# Lombard language

> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Lombard_language
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Lombard_language.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard_language
> Source revision: 1356028885
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

Gallo-Italic language spoken in the Italian region of Lombardy

For the extinct 6th-century Germanic language, see [Lombardic language](/source/Lombardic_language).

Lombard lombard, lumbard, lumbart, lombart Native to Italy Switzerland Region Italy[1][2][3] Lombardy Piedmont South Tyrol Trentino Switzerland[1][2][3] Grisons Ticino Brazil[4] Santa Catarina Native speakers 3.8 million (2002)[5] Language family Indo-European Italic Latino-Faliscan Latin Romance Italo-Western Western Romance Gallo-Iberian Gallo-Romance Gallo-Italic Lombard–Piedmontese?[6] Lombard Early forms Old Latin Vulgar Latin Proto-Romance Old Gallo-Italic Old Lombard Dialects Western Lombard Eastern Lombard Writing system Latin Language codes ISO 639-3 lmo Glottolog lomb1257 Linguasphere & 51-AAA-od 51-AAA-oc & 51-AAA-od Lombard language distribution in northern Italy and Switzerland: Areas where Lombard is spoken Areas where Lombard is spoken alongside other languages (Alemannic, Ladin and Romansh) and areas of linguistic transition (with Piedmontese, with Emilian and with Venetian) Areas of influence of Lombard (Tridentine dialect) ? Areas of uncertain diffusion of Ladin This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

The **Lombard language** (Lombard: *lombard*,[N 1] *lumbard*,[N 2][7] *lumbart*[N 3] or *lombart*,[N 4] depending on the orthography; pronunciation: [\[lumˈbaːrt, lomˈbart\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Lombard)) belongs to the [Gallo-Italic](/source/Gallo-Italic) group within the [Romance languages](/source/Romance_languages). It is characterized by a [Celtic](/source/Celtic_language) [linguistic substratum](/source/Linguistic_substratum) and a [Lombardic](/source/Lombardic_language) [linguistic superstratum](/source/Superstratum)[8] and is a [cluster of homogeneous dialects](/source/Dialect_continuum) that are spoken by millions of speakers in [Northern Italy](/source/Northern_Italy) and southern [Switzerland](/source/Switzerland). These include most of [Lombardy](/source/Lombardy) and some areas of the neighbouring regions, notably the far eastern side of [Piedmont](/source/Piedmont) and the extreme western side of [Trentino](/source/Trentino), and in Switzerland in the cantons of [Ticino](/source/Ticino) and [Graubünden](/source/Graub%C3%BCnden).[9] The language is also spoken in [Santa Catarina](/source/Santa_Catarina_(state)) in [Brazil](/source/Brazil) by Lombard immigrants from the [Province of Bergamo](/source/Province_of_Bergamo), in [Italy](/source/Italy).[4][10]

## History

### Origins

The most ancient [linguistic substratum](/source/Linguistic_substratum) that has left a mark on the Lombard language is that of the ancient [Ligures](/source/Ligures).[11][12] However, available information about the ancient language and its influence on modern Lombard is extremely vague and limited.[11][12] That is in sharp contrast to the influence left by the [Celts](/source/Celts), who settled in [Northern Italy](/source/Northern_Italy) and brought their [Celtic languages](/source/Celtic_languages) and culturally and linguistically Celticised the Ligures.[13] The Celtic substratum of modern Lombard and the neighbouring languages of Northern Italy is self-evident and so the Lombard language is classified as a [Gallo-Italic language](/source/Gallo-Italic_languages) (from the ancient Roman name for the Celts, *[Galli](/source/Gauls)*).[11]

[Roman domination](/source/Roman_Empire) shaped the dialects spoken in the area, which is called [Cisalpine Gaul](/source/Cisalpine_Gaul) ("Gaul, this side of the mountains") by the Romans, and much of the [lexicon](/source/Lexicon) and [grammar](/source/Grammar) of the Lombard language have their origin in [Latin](/source/Latin).[13] However, that influence was not homogeneous[11] since idioms of different areas were influenced by previous linguistic substrata, and each area was marked by a stronger or weaker Latinisation or the preservation of ancient Celtic characteristics.[11]

The Germanic [Lombardic language](/source/Lombardic_language) also left strong traces in modern Lombard, as it was the variety of [Germanic](/source/Germanic_languages) that was spoken by the Germanic [Lombards](/source/Lombards) (or Longobards), who settled in Northern Italy, which is called [Greater Lombardy](/source/Lombardy_(historical_region)) after them, and in other parts of the [Italian Peninsula](/source/Italian_Peninsula) after the fall of the [Western Roman Empire](/source/Western_Roman_Empire). Lombardic acted as a [linguistic superstratum](/source/Linguistic_superstratum) on Lombard and neighboring Gallo-Italic languages since the Germanic Lombards did not impose their language by law on the Gallo-Roman population, but they rather acquired the Gallo-Italic language from the local population. Lombardic left traces, mostly in lexicon and phonetics, without Germanicising the local language in its structure and so Lombard preserved its Romance structure.[14]

### From the 15th to the 17th century

Giovanni Bressani, author of satirical poems in the Bergamo dialect

From the 15th century onwards, literary Tuscan began to supplant the use of northern vernaculars such as Lombard, even regardless of the fact that Lombard itself began to be heavily influenced by the Tuscan vernacular. Prior to that, the Lombard language was widely used in administrative spheres.[15] Among those who favoured the strengthening of Tuscan influences over Lombard culture was the Duke of Milan Ludovico il Moro; during his reign he brought numerous men of culture from the Republic of Florence to the Sforza court, the most famous of whom was certainly Leonardo da Vinci.[16] At the same time, however, Lancino Curzio still wrote some works in Milanese dialect at the Sforza court.[17]

Between the 15th and 16th centuries, the Lombard language was widely and actively discredited in Italian literary circles. Tuscan writers and humanists such as [Luigi Pulci](/source/Luigi_Pulci) and [Benedetto Dei](/source/Benedetto_Dei) recorded aspects of the language spoken in Milan in the form of parodies;[18] similarly, the Asti-born writer Giorgio Alione parodied Milanese in his *Commedia e farse carnovalesche nei dialetti astigiano, milanese e francese misti con latino barbaro* (eng. "Comedy and carnival farces in the Asti, Milanese and French dialects mixed with barbaric Latin") composed at the end of the 15th century.[19] The Florentine humanist [Leonardo Salviati](/source/Lionardo_Salviati), one of the founders of the [Accademia della Crusca](/source/Accademia_della_Crusca), an important Italian linguistic academy operating to this day, published a series of translations of a Boccaccian tale into various vernaculars (including Bergamo and Milanese) explicitly in order to demonstrate how ugly and awkward they were compared to Tuscan.[20]

At the same time, the 15th century saw the first signs of a true Lombard literature: in the eastern parts of Lombardy, the Bergamo-born [Giovanni Bressani](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Bressani&action=edit&redlink=1) composed numerous volumes of satirical poetry and the Brescia-born Galeazzo dagli Orzi wrote his *Massera da bé*, a sort of theatrical dialogue;[21] in the west of the region area, the Mannerist painter Giovanni Paolo Lomazzo lead the composition of the "arabesques" in the Accademia dei Facchini della Val di Blenio, a Milanese [academy](/source/Academy) founded in 1560.[22]

At the beginning of the 17th century, the Ossola native Giovanni Capis published the *Varon milanes de la lengua de Milan* (eng. "Varrone Milanese on the language of Milan"), a sort of etymological dictionary was published.[23]

Meneghino, a character from the Milanese theatre, who later became a mask of the commedia dell'arte

An example of a text in ancient Milanese dialect is this excerpt from *Il falso filosofo* (1698), act III, scene XIV, where [Meneghino](/source/Meneghino), a traditional Milanese character from the [commedia dell'arte](/source/Commedia_dell'arte), presents himself in court (Lombard on the left, Italian translation on the right):

«E mì interrogatus ghe responditt. Sont Meneghin Tandœuggia, Ciamæ par sora nomm el Tananan, Del condamm Marchionn ditt el Sginsgiva; Sont servitor del sior Pomponi Gonz, C'al è trent agn che'l servj»

E io interrogatus risposi: Sono Meneghino Babbeo chiamato per soprannome il Ciampichino del fu Marchionne detto il Gengiva; sono servitore del signor Pomponio Gonzo che servo da trent'anni

— Meneghino appears in court in "The False Philosopher" (1698), act III, scene XIV[24]

The 17th century also saw the rise of the figure of the playwright Carlo Maria Maggi, who normalised the spelling of the Milanese dialect and who created, among other things, the Milanese mask of Meneghino.[25] A friend and correspondent of Maggi was Francesco De Lemene, author of La sposa Francesca (the first literary work in modern [Lodi](/source/Lodi%2C_Lombardy) dialect)[26] and of a translation of *[Gerusalemme liberata](/source/Jerusalem_Delivered)*. Moreover, the 17th century saw the emergence of the first [bosinade](/source/Bosinada): popular poems written on loose sheets and posted in the squares or read (or even sung) in public; they were widely diffused until the first decades of the 20th century.[27]

### In the modern era

Carlo Porta, the most important author of Lombard literature, also included among the greatest poets of Italian national literature

Milanese literature in the 18th century was quickly developing: some important names which emerged in that period include [Domenico Balestrieri](/source/Domenico_Balestrieri_(writer)), who was associated the famous poet [Giuseppe Parini](/source/Giuseppe_Parini). The latter wrote some compositions in the Lombard language.[28][29] One of the most important writers of the period was the Bergamo-based abbot [Giuseppe Rota](/source/Giuseppe_Rottario), author of a substantial (unpublished) Bergamo-Italian-Latin vocabulary and of several poetic works in the Orobic idiom, which he always called "lingua".[30]

In this period the linguistic characteristics of Lombard were well recognizable and comparable to the modern ones, except for some phonetic peculiarities and the presence of a remote past tense, replaced almost fully by the past perfect tense by 1875.[31][32][33]

The beginning of the 19th century was dominated by the figure of [Carlo Porta](/source/Carlo_Porta), recognized by many as the most important author of Lombard literature, also included among the greatest poets of Italian national literature. With him some of the highest peaks of expressiveness in the Lombard language were reached, which clearly emerged in works such as *La Ninetta del Verzee, Desgrazzi de Giovannin Bongee*, *La guerra di pret* and *Lament del Marchionn de gamb avert*.[34]

Milanese poetic production assumed such important dimensions that in 1815 the scholar [Francesco Cherubini](/source/Francesco_Cherubini) published an anthology of Lombard literature in four volumes, which included texts written from the seventeenth century to his day.[35]

### In the contemporary era

In the first part of the 20th century, the greatest exponent of Lombard literature was the Milanese lawyer [Delio Tessa](/source/Delio_Tessa), who distanced himself from the Portian tradition by giving his texts a strong expressionist tone.[36] In Bergamo, the most prominent advocate of Lombard language was [Bortolo Belotti](/source/Bortolo_Belotti), a lawyer, historian and minister in the liberal governments of the time.[37]

The Lombard language became known outside its linguistic borders thanks to I Legnanesi, a theatre company that performed comedies in the [Legnanese](/source/Legnanese) dialect and which is the most famous example of [travesti theatre](/source/Travesti_(theatre)) in Italy.[38] In their comic shows the actors propose to the public satirical figures of the typical Lombard court; founded in [Legnano](/source/Legnano) in 1949 by Felice Musazzi, Tony Barlocco and Luigi Cavalleri, it is among the most famous companies in the European dialect theatre scene.[38]

The 21st century has also seen the use of Lombard in contemporary music, such as in the musical pieces of Davide Van De Sfroos[39] and in the translations into Lombard of the works of Bob Dylan.[40] There is no shortage of translations of great literary classics; in fact, there are numerous versions in Lombard of works such as Pinocchio, The Betrothed, The Little Prince, the Divine Comedy and – in religious literature – of the Gospels.[41]

## Status

Lombard is considered a [minority language](/source/Minority_language) that is structurally separate from [Italian](/source/Italian_language) by both [Ethnologue](/source/Ethnologue) and the [UNESCO](/source/UNESCO) *Red Book on Endangered Languages*. However, [Italy](/source/Italy) and [Switzerland](/source/Switzerland) do not recognize Lombard-speakers as a linguistic minority. In Italy, that is the same as for most other minority languages,[42] which have been for a long time incorrectly classed as corrupted [regional dialects of Italian](/source/Regional_Italian). However, Lombard and Italian belong to different subgroups of the Romance language family, and Lombard's historical development is not related to [Standard Italian](/source/Standard_Italian), which is derived from [Tuscan](/source/Tuscan_dialect).[43]

### Speakers

A Lombard speaker

Historically, the vast majority of [Lombards](/source/Lombards) spoke only Lombard, as "Italian" was merely a literary language, and most Italians were not able to read or write.[44] After the [Italian economic miracle](/source/Italian_economic_miracle), Standard Italian arose throughout Italy and Lombard-speaking Switzerland, wholly-[monolingual](/source/Monoglot) Lombard-speakers became a rarity as time went by, but a small minority may still be uncomfortable speaking Standard Italian. Surveys in Italy find that all Lombard-speakers also speak Italian, and their command of both two languages varies according to their [geographical](/source/Geography) position as well as their [socio](/source/Sociology)-[economic](/source/Economics) situation. The most reliable predictor was found to be the speaker's age. Studies have found that young people are much less likely to speak Lombard as proficiently as their grandparents.[45] In some areas, elderly people are more used to speaking Lombard than Italian even though they know both.

## Classification

Chart of Romance languages based on structural and comparative criteria

Lombard belongs to the [Gallo-Italic](/source/Gallo-Italic) (Cisalpine) group of [Gallo-Romance languages](/source/Gallo-Romance_languages), which belongs to the [Western Romance](/source/Western_Romance) subdivision.[46]

### Varieties

Traditionally, the Lombard dialects have been classified into the Eastern, Western, Alpine and Southern Lombard dialects.[47]

The varieties of the Italian provinces of [Milan](/source/Metropolitan_City_of_Milan), [Varese](/source/Province_of_Varese), [Como](/source/Province_of_Como), [Lecco](/source/Province_of_Lecco), [Lodi](/source/Province_of_Lodi), [Monza and Brianza](/source/Province_of_Monza_and_Brianza), [Pavia](/source/Province_of_Pavia) and [Mantua](/source/Province_of_Mantua) belong to [Western Lombard](/source/Western_Lombard_dialects), and the provinces of [Bergamo](/source/Province_of_Bergamo), [Brescia](/source/Province_of_Brescia) and [Cremona](/source/Province_of_Cremona) are dialects of [Eastern Lombard](/source/Eastern_Lombard_dialect). All varieties spoken in the Swiss areas (both in the [Canton](/source/Canton_(administrative_division)) of [Ticino](/source/Ticino) and the Canton of [Graubünden](/source/Graub%C3%BCnden)) are Western, and both Western and Eastern varieties are found in the Italian areas.

The varieties of the Alpine valleys of [Valchiavenna](/source/Valchiavenna) and [Valtellina](/source/Valtellina) ([Sondrio](/source/Sondrio)) and upper-[Valcamonica](/source/Valcamonica) (Brescia) and the four Lombard valleys of the Swiss canton of [Graubünden](/source/Graub%C3%BCnden) have some peculiarities of their own and some traits in common with Eastern Lombard but should be considered Western.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] Also, dialects from the [Piedmontese](/source/Piedmontese) provinces of [Verbano-Cusio-Ossola](/source/Verbano-Cusio-Ossola) and [Novara](/source/Province_of_Novara), the [Valsesia](/source/Valsesia) valley ([province of Vercelli](/source/Province_of_Vercelli)), and the city of [Tortona](/source/Tortona) are closer to Western Lombard than to Piedmontese.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] Alternatively, following the traditional classification, the varieties spoken in parts of [Sondrio](/source/Sondrio), [Trentino](/source/Trentino), [Ticino](/source/Ticino) and [Grigioni](/source/Grigioni) can be considered as [Alpine Lombard](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alpine_Lombard&action=edit&redlink=1),[48] and those spoken in southern Lombardy such as in Pavia, Lodi, Cremona and Mantova can be classified as [Southern Lombard](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southern_Lombard&action=edit&redlink=1).[49]

## Literature

Main article: [Western Lombard literature](/source/Western_Lombard_literature)

Lacking a standard language, authors in the 13th and 14th language created [Franco-Lombard](/source/Franco-Lombard), a mixed language including [Old French](/source/Old_French_language), for their literary works. The Lombard variety with the oldest literary tradition (from the 13th century) is that of [Milan](/source/Milan), but [Milanese](/source/Milanese), the native Lombard variety of the area, has now almost completely been superseded by Italian from the heavy influx of migrants from other parts of Italy (especially from [Apulia](/source/Apulia), [Sicily](/source/Sicily) and [Campania](/source/Campania)) during the rapid industrialization after the [Second World War](/source/Second_World_War).

[Ticinese](/source/Ticinese_dialect) is a comprehensive denomination for the Lombard varieties that are spoken in Swiss canton [Ticino](/source/Ticino) (Tessin), and the *Ticinese koiné* is the Western Lombard [koiné](/source/Koin%C3%A9) used by speakers of local dialects (particularly those diverging from the *koiné* itself) when they communicate with speakers of other Lombard dialects of [Ticino](/source/Ticino), [Grigioni](/source/Grisons) or Italian [Lombardy](/source/Lombardy). The koiné is similar to Milanese and the varieties of the neighbouring provinces on the Italian side of the border.

There is extant literature in other varieties of Lombard like *La masséra da bé*, a theatrical work in early Eastern Lombard, written by Galeazzo dagli Orzi (1492–?) presumably in 1554.[50][*[failed verification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability)*]

## Usage

Detailed geographic distribution of Lombard dialects  Legend: L01 – [Western Lombard](/source/Western_Lombard); L02 – [Eastern Lombard](/source/Eastern_Lombard); L03 – Southern Lombard; L04 – Alpine Lombard

Standard Italian is widely used in Lombard-speaking areas. However, the status of Lombard is quite different in the Swiss and Italian areas and so the Swiss areas have now become the real strongholds of Lombard.

### In Switzerland

The LSI, published in 2004

In the Swiss areas, the local Lombard [varieties](/source/Variety_(linguistics)) are generally better preserved and more vital than in Italy. No negative feelings are associated with the use of Lombard in everyday life, even with complete strangers. Some radio and television programmes, particularly comedies, are occasionally broadcast by the [Swiss Italian-speaking broadcasting company](/source/Radiotelevisione_svizzera) in Lombard. Moreover, it is common for people to answer in Lombard in spontaneous interviews. Even some television advertisements have been broadcast in Lombard. The major research institution working on Lombard dialects is in [Bellinzona](/source/Bellinzona), [Switzerland](/source/Switzerland) (*CDE – Centro di dialettologia e di etnografia*, a governmental (cantonal) institution); there is no comparable institution in Italy. In December 2004, it released a dictionary in five volumes, covering all Lombard varieties spoken in the Swiss areas.[N 5]

### In Italy

A Lombard-speaker, recorded in Italy

Today, in most urban areas of Italian Lombardy, people under 40 years old speak almost exclusively Italian in their daily lives because of schooling and [television](/source/Television) broadcasts in Italian. However, in rural areas, Lombard is still vital and used alongside Italian.

A certain revival of the use of Lombard has been observed in the last decade. The popularity of modern artists singing their lyrics in Lombard dialects (in Italian *rock dialettale*, the best known of such artists being Davide Van de Sfroos) is also a relatively-new but growing phenomenon involving the Swiss and the Italian areas.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

Lombard is spoken in [Campione d'Italia](/source/Campione_d'Italia), an exclave of Italy that is surrounded by Swiss territory on [Lake Lugano](/source/Lake_Lugano).

## Phonology

The following tables show the sounds that are used in all Lombard dialects.

### Consonants

Consonant phonemes[51] Labial Alveolar (Palato-) alveolar Velar Nasal m n ɲ (ŋ) Stop voiceless p t k voiced b d ɡ Affricate voiceless t͡s t͡ʃ voiced d͡z d͡ʒ Fricative voiceless f s ʃ voiced z ʒ Approximant central ʋ j w lateral l (ʎ) Trill r

In [Eastern Lombard](/source/Eastern_Lombard) and [Pavese dialect](/source/Pavese_dialect)[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] /dz/, /z/ and /ʒ/ merge to [[z](/source/Voiced_alveolar_fricative)] and /ts/, /s/ and /ʃ/ merge to [[s](/source/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative)]. In [Eastern Lombard](/source/Eastern_Lombard), the last sound is often further [debuccalized](/source/Debuccalized) to [[h](/source/Voiceless_glottal_fricative)].

### Vowels

Vowel phonemes[52] Front Central Back Unrounded Rounded High i iː y yː u uː Mid e eː ø øː o ɛ (œ)[53] ɔ Low a aː

In [Western varieties](/source/Western_Lombard), [vowel length](/source/Vowel_length) is contrastive ([Milanese](/source/Milanes) *andà* "to go" and *andaa* "gone"),[54] but Eastern varieties normally use only short [allophones](/source/Allophone).

Two repeating orthographic vowels are separated by a dash to prevent them from being confused with a long vowel: *a-a* in *ca-àl* "horse".[54]

Western long /aː/ and short /ø/ tend to be back [[ɑː](/source/Open_back_unrounded_vowel)] and lower [[œ](/source/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel)], respectively, and /e/ and /ɛ/ may merge to [[ɛ](/source/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel)].

### Alternative spelling systems

There have been contemporary attempts to develop alternative spelling systems suitable for use by all variants of Lombard. Among these, there is the attempt to develop a unified spelling (lomb. urtugrafia ünificada), which has not taken root due to the excessive complexity and lack of intuitiveness (as well as the lack of adaptability to the Italian keyboard) of the system, which uses symbols such as ç for /z/ and /ʧ/, or ə for unstressed /a/, /ə/ and /e/, as well as the obligation to mark the vowel length, despite the elimination of the accents on the first grapheme of the digraph (aa and not àa).[55][56][57] Some examples are presented below:

Ortografia classica (1600-) Ortografia ticinese (1907-) Ortografia moderna (1979-) Scriver Lombard (2011-) Noeuva Ortografia Lombarda (2020-) Phonetic (IPA) Italian translation lombard lumbaart lumbàrt lombard lombard /lum'ba:rt/ lombardo su sü sö sü sö su sœ su soeu /sy/ (west.) /sø/ (east.) su fiœu fiöö fiöl fiöö fiöl fiœl fioeul /fjø:/ (west.) /fjøl/ (east.) ragazzo comun cumün comü cumün comü comun comun /ku'myn/ (west.) /ko'my/ (east.) comune nazion nassiù(n) nazziù(n) nasiù(n) naziù(n) nazion nazzion /na'sju(n)/ /na'tsju(n)/ nazione giamò giamò giamò jamò sgiamò /ʤa'mɔ/ di già casetta caseta caʃèta caseta caseta /ka'zɛta/ casetta gatt gatt gàt gat gat /gat/ gatto Lecch Lecch Lèch Lec Lech /lɛk/ Lecco Còmm Comm Cumm Còm Cum Com Com /kɔm/ /kum/ Como parlaa parlaa parlàt parla parlàt parlad parlad /par'la:/ (west.) /par'lat/ (east.) parlato pajœu pajöö pajöl paiöö paiöl paiœl pajoeul /pa'jø:/ (west.) /pa'jøl/ (east.) paiolo dur düür düür dur dur /dy:r/ duro

## See also

- [Emilian-Romagnol language](/source/Emilian-Romagnol_language)

- [Gallo-Italic of Sicily](/source/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily)

- [La Spezia–Rimini Line](/source/La_Spezia%E2%80%93Rimini_Line)

- [Languages of Europe](/source/Languages_of_Europe)

- [Ligurian language](/source/Ligurian_language)

- [Piedmontese language](/source/Piedmontese_language)

- [Pierre Bec](/source/Pierre_Bec)

- [Romance plurals](/source/Romance_plurals)

- [Venetian language](/source/Venetian_language)

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** [Classical Milanese orthography](/source/Classical_Milanese_orthography), [Scriver Lombard](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scriver_Lombard&action=edit&redlink=1) [[lmo](https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scriver_Lombard)] and [New Lombard Orthography](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Lombard_Orthography&action=edit&redlink=1) [[lmo](https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noeuva_Ortografia_Lombarda)].

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:02_8-0)** [Ticinese](/source/Ticino) orthography.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Modern Western orthography and Classical Cremish Orthography.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** [Eastern](/source/Eastern_Lombard) unified orthography.[*[clarification needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify)*]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:0_55-0)** ["Lessico dialettale della Svizzera italiana (LSI)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20051123045803/http://www.ti.ch/decs/dc/cde/temi/lessico.asp?menu=11) [Dialectal Lexicon of Italian Switzerland (LSI)], *Centro di dialettologia e di etnografia* (in Italian), archived from [the original](http://www.ti.ch/decs/dc/cde/temi/lessico.asp?menu=11) on 23 November 2005

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-JMI_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-JMI_1-1) Minahan, James (2000). *One Europe, many nations: a historical dictionary of European national groups*. Westport.{{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher))

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-CMO_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-CMO_2-1) Moseley, Christopher (2007). *Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages*. New York.{{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher))

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-AFI_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-AFI_3-1) Coluzzi, Paolo (2007). *Minority language planning and micronationalism in Italy*. Berne.{{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher))

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-auto_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-auto_4-1) Spoken in [Botuverá](/source/Botuver%C3%A1), in [Brazil](/source/Brazil), municipality established by Italian migrants coming from the valley between [Treviglio](/source/Treviglio) and [Crema](/source/Crema%2C_Lombardy). A thesis of [Leiden University](/source/Leiden_University) about *Brasilian Bergamasque*: [\[1\]](https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/52581/Thesis.pdf?sequence=1).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-e18_5-0)** [Lombard](https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/lmo/) at *[Ethnologue](/source/Ethnologue)* (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** [Hammarström, Harald](/source/Harald_Hammarstr%C3%B6m); Forkel, Robert; [Haspelmath, Martin](/source/Martin_Haspelmath); Bank, Sebastian (10 July 2023). ["Glottolog 4.8 - Piemontese-Lombard"](https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/piem1239). *[Glottolog](/source/Glottolog)*. [Leipzig](/source/Leipzig): [Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology](/source/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Anthropology). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.5281/zenodo.7398962](https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.7398962). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231029130658/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/piem1239) from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** ["Vocabolario dei dialetti della Svizzera italiana - CDE (DECS) - Repubblica e Cantone Ticino"](https://www4.ti.ch/decs/dcsu/cde/pubblicazioni/vocabolario-dei-dialetti-della-svizzera-italiana/) [Vocabulary of Swiss Italian dialects]. *www4.ti.ch*. Retrieved 8 November 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:12_12-0)** ["Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: LMO"](http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=LMO). Identifier: LMO - Language(s) Name: Lombard - Status: Active - Code set: 639-3 - Scope: Individual - Type: Living

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:0_13-0)** Jones, Mary C.; Soria, Claudia (2015). ["Assessing the effect of official recognition on the vitality of endangered languages: a case of study from Italy"](https://books.google.com/books?id=v-ZBCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA130). *Policy and Planning for Endangered Languages*. Cambridge, UK: [Cambridge University Press](/source/Cambridge_University_Press). p. 130. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781316352410](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781316352410). [Archived](http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20170421123006/https://books.google.it/books?id=v-ZBCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA130) from the original on 21 April 2017 – via [Google Books](/source/Google_Books). Lombard (Lumbard, ISO 639-9 lmo) is a cluster of essentially homogeneous varieties (Tamburelli 2014: 9) belonging to the Gallo-Italic group. It is spoken in the Italian region of Lombardy, in the Novara province of Piedmont and in Switzerland. [Mutual intelligibility](/source/Mutual_intelligibility) between Lombard and Italian has been reported as very low (Tamburelli 2014). Although some Lombard varieties, Milanese in particular, enjoy a rather long and prestigious literary tradition, Lombard is now used mostly in informal domains. According to [Ethnologue](/source/Ethnologue), Piedmontese and Lombard are respectively spoken by between 1,600,000 and 2,000,000 speakers and around 3,500,000 speakers. Those are very high figures for languages that have never been recognised officially or been systematically taught in schools.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:1_14-0)** Bonfadini, Giovanni. ["lombard, dialects"](http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dialetti-lombardi_%28Enciclopedia-dell%27Italiano%29/) [lombard dialects]. *[Enciclopedia Treccani](/source/Enciclopedia_Treccani)* (in Italian).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgnoletto1992120_15-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgnoletto1992120_15-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgnoletto1992120_15-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgnoletto1992120_15-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgnoletto1992120_15-4) [Agnoletto 1992](#CITEREFAgnoletto1992), p. 120.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Ilario200328_16-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Ilario200328_16-1) [D'Ilario 2003](#CITEREFD'Ilario2003), p. 28.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Ilario200329_17-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Ilario200329_17-1) [D'Ilario 2003](#CITEREFD'Ilario2003), p. 29.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** ["Il milanese crogiuolo di tanti idiomi"](http://www.lagobba.it/?p=652) [The Milanese melting pot of many languages] (in Italian). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170924183757/http://www.lagobba.it/?p=652) from the original on 24 September 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Brown, Josh: *Testimonianze Di Una Precoce Toscanizzazione Nelle Lettere Commerciali del Mercante Milanese Francesco Tanso (?-1398)*, Archivio Datini, Prato [https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-437059133.html](https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-437059133.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180818052204/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-437059133.html) 2018-08-18 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** ["Ludovico il Moro e l'età aurea della Grande Milano"](http://www.storico.org/umanesimo_rinascimento/ludovico_moro.html). storico.org. Retrieved 21 September 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Tavoni, Mirko (2015). [*Storia della lingua italiana. Il Quattrocento*](https://books.google.com/books?id=OYbtCgAAQBAJ&dq=Lancino+Curti+dialetto+milanese&pg=PA153). libreriauniversitaria.it Edizioni. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-88-6292-538-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-6292-538-9). Retrieved 21 September 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Mirko Tavoni, *Storia della lingua italiana. Il Quattrocento*, Libreriauniversitaria.it Edizioni, 2015, p. 152

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** ["Alióne, Gian Giorgio"](https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/gian-giorgio-alione/). *[Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani](/source/Dizionario_Biografico_degli_Italiani)* (in Italian). Rome: [Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana](/source/Treccani). 1960–2020. [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [883370](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/883370).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** Salviati, Leonardo: *Degli Avvertimenti Della Lingua Sopra Il Decamerone*, Raillard, 1712

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** Haller, Hermann (January 1999). [*The Other Italy: The Literary Canon in Dialect*](https://books.google.com/books?id=_F4C4AXtLFIC&dq=Giovanni+Bressani+Galeazzo+dagli+Orzi&pg=PA106). University of Toronto Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8020-4424-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-4424-2). Retrieved 21 September 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** ["Lomazzo, Giovanni Paolo"](https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giovanni-paolo-lomazzo/). *[Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani](/source/Dizionario_Biografico_degli_Italiani)* (in Italian). Rome: [Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana](/source/Treccani). 1960–2020. [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [883370](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/883370).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** Stefani, Guglielmo (November 2010). [*Dizionario corografico del Novarese*](https://books.google.com/books?id=q7fAAgAAQBAJ&dq=Varon+Milanes+dizionario+etimologico&pg=PA65). Lampi di stampa. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-88-488-1157-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-488-1157-6). Retrieved 21 September 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** Carlo Maria Maggi (1701). [*Comedie e rime in lingua milanese*](https://books.google.com/books?id=kPQmkrFoPdYC&pg=PA100). Vol. 2. Milano. pp. 100–101.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** Atlante del Sapere: *Maschere italiane*, Edizioni Demetra, 2002, pag. 116

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** De Lemene, Francesco: *La Sposa Francesca*, Edizione curata da Dante Isella, Giulio Einaudi Editore, 1979.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** Sapere.it: *[Bosinada](http://www.sapere.it/enciclopedia/bosinada.html)*

1. **[^](#cite_ref-anticacredenza_32-0)** ["Letteratura milanese - Il '700"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160506201135/http://www.anticacredenzasantambrogiomilano.org/linguastoria/7001.html). anticacredenzasantambrogiomilano.org. Archived from [the original](http://www.anticacredenzasantambrogiomilano.org/linguastoria/7001.html) on 6 May 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** ["Sistema bibliotecario e documentale"](http://opac.unicatt.it/search~S13*ita?/cFONDO+Silvio+Cipriani-E-75/cfondo+silvio+cipriani+e+++++++75/-3,-1,,E/browse). unicatt.it. Retrieved 21 September 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** Biondelli, Bernardino: *Saggio sui dialetti gallo-italici*, Milano, 1853, pag. 106.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** ["Il passato remoto in lombardo"](https://web.archive.org/web/20231114162543/https://academiabonvesin.eu/2022/09/el-passad-lontan-in-lombard/) [The remote past in Lombard] (in Lombard). Archived from [the original](https://academiabonvesin.eu/2022/09/el-passad-lontan-in-lombard/) on 14 November 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-remoto_36-0)** Biondelli reports that the Milanese dialect was the first Lombard variant to lose this verb tense. Biondelli, Bernardino: *Saggio sui dialetti Gallo-italici*, 1853.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-veja_37-0)** ["La lingua padana o padanese"](http://www.veja.it/2012/06/07/la-lingua-padana-o-padanese-prima-parte/). veja.it. 6 June 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-porta_38-0)** Cite error: The named reference porta was invoked but never defined (see the [help page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text)).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-39)** [Cherubini, Francesco](http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/francesco-cherubini/) entry (in Italian) in the *[Enciclopedia Treccani](/source/Treccani)*

1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** Novelli, Mauro: *I saggi lirici di Delio Tessa*, LED, 2001, pagg. 52-54.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** ["Bortolo Belotti"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170922050758/http://servizi.ct2.it/ssl/wiki/index.php?title=Bortolo_Belotti). servizi.ct2.it. Archived from [the original](http://servizi.ct2.it/ssl/wiki/index.php?title=Bortolo_Belotti) on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2017.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ilgiorno_42-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ilgiorno_42-1) ["Antonio Provasio, capocomico dei Legnanesi: "Milano mi dà il pane e mi riempie il cuore""](http://www.ilgiorno.it/milano/cronaca/2014/03/23/1042734-antonio-provasio-legnanesi-intervista.shtml#1). ilgiorno.it. 22 March 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-antologia_43-0)** ["Antologia lombarda"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160630102556/https://sites.google.com/site/lombardofonia/home). Archived from [the original](https://sites.google.com/site/lombardofonia/home) on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-44)** ["Il tempismo è perfetto, Bob Dylan è in dialetto lombardo: "È l'emblema dei cantastorie""](http://www.repubblica.it/spettacoli/musica/2016/10/17/news/bob_dylan-149853920/). repubblica.it. 17 October 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-45)** ["Letteratura in lingua locale: quale futuro?"](http://patrimonilinguistici.it/letteratura-lingua-locale-quale-futuro/). patrimonilinguistici.it. 2 February 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-46)** Coluzzi, P. (2004). *Regional and Minority Languages in Italy*. Marcator Working Papers. Vol. 14.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-47)** von Wartburg, W. (1950). *Die Ausgliederung der romanischen Sprachräume* [*The spin-off of the Romance language areas*] (in German). Bern: Francke.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-48)** De Mauro, T. (1970). *Storia linguistica dell'Italia unita* [*Linguistic history of unified Italy*] (in Italian) (Second ed.). Laterza, Berkeley.{{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-49)** 2006 [report](http://portal-lem.com/images/it/Italie/Lingue_e_dialetti_e_lingue_straniere_in_Italia.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100704234603/http://portal-lem.com/images/it/Italie/Lingue_e_dialetti_e_lingue_straniere_in_Italia.pdf) 2010-07-04 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) by the Italian institute for national statistics. ([ISTAT](/source/Istituto_Nazionale_di_Statistica))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-50)** Tamburelli, Marco; Brasca, Lissander (2018). ["Revisiting the classification of Gallo-Italic: a dialectometric approach"](https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/researchoutputs/revisiting-the-classification-of-galloitalic(50b956b1-e97b-43a1-b2c4-d2625ad2c270).html). *[Digital Scholarship in the Humanities](/source/Digital_Scholarship_in_the_Humanities)*. **33** (2): 442–455. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/llc/fqx041](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fllc%2Ffqx041).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-51)** ["Lingua lombarda"](https://www.lingualombarda.it/index.php/lingua-lombarda-lato.html) [Lombard language]. *Lingua Lombarda* (in Italian). Circolo Filologico Milanese.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-52)** ["Lombardo alpino"](https://www.lingualombarda.it/index.php/lombardo-alpino-lato.html) [Alpine Lombard]. *Lingua Lombarda* (in Italian). Circolo Filologico Milanese.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-53)** ["Lombardo meridionale"](https://www.lingualombarda.it/index.php/lombardo-meridionale-lato.html) [Southern Lombard]. *Lingua Lombarda* (in Italian). Circolo Filologico Milanese.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-54)** [*Produzione e circolazione del libro a Brescia tra Quattro e Cinquecento: atti della seconda Giornata di studi "Libri e lettori a Brescia tra Medioevo ed età moderna"*](https://books.google.com/books?id=w3L02qPzC9kC&pg=PA144) Valentina Grohovaz (Brescia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore) 4 marzo 2004. Published by "Vita e Pensiero" in 2006, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [88-343-1332-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-343-1332-1), [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-88-343-1332-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-343-1332-9) (Google Books).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:23_56-0)** Sanga, Glauco (1984). *Dialettologia Lombarda* [*Lombard dialectology*] (in Italian). [University of Pavia](/source/University_of_Pavia). pp. 283–285.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:22_57-0)** Sanga, Glauco (1984). *Dialettologia Lombarda* (in Italian). [University of Pavia](/source/University_of_Pavia). pp. 283–285.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-58)** [œ] occurs in most areas of the language but may overlap in usage with [ø], as they both share the same trigraph (*oeu*).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:2_59-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:2_59-1) Sanga, Glauco (1984). *Dialettologia Lombarda* (in Italian). [University of Pavia](/source/University_of_Pavia). pp. 283–285.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:8_60-0)** Claudio Beretta e Cesare Comoletti, *Grafia lombarda semplificata*, 2003. In: Claudio Beretta (a c. di), *Parlate e dialetti della Lombardia: lessico comparato*, Milano, Mondadori: pp. 23-24.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-61)** Jørgen Giorgio Bosoni, *Una proposta di grafia unificata per le varietà linguistiche lombarde: regole per la trascrizione*, 2003. *Bollettino Storico dell'Alta Valtellina* 6: 195-298.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-62)** Claudio Meneghin, *Rebuilding the Rhaeto-Cisalpine written language: Guidelines and criteria*, 2007-2010. *Part I: ORS-Orthography*. *Part II: Morphology, I: noun, article and personal pronoun*. *Part III. Morphology, II: adjectives, pronouns, invariables*. *Part IV. Morphology, III: the verb*. *Ianua* 7 (2007): 37-72; 8 (2008): 113-152; 9 (2009): 37-94; 10 (2010): 33-72

## Sources

- Agnoletto, Attilio (1992). *San Giorgio su Legnano - storia, società, ambiente*. [SBN](/source/Servizio_bibliotecario_nazionale) [IT\ICCU\CFI\0249761](http://opac.sbn.it/bid/CFI0249761).

- D'Ilario, Giorgio (2003). *Dizionario legnanese*. Artigianservice. [SBN](/source/Servizio_bibliotecario_nazionale) [IT\ICCU\MIL\0625963](http://opac.sbn.it/bid/MIL0625963).

- Bernard Comrie, Stephen Matthews, Maria Polinsky (eds.), The Atlas of languages: the origin and development of languages throughout the world. New York 2003, Facts On File. p. 40.

- Brevini, Franco - Lo stile lombardo: la tradizione letteraria da Bonvesin da la Riva a Franco Loi / Franco Brevini - Pantarei, Lugan - 1984 (Lombard style: literary tradition from Bonvesin da la Riva to Franco Loi )

- Glauco Sanga: La lingua Lombarda, in Koiné in Italia, dalle origini al 500 (Koinés in Italy, from the origin to 1500), Lubrina publisher, Bèrghem.

- Claudio Beretta: *Letteratura dialettale milanese. Itinerario antologico-critico dalle origini ai nostri giorni* - Hoepli, 2003.

- G. Hull: "The linguistic Unity of Northern [Italy](/source/Italy) and [Rhaetia](/source/Rhaetia), [PhD thesis](/source/PhD_thesis), University of Sydney, 1982; published as *The Linguistic Unity of Northern Italy and Rhaetia: Historical Grammar of the Padanian Language*, 2 vols. Sydney: Beta Crucis Editions, 2017.

- Jørgen G. Bosoni: *«Una proposta di grafia unificata per le varietà linguistiche lombarde: regole per la trascrizione»*, in *Bollettino della Società Storica dell’Alta Valtellina* 6/2003, p. 195-298 (Società Storica Alta Valtellina: Bormio, 2003). A comprehensive description of a unified set of writing rules for all the Lombard varieties of Switzerland and Italy, with [IPA](/source/International_Phonetic_Alphabet) transcriptions and examples.

- Tamburelli, M. (2014). Uncovering the 'hidden' multilingualism of Europe: an Italian case study. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 35(3), 252-270.

- NED Editori: *I quatter Vangeli de Mattee, March, Luca E Gioann* - 2002.

- Stephen A. Wurm: Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger of Disappearing. Paris 2001, [UNESCO](/source/UNESCO) Publishing, p. 29.

- Studi di lingua e letteratura lombarda offerti a Maurizio Vitale, (Studies in Lombard language and literature) Pisa: Giardini, 1983

- A cura di Pierluigi Beltrami, Bruno Ferrari, Luciano Tibiletti, Giorgio D'Ilario: *Canzoniere Lombardo* - Varesina Grafica Editrice, 1970.

- Sanga, Glauco. 1984. Dialettologia Lombarda. University of Pavia. 346pp.

## External links

***[Lombard edition](https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/)*** of [Wikipedia](/source/Wikipedia), the free encyclopedia

- [Far Lombard](http://www.lengualombarda.org/440114785) This Lombard language association website is a place where you can learn Lombard through texts and audio visual materials.

- [Lombard language digital library](https://www.lingualombarda.it/index.php)

- [Learn Lombard online](https://web.archive.org/web/20100617174127/http://www.orbilat.com/Languages/Lombard/)

- [Learn Lombard Italian site](https://it.wikibooks.org/wiki/Insubre/Copertina)

- [Centro di dialettologia e di etnografia del Cantone Ticino](https://web.archive.org/web/20050921094359/http://www.ti.ch/Decs/DC/CDE/).

- [Repubblica e Cantone Ticino](https://web.archive.org/web/20060101003809/http://www.ti.ch/decs/dc/cde/temi/documentiorali.asp) Documenti orali della Svizzera italiana. (in Italian)

- [Istituto di dialettologia e di etnografia valtellinese e valchiavennasca](http://associazioni.provincia.so.it/idevv/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20060422040428/http://associazioni.provincia.so.it/idevv/) 22 April 2006 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine).

- [LSI - Lessico dialettale della Svizzera italiana](https://web.archive.org/web/20051123045803/http://www.ti.ch/decs/dc/cde/temi/lessico.asp?menu=11).

- [RTSI: Acquarelli popolari](https://web.archive.org/web/20050305060240/http://www.rtsi.ch/scrittori/), some video and audio documents (interviews, recordings, etc. of writers from [Ticino](/source/Ticino)) in [Ticinese](/source/Ticinese_dialect) varieties (the [metalanguage](/source/Metalanguage) of this site is Italian, and some of the interviews are in Italian rather than in Ticinese Lombard).

- [UNESCO Red Book on Endangered Languages: Europe. Potentially endangered languages](http://www.helsinki.fi/~tasalmin/europe_index.html#potentially), where Lombard is classified as a potentially endangered language.

- [VSI - Vocabolario dei dialetti della Svizzera italiana](http://www4.ti.ch/decs/dcsu/ac/cde/pubblicazioni/vocabolario-dei-dialetti-della-svizzera-italiana/).

- [in_lombard](http://inlombard.eu5.net/index.html) website dedicated to the Lombard language (in English)

- [dizionari.lombard (monolingual Lombard online dictionary)](http://dizionarilombard.eu5.net/)

- [Lombard basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database](http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ier\rom&first=0)

- [Lombard Wiktionary](https://lmo.wiktionary.org)

v t e Languages of Italy Historical linguistic minorities: Albanian, Catalan, Croatian, French, Franco-Provençal, Friulian, German, Greek, Ladin, Occitan, Romani, Sardinian, Slovene Italo-Romance Italian Regional Italian Venetian[a] Venetian Fiuman Triestine Tuscan Florentine Central Italian Central-Northern Latian Marchigiano Marinese Romanesco Sabino Intermediate Southern (Neapolitan) Beneventano Barese Castelmezzanese Cilentan Cosentino Irpinian Arianese Molisan Southern Latian Tarantino Vastese Extreme Southern Central-Southern Calabrian Salentino Manduriano Sicilian Pantesco Other Italo-Dalmatian languages Corsican Gallurese Sassarese Sardinian Sardinian Campidanese Logudorese Occitano-Romance Catalan Algherese Occitan Vivaro-Alpine Mentonasc Niçard Gardiol Gallo-Romance French Aostan Franco-Provençal Faetar Cellese Valdôtain Vâlsoanin Gallo-Italic Ligurian Brigasc Genoese Intemelio Monégasque Royasc Tabarchino Lombard Western Lombard Brianzöö dialects Canzés Bustocco and Legnanese Legnanese Comasco-Lecchese dialects Comasco Laghée Vallassinese Lecchese Milanese Ticinese Ossolano Varesino Southwestern Lombard Pavese Novarese Cremunés Spasell Eastern Lombard Bergamasque Cremish Emilian–Romagnol Emilian Bolognese Parmigiano Gallo-Picene Romagnol Forlivese Other Gallo-Italic languages Gallo-Italic of Basilicata Gallo-Italic of Sicily Judeo-Italian Judaeo-Piedmontese Piedmontese Rhaeto-Romance Rhaeto-Romance Friulian Ladin Cadorino Fornes Nones Italy portal Albanian Arbëresh language Arbëresh Vaccarizzo Albanian South Slavic Slovenian Brda Gail Valley Inner Carniolan Istrian Karst Natisone Valley Resian Torre Valley Serbo-Croatian Croatian Montenegrin Slavomolisano Triestine Serbian Greek Italiot Greek Calabrian Greek Griko German Bavarian Cimbrian Mòcheno Southern Bavarian South Tyrolean Other German dialects Austrian German Walser Yiddish Others Hebrew Italian Hebrew Italian Sign Language Romani Sinte Romani Wenzhounese ^ Venetian is either grouped with the rest of the Italo-Dalmatian or the Gallo-Italic languages, depending on the linguist, but the major consensus among linguists is that in the dialectal landscape of northern Italy, Veneto dialects are clearly distinguished from Gallo-Italic dialects.

v t e Languages of Switzerland Official languages French German Italian Romansh Major dialect groups Lombard (Ticinese) Romand Sinte Swiss German Sign languages Swiss-German Sign French Sign Italian Sign

v t e Romance languages (classification) Major branches Eastern Italo-Western Italo-Dalmatian Western Southern Eastern Aromanian Istro-Romanian Megleno-Romanian Daco-Romanian dialects Banat Bukovinian Crișana Maramureș Moldavian Oltenian Transylvanian Wallachian Italo- Dalmatian Central Central Italian Central Marchigiano Ancona Fabriano Macerata Central−Northern Latian Romanesco Sabino Corsican Gallurese Italian Italo-Australian Maltese Italian Regional Italian Swiss Italian Sassarese Tuscan Florentine Southern Extreme Southern Italian Central−Southern Calabrian Salentino Manduriano Sicilian Pantesco Neapolitan–Calabrese Neapolitan Barese Benevento Castelmezzano Cilentan Irpinian Arianese Molisan Southern Latian Tarantino Vastese Northern Calabrian Others Dalmatian Romance Dalmatian Istriot Judeo-Italian Western Gallo-Italic Emilian–Romagnol Emilian Bolognese Ferrarese Judeo-Mantuan Parmigiano Gallo-Picene Romagnol Forlivese Old Romagnol Sammarinese Gallo-Italic of Basilicata Gallo-Italic of Sicily Ligurian Brigasc Genoese Intemelio Monégasque Royasc Tabarchino Judeo-Italian Lombard Eastern Bergamasque Cremish Old Lombard Western Brianzöö Canzés Bustocco–Legnanese Legnanese Comasco–Lecchese Comasco Laghée Lecchese Vallassinese Milanese Ossolano Southwestern Cremunés Novarese Pavese Ticinese Varesino Piedmontese Judeo-Piedmontese Gallo- Romance Langues d'oïl Angevin Berrichon Bourbonnais Burgundian Champenois Frainc-Comtou Gallo French Jersey Legal Meridional North American dialects Canadian Acadian Chiac St. Marys Bay French Brayon Newfoundland Quebec Joual Magoua Franco-Ontarian Métis Muskrat New England Frenchville Louisiana Missouri Creoles Lorrain Welche Moselle Romance Norman Anglo-Norman Auregnais Guernésiais Jèrriais Sercquiais Law French Augeron Cauchois Cotentinais Orléanais Picard Poitevin–Saintongeais Poitevin Saintongeais Walloon Wisconsin Walloon Franco-Provençal/Arpitan Faetar–Cigliàje Mâconês Savoyard Valdôtain Vâlsoanin Old Gallo-Romance Ibero- Romance (West Iberian) Asturo–Portuguese Asturleonese Asturian Eastern Western Cantabrian Extremaduran Leonese Bercian Paḷḷuezu Palra Riberan Riunorese Mirandese Old Leonese Galician– Portuguese Fala Galician Eonavian Portuguese dialects African Angolan Asian Brazilian Amazofonia Caipira Florianopolitan Gaúcho Mineiro Northeastern Paulistano European Alentejan Oliventine Estremenho Minderico Northern Uruguayan Creoles Portugis Papiamento Judeo-Portuguese Castilian Judeo-Spanish Haketia Tetuani Spanish dialects Equatoguinean Latin American Argentinian Bolivian Chilean Chilote Colombian Ecuadorian Mexican Paraguayan Peruvian Peruvian Ribereño Rioplatense Uruguayan Venezuelan Peninsular Andalusian Llanito Castilian Castrapo Castúo Murcian Philippine Saharan Creoles Old Spanish Pyrenean–Mozarabic Mozarabian Navarro-Aragonese Aragonese Central Eastern Ribagorçan Benasquese Judeo-Aragonese Southern Somontanés Navalese Western Aisinian Ansó Aragüés Hecho Community of Villages Aragonese Ebro Valley Aragonese Navarrese Old Riojan Valencian Aragonese Others Barranquenho (mixed Portuguese–Spanish) Caló (mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance) Occitano- Romance Catalan dialects Eastern Algherese Balearic Menorcan Central Northern Judeo-Catalan Patuet Western Ribagorçan Valencian Occitan Auvergnat Gascon Aranese Béarnese Aas whistled Landese Judeo-Gascon Judeo-Provençal Languedocian Limousin Provençal Niçard Vivaro-Alpine Gardiol Mentonasc Old Occitan Old Catalan Rhaeto- Romance Friulian Fornes Ladin Cadorino Nones Romansh Jauer Putèr Surmiran Sursilvan Tuatschin Sutsilvan Vallader Others Franco-Italian Mediterranean Lingua Franca (Western Romance-based pidgin) Venetian (unknown further classification) Chipilo Fiuman Judeo-Venetian Paduan Talian Triestine Southern African Romance Sardinian Campidanese Logudorese Others British Latin Pannonian Latin Dialects of Latin Reconstructed Proto-Romance Proto-Eastern Romance Italics indicate extinct languages Bold indicates languages with more than 5 million speakers Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left.

Authority control databases International GND Other Yale LUX

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Lombard language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard_language) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard_language?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.