankton).[18]

The longrakered trevally is of minor importance to [fisheries](/source/Fisheries), with catch statistics not kept by the [FAO](/source/FAO). Throughout its range it is taken with [gill nets](/source/Gill_net), [trawls](/source/Trawl) traps, handlines, and other types of artisanal gear.[10] For the most part it is taken as [bycatch](/source/Bycatch), and has been recorded in Indian finfish catches[19] as well as Australian and Persian Gulf [shrimp](/source/Shrimp) and [prawn](/source/Prawn) trawl fisheries.[20][21] The abundance of the longrakered trevally in Persian Gulf shrimp catches led to a study of its abundance in the [Bandar Charak](/source/Bandar_Charak) area of Iran, where in this region alone a [biomass](/source/Biomass) of 652 [tonnes](/source/Tonnes) was estimated.[15] The longrakered trevally is occasionally taken by [recreational fishermen](/source/Angling) by lure or bait methods, however not a common catch.[22] Remains of the species have been found in [archeological sites](/source/Archeological_site) in the [UAE](/source/UAE), suggesting the longrakered trevally has been exploited throughout [prehistory](/source/Prehistory) in this region.[23]

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-iucn_1-0)** Smith-Vaniz, W.F. & Williams, I. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. ["*Ulua mentalis*"](https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/46081422/115391667). *[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species](/source/IUCN_Red_List)*. **2016** e.T46081422A115391667. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T46081422A46664514.en](https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T46081422A46664514.en).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-CofF_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-CofF_2-1) Fricke, Ron; [Eschmeyer, William N.](/source/William_N._Eschmeyer) & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). ["Species in the genus *Atropus*"](http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatget.asp?tbl=species&genus=Atropus). *[Catalog of Fishes](/source/Catalog_of_Fishes)*. [California Academy of Sciences](/source/California_Academy_of_Sciences). Retrieved 4 December 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Nelson5_3-0)** Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016). [*Fishes of the World*](https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E-MLDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1) (5th ed.). Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 380–387. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1002/9781119174844](https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781119174844). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-118-34233-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-34233-6).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Cuvier1833_4-0)** Cuvier, G.; A. Valenciennes (1833). *Histoire naturelle des poissons Vol. 9*. Strasbourg: Pitois-Levrault. p. 512.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Jordan1908_5-0)** Jordan, D.S.; Snyder, J. (1908). ["Descriptions of three new species of carangoid fishes from Formosa"](https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fp.48327). *Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum*. **4** (2): 37–40. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.5962/p.48327](https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fp.48327).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Kimura, S.; Takeuchi, S.; Yadome, T. (2022). "Generic revision of the species formerly belonging to the genus *Carangoides* and its related genera (Carangiformes: Carangidae)". *Ichthyological Research*. **69** (4): 433–487. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/s10228-021-00850-1](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10228-021-00850-1).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Nichols1920_7-0)** Nichols, J.T. (1920). "On the genus *Citula*". *Copeia*. **79** (79): 11–14. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/1435668](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1435668). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [1435668](https://www.jstor.org/stable/1435668).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Luther, G. (1968). ["*Ulua mandibularis* (Macleay) (Carangidae, Pisces), a new record from the Indian seas"](http://epubs.icar.org.in/ejournal/index.php/IJF/article/view/13287/6678). *Indian Journal of Fisheries*. **15** (1 & 2): 181–197. Retrieved 18 October 2012.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-fishbase_9-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-fishbase_9-1) [Froese, Rainer](/source/Rainer_Froese); [Pauly, Daniel](/source/Daniel_Pauly) (eds.). ["*Atropus mentalis*"](https://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Atropus&speciesname=mentalis). *[FishBase](/source/FishBase)*. October 2012 version.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FAO_CP_10-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FAO_CP_10-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FAO_CP_10-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FAO_CP_10-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FAO_CP_10-4) Smith-Vaniz, W. (1999). ["Carangidae"](ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/y4160e/y4160e00.pdf) (PDF). In Carpenter, K.E.; Niem, V.H. (eds.). *The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific Vol 4. Bony fishes part 2 (Mugilidae to Carangidae)*. FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. Rome: FAO. pp. 2659–2757. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [92-5-104301-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-5-104301-9).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Lin1999_11-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Lin1999_11-1) Lin, Pai-Lei; Shao, Kwang-Tsao (1999). ["A Review of the Carangid Fishes (Family Carangidae) From Taiwan with Descriptions of Four New Records"](http://www.sinica.edu.tw/zool/zoolstud/38.1/33-68.pdf) (PDF). *Zoological Studies*. **38** (1): 33–68. Retrieved 16 January 2011.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Gunn_12-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Gunn_12-1) Gunn, John S. (1990). ["A revision of selected genera of the family Carangidae (Pisces) from Australian waters"](https://doi.org/10.3853%2Fj.0812-7387.12.1990.92). *Records of the Australian Museum Supplement*. **12**: 1–78. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3853/j.0812-7387.12.1990.92](https://doi.org/10.3853%2Fj.0812-7387.12.1990.92).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Motomura2007_13-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Motomura2007_13-1) Motomura, H.; S. Kimura; Y. Haraguchi (2007). ["Two Carangid Fishes (Actinopterygii: Perciformes), *Caranx heberi* and *Ulua mentalis*, from Kagoshima – the First Records from Japan and Northernmost Records for the Species"](http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110008512905). *Species Diversity*. **12** (4): 223–235. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.12782/specdiv.12.223](https://doi.org/10.12782%2Fspecdiv.12.223). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[10232/21744](https://hdl.handle.net/10232%2F21744). Retrieved 18 October 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Suyatna, I.; A.A. Bratawinata; A.S. Sidik; A. Ruchaemi (2010). ["Demersal fishes and their distribution in estuarine waters of Mahakam Delta, East Kalimantan"](https://doi.org/10.13057%2Fbiodiv%2Fd110407). *Biodiversitas*. **11** (4): 204–210. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.13057/biodiv/d110407](https://doi.org/10.13057%2Fbiodiv%2Fd110407).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Nourouzi2007_15-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Nourouzi2007_15-1) Nourouzi, H.; Valinasb, T. (2007). ["Distribution pattern of *Nemipterus japonicus*, *Carangoides malabaricus* and *Ulua mentalis* in the Persian Gulf (Hormozgan province waters)"](http://www.sid.ir/fa/VEWSSID/J_pdf/560138676D16.pdf) (PDF). *Pajouhesh & Sazandegi*. **76** (3): 118–125. Retrieved 18 October 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Fischer, W.; I. Sousa; C. Silva; A. de Freitas; J.M. Poutiers; W. Schneider; T.C. Borges; J.P. Feral; A. Massinga (1990). *Fichas FAO de identificaçao de espécies para actividades de pesca. Guia de campo das espécies comerciais marinhas e de águas salobras de Moçambique*. Roma: FAO. p. 424.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Blaber1990_17-0)** Blaber, S.J.M.; D.A. Milton; N.J.F. Rawlinson (1990). "Diets of Lagoon Fishes of the Solomon Islands: Predators of Tuna Baitfish and Trophic Effects of Baitfishing on the Subsistence Fishery". *Fisheries Research*. **8** (3): 263–286. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1990FishR...8..263B](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990FishR...8..263B). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/0165-7836(90)90027-S](https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0165-7836%2890%2990027-S).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Oman_18-0)** Randall, John E. (1995). *Coastal Fishes of Oman*. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 183. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-8248-1808-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-1808-3).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Naomi2011_19-0)** Naomi, T.S.; R.M. George; Seeram, M.P.; Sanil, N.K.; Balachandran, K.; Thomas, V.J.; Geetha, P.M. (2011). ["Finfish diversity in the trawl fisheries of southern Kerala"](http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/8860/1/11-21.pdf) (PDF). *Marine Fisheries Information Service*. **207**: 11–21. Retrieved 18 October 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Stobutzki2001_20-0)** Stobutzki, I.; M. Miller; D. Brewer (2001). "Sustainability of fishery bycatch: a process for assessing highly diverse and numerous bycatch". *Environmental Conservation*. **28** (2): 167–181. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2001EnvCo..28..167S](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001EnvCo..28..167S). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1017/S0376892901000170](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0376892901000170).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Paighambari, S.Y.; Yousef, S.; Daliri, M. (2012). "The By-catch Composition of Shrimp Trawl Fisheries in Bushehr Coastal Waters, the Northern Persian Gulf". *Journal of the Persian Gulf (Marine Science)*. **3** (7): 27–36.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Brown, G. (2010). *How to Catch Australia's Favourite Saltwater Fish*. Croydon, Victoria: AFN. p. 144. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-86513-179-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86513-179-5).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** Beech, M. (2003). "The Development of Fishing in the UAE: a Zooarcheological Perspective". In Potts, DT; Naboodah, H.A.; Hellyer, P (eds.). *Archaeology of the United Arab Emirates*. Trident Press. p. 336.

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Atropus mentalis](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Atropus_mentalis).

[Wikispecies](/source/Wikispecies) has information related to ***[Ulua mentalis](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ulua)***.

- ["Longraker Trevally (*Ulua mentalis*)"](http://australianmuseum.net.au/Longraker-Trevally-Ulua-mentalis). *australianmuseum.net.au*. Australian Museum Online.

- ["Longrakered trevally"](http://www.eol.org/pages/1012124). *The [Encyclopedia of Life](/source/Encyclopedia_of_Life)*.

Taxon identifiers Ulua mentalis Wikidata: Q3268517 AFD: Ulua_mentalis CoL: 7DGMR FishBase: 1930 GBIF: 2391203 iNaturalist: 525645 IRMNG: 10879359 ITIS: 168788 IUCN: 46081422 NCBI: 1867919 OBIS: 218447 Open Tree of Life: 3638778 TaiCOL: t0028432 WoRMS: 218447

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