# Longnose trevally

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Species of fish

Longnose trevally Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1] Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Carangiformes Suborder: Carangoidei Family: Carangidae Genus: Carangoides Species: C. chrysophrys Binomial name Carangoides chrysophrys (G. Cuvier, 1833) Approximate range of the longnose trevally Synonyms Caranx chrysophrys Cuvier, 1833 Citula chrysophrys (Cuvier, 1833) Carangoides chrysophryoides Bleeker, 1851 Caranx nigrescens Day, 1868 Caranx jayakari Boulenger, 1888 Caranx typus Gilchrist & Thompson, 1917

The **longnose trevally** (*Carangoides chrysophrys*), also known as the **tea-leaf trevally**, **club-nosed trevally**, **grunting trevally** or **dusky trevally**, is a [species](/source/Species) of inshore [marine](/source/Marine_(ocean)) [fish](/source/Fish) in the jack [family](/source/Family_(taxonomy)), [Carangidae](/source/Carangidae). The species is distributed throughout the [tropical](/source/Tropical) and subtropical waters of the [Indian](/source/Indian_Ocean) and west [Pacific Oceans](/source/Pacific_Ocean) from [South Africa](/source/South_Africa) to [New Zealand](/source/New_Zealand) and [Japan](/source/Japan), inhabiting coastal waters, especially [reefs](/source/Reef), to a depth of 90 m. The longnose trevally is distinguished from similar species by a combination of a scaleless breast and the number of [gill rakers](/source/Gill_raker) and fin rays. It is a moderately large fish, growing to a maximum known length of 72 cm and 4.35 kg. The longnose trevally is a [predatory](/source/Predator) fish, consuming small fish, [crustaceans](/source/Crustacean) and [molluscs](/source/Molluscs). The species is of minor [commercial importance](/source/Fishery) throughout its range, and is considered to be a good [table fish](/source/Fish_(food)).

## Taxonomy and naming

The longnose trevally is classified within the genus *[Carangoides](/source/Carangoides)*, a group of fish commonly called jacks and trevallies. *Carangoides* falls into the jack and horse mackerel family [Carangidae](/source/Carangidae), the Carangidae are part of the [order](/source/Order_(biology)) [Carangiformes](/source/Carangiformes).[2]

The species was first [scientifically described](/source/Scientific_classification) by the French [taxonomist](/source/Taxonomist) [Georges Cuvier](/source/Georges_Cuvier) in 1833, based on the [holotype](/source/Holotype) specimen collected from the waters of the [Seychelles](/source/Seychelles). He named the new species *Caranx chrysophrys*, with the specific name meaning 'golden eyebrow' in [Greek](/source/Greek_language).[3] The generic position of the species was revised twice, being placed in *Citula* by [William Ogilby](/source/William_Ogilby) and finally into *Carangoides* by Ian Munro, where it has remained. The species has been independently described on a number of occasions, the first when [Pieter Bleeker](/source/Pieter_Bleeker) identified a fish he believed was similar, but not the same as *Carangoides chrysophrys*, and named it *Carangoides chrysophryoides*. Other [synonyms](/source/Synonym_(taxonomy)) include *Caranx nigrescens*, *Caranx jayakari* and *Caranx typus*.[4] These are all considered to be [junior synonyms](/source/Junior_synonym) under the [ICZN](/source/International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature) rules and are no longer used. The species has a number of [common names](/source/Common_names), with the most often used names, 'longnose trevally' (or 'longnose kingfish') and 'club-nosed trevally' in reference to the snout profile of the fish. The names 'dusky trevally' and 'grunting trevally' are used for the fish in the [United States](/source/United_States).[5]

## Description

The longnose trevally is similar to other jacks in its overall body profile, having a strongly compressed, [ovate](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ovate) shape as a juvenile, gradually becoming more [oblong](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oblong) with age.[6] It is a moderately large fish, recorded up to 72 cm in length and 4.35 [kg](/source/Kilogram) in weight.[5] The [dorsal](/source/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Dorsal_and_ventral) profile is more convex than the [ventral](/source/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Dorsal_and_ventral) profile. One of the species major diagnostic characters is its snout shape, having a gently sloped dorsal profile from the [nape](/source/Nape) to near the snout, but becoming abruptly vertical just before the mouth cleft.[4] Both of the [jaws](/source/Jaw) contain anteriorly widening bands of small [villiform](/source/Ichthyology_terms#V) teeth, with larger individuals also having a number of conical outer teeth. There are two separate [dorsal fins](/source/Dorsal_fin), the first consisting of 8 [spines](/source/Fish_anatomy#Spines_and_rays) and the second of 1 spine and 18 to 20 [soft rays](/source/Fish_anatomy#Spines_and_rays). The [anal fin](/source/Anal_fin) comprises two detached [anterior](/source/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Anterior_and_posterior) spines, followed by 1 spine and 14 to 17 soft rays.[7] The lobes of both the soft anal and dorsal fin are [falcate](/source/Ichthyology_terms#F), with juveniles having the anteriormost rays extended into filaments. These are lost in adults, with the lobes becoming shorter than the head. The [pectoral fins](/source/Pectoral_fin) are long and falcate, not quite reaching the intersection of the arched and straight sections of the [lateral line](/source/Lateral_line).[4] The lateral line is moderately curved anteriorly, with this section up to twice as long as the straight section, which has between 20 and 37 weak [scutes](/source/Scutes) present. The breast of the longnose trevally is scaleless, extending up to behind the [pelvic fin](/source/Pelvic_fin) origin and laterally to the pectoral fin base.[8] Five to 9 [gill rakers](/source/Gill_raker) occur on the first arch and 15 to 18 on the second arch, and the species has 24 [vertebrae](/source/Vertebrae).

The longnose trevally is generally silver in colour, with the body and head greenish-blue above, becoming silvery with yellow-green reflections below. The [operculum](/source/Operculum_(fish)) has a small black blotch on the upper margin. The dorsal and anal fins range in colour from whitish to pale yellow to dusky, with the membranes of soft anal fin rays often having a white spot at the base. The [caudal](/source/Caudal_fin) and pectoral fins are pale to dusky yellow. Large adults often exhibit very dark head and fin colouration, nearing black. These fish are perhaps exhibiting mating or [spawning](/source/Spawn_(biology)) colouration.[7]

## Distribution and habitat

The longnose trevally inhabits [tropical](/source/Tropical) to subtropical waters in the [Indian](/source/Indian_Ocean) and west [Pacific Oceans](/source/Pacific_Ocean), ranging from [South Africa](/source/South_Africa) and [Madagascar](/source/Madagascar), north to the [Red Sea](/source/Red_Sea) and [Persian Gulf](/source/Persian_Gulf), east to [India](/source/India), [South East Asia](/source/South_East_Asia), [Indonesia](/source/Indonesia), [Japan](/source/Japan) and to [Fiji](/source/Fiji). The longnose trevally has been reported from many west Pacific islands, indicating that it is widespread in this region. The species ranges as far north as the [Okinawa](/source/Okinawa_Prefecture), Japan and as far south as [northern Australia](/source/Northern_Australia) and [New Zealand](/source/New_Zealand).[5]

The longnose trevally is an [inshore](/source/Inshore) fish, normally found on coastal [reefs](/source/Reef)[9] and occasionally in large protected [bays](/source/Bay). It appears to be more tolerant of dirty, [turbid](/source/Turbid) waters than most of it relatives, but is not seen in [estuaries](/source/Estuaries).[10] Juveniles reportedly inhabit shallow bays close to the coast, and are occasionally seen near [beaches](/source/Beaches). Adults live in much deeper water, normally between 30 and 60 m, although have been recorded at depths of around 90 m.[4]

## Biology and fishery

The longnose trevally is an epibenthic [predator](/source/Predator), taking prey from the seafloor or just above it,[7] with only one study ever to thoroughly record its diet, which was carried out in the [Gulf of Carpentaria](/source/Gulf_of_Carpentaria) of Australia. Here it was found its main prey were small fish, with considerable quantities of [molluscs](/source/Mollusc), [brachyurans](/source/Brachyura), and other [crustaceans](/source/Crustacean) also taken.[11] In South Africa, the species is thought to prefer [prawns](/source/Prawn) as its major dietary component, with [crabs](/source/Crab) and small fish also taken. The longnose trevally has a fairly soft mouth, which may partly determine its diet. Very little is known of reproduction in the species, although juveniles have been recorded from shallow coastal bays.[10]

The longnose trevally is of minor importance to [fisheries](/source/Fisheries) throughout its range, taken by hook and line, bottom [trawls](/source/Trawl), gill nets and various types of trap.[7] It is usually sold fresh, and is often not distinguished from other species of carangid. The species is occasionally caught by boat [anglers](/source/Angling), as well as beach fishermen on the South African coast. They take small baits and are considered good for eating.[10]

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-iucn_1-0)** Smith-Vaniz, W.F. & Williams, I. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. ["*Carangoides chrysophrys*"](https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/20257324/115371478). *[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species](/source/IUCN_Red_List)*. **2016** e.T20257324A115371478. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20257324A46664049.en](https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20257324A46664049.en).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Nelson5_2-0)** J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). [*Fishes of the World*](https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/) (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 380–387. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-118-34233-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-34233-6).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Zoocat_3-0)** Hosese, D.F.; Bray, D.J.; Paxton, J.R.; Alen, G.R. (2007). *Zoological Catalogue of Australia Vol. 35 (2) Fishes*. Sydney: CSIRO. p. 1150. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-643-09334-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-643-09334-8).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Gunn_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Gunn_4-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Gunn_4-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Gunn_4-3) Gunn, John S. (1990). ["A revision of selected genera of the family Carangidae (Pisces) from Australian waters"](https://australianmuseum.net.au/Uploads/Journals/17723/92.pdf) (PDF). *Records of the Australian Museum Supplement*. **12**: 1–78. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3853/j.0812-7387.12.1990.92](https://doi.org/10.3853%2Fj.0812-7387.12.1990.92).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-fishbase_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-fishbase_5-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-fishbase_5-2) [Froese, Rainer](/source/Rainer_Froese); [Pauly, Daniel](/source/Daniel_Pauly) (eds.). ["*Carangoides chrysophrys*"](https://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Carangoides&speciesname=chrysophrys). *[FishBase](/source/FishBase)*. January 2008 version.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Barrier_6-0)** Randall, John Ernest; Roger C. Steene; Gerald R. Allen (1997). *Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea*. University of Hawaii Press. p. 161. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-8248-1895-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-1895-4).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FAO_7-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FAO_7-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FAO_7-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FAO_7-3) Carpenter, Kent E.; Volker H. Niem, eds. (2001). [*FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Volume 4: Bony fishes part 2 (Mugilidae to Carangidae)*](ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/x2400e/x2400e52.pdf) (PDF). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. p. 2694. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [92-5-104587-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-5-104587-9).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Lin1999_8-0)** Lin, Pai-Lei; Shao, Kwang-Tsao (20 April 1999). ["A Review of the Carangid Fishes (Family Carangidae) From Taiwan with Descriptions of Four New Records"](http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=10055944). *Zoological Studies*. **38** (1): 33–68.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** McGrouther, M. (2004). ["Longnose Trevally *Carangoides chrysophrys* (Cuvier, 1833)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090313085148/http://www.australianmuseum.net.au/fishes/fishfacts/fish/cchrysop.htm). *Find a Fish*. Australian Museum. Archived from [the original](http://www.australianmuseum.net.au/fishes/fishfacts/fish/cchrysop.htm) on 2009-03-13. Retrieved 2008-08-06.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-SAfrica_10-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-SAfrica_10-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-SAfrica_10-2) van der Elst, Rudy; Peter Borchert (1994). *A Guide to the Common Sea Fishes of Southern Africa*. New Holland Publishers. p. 142. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-86825-394-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86825-394-5).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Brewer, D.T.; S.J.M. Blaber; J.P. Salini (1991). "Predation on penaeid prawns by fishes in Albatross Bay, Gulf of Carpentaria". *Marine Biology*. **109** (2): 231–240. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1991MarBi.109..231B](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991MarBi.109..231B). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/BF01319391](https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01319391). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [84359435](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84359435).

## External links

- [Longnose trevally at Fishbase](http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4441)

- [Australian Museum fact sheet](https://web.archive.org/web/20090313085148/http://www.australianmuseum.net.au/fishes/fishfacts/fish/cchrysop.htm)

Taxon identifiers Carangoides chrysophrys Wikidata: Q2784580 Wikispecies: Carangoides chrysophrys AFD: Carangoides_chrysophrys BOLD: 68585 CoL: R2HN FishBase: 4441 GBIF: 5210557 iNaturalist: 132404 IRMNG: 10451561 ITIS: 641956 IUCN: 20257324 NCBI: 179361 OBIS: 218396 Open Tree of Life: 637324 TaiCOL: t0030133 WoRMS: 218396 Caranx chrysophrys Wikidata: Q15233343 CoL: R2NC GBIF: 2390971 IRMNG: 10161053 ITIS: 168636 WoRMS: 218415

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Longnose trevally](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longnose_trevally) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longnose_trevally?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.