# Llapusha > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Llapusha > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Llapusha.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llapusha > Source revision: 1318992459 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) {{Short description|Geographic and ethnographic region in Kosovo}} thumb|Llapusha '''Llapusha''' ({{Langx|sq|Llapushë}} or ''Prekorupë'', {{Lang-sq-definite|Llapusha}} or ''Prekorupa'', {{langx|sr|Прекорупље|Prekoruplje}}) is a geographic and ethnographic region in [Kosovo](/source/Kosovo) that primarily stretches over the basin area of the lower [Klina](/source/Klina_(river)) and [Mirusha](/source/Mirusha_River) rivers, and consists of multiple settlements in the municipalities of [Malisheva](/source/Malisheva), [Klina](/source/Klina), [Rahovec](/source/Rahovec) and [Suhareka](/source/Suhareka). ==Geography== Llapusha is a hilly region bordered by [Klina](/source/Klina), the [White Drin](/source/White_Drin), the [Mirusha River](/source/Mirusha_River) and [Drenica](/source/Drenica) to the east,{{cite book |last1=Schmitt |first1=Oliver Jens |last2=Frantz |first2=Eva Anne |title=Politik und Gesellschaft im Vilayet Kosovo und im serbisch beherrschten Kosovo 1870–1914, Karten: Berichte der österreichisch-ungarischen Konsuln aus dem zentralen Balkan |date=August 2020 |publisher=Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften |location=Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar |isbn=978-3-7001-8208-5 |page=141 |url=https://austriaca.at/0xc1aa5572%200x003bbdc1.pdf}} and is a border region of the [Dukagjini Plain](/source/Dukagjini_Plain) of western Kosovo.{{cite book|author=Dr. Dragan Ćukić|title=Kosovo: Znamenitosti i lepote|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq0YAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA9|year=1971|publisher=Uros Maksimovic|pages=9, 67}} It stretches primarily over the basin area of two rivers, the lower [Klina](/source/Klina_(river)) and the [Mirusha River](/source/Mirusha_River), and includes around 40 settlements.{{sfn|Marković|1967|p=387}} Mountain ranges in the areas of Llapusha and Drenica divide the [Kosovo Field](/source/Kosovo_Field) from the [Dukagjini Plain](/source/Dukagjini_Plain), and thereby define the division between the [Adriatic Sea](/source/Adriatic_Sea) basin on one side and the [Black](/source/Black_Sea) and [Aegean](/source/Aegean_Sea) sea basins on the other.{{cite journal |last1=Rama |first1=Zana |title=Dardania in late Antiquity: an overview of 4th-6th century fortifications in the territory of Kosovo |journal=Archaeologia Adriatica |date=20 September 2021 |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=113 |doi=10.15291/archeo.3392 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/en/259763|doi-access=free }} Llapusha consists of villages in the municipalities of [Malisheva](/source/Malisheva), [Klina](/source/Klina), [Rahovec](/source/Rahovec) and [Suhareka](/source/Suhareka). ==History== ===Antiquity=== In Dresnik, a village of Llapusha in the municipality of Klina, exists an [archaeological site](/source/Dresnik_archaeological_site) dating back to the late [Roman era](/source/Roman_heritage_in_Kosovo). Systemic excavations and geophysical studies have revealed two phases of development during the [Roman](/source/Ancient_Rome) period, the first of which dates from the 2nd century to the first half of the 3rd century CE, and the second of which dates to the [Tetrarchy](/source/Tetrarchy) period. Although archaeological data for the first phase is still scant, it is believed that this phase consisted of a [villa rustica](/source/villa_rustica) with [baths](/source/Thermae), and probably a [vicus](/source/Vicus) nearby. The second phase was marked by the erection of fortifications with circular towers designed to protect monuments and buildings, such as two palaces and a [horreum](/source/Horreum). Numerous inscriptions have been found at the site and studied by archaeologists.{{cite journal |last1=Shala |first1=Elvis |last2=Dana |first2=Dan |title=Nouveautés épigraphiques de Dardanie (I) : inscriptions de Dresnik |journal=Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik |date=2022 |volume=221 |issue=279–292 |url=https://hal.science/hal-03899726/document}} ===Middle Ages=== The [Dečani chrysobulls](/source/De%C4%8Dani_chrysobulls) of the 14th century provide toponymic and anthroponymic data that attest to the presence of [Albanians](/source/Albanians) in Llapusha during the 13th-14th centuries. Albanian names were recorded in the villages of Qabiqi, Percevël/Perqeva, Llapçevë/Llapqeva, Pogragjë/Pograxha and Krushqicë, for example, all of which are settlements in Llapusha. A stream known as ''Reg-jevski'' is recorded as a boundary of the village of Kijeva, which is now part of the municipality of [Malisheva](/source/Malisheva). This corresponds to Gllareva's Rigjeve quarter and links to the widespread medieval Albanian name ''Regj-Reç''. During this time, the Albanians of Llapusha had to pay tithes on vineyards and wine, indicating that viticulture was one of their agricultural traditions. Additionally, Albanians were also prohibited from grazing their sheep in the property of the churches of Llapusha.{{cite book |last1=Tërnava |first1=Muhamet |title=Albanians in the Feud of Decan in the 30's of the 14th Century According to the Chrysobull of Decan |date=1985 |publisher="8 Nëntori" Publishing House |location=Prishtina |pages=257-259, 262-263, 266, 274-275, 286 |url=https://archive.org/details/TheAlbaniansAndTheirTerritories/page/n113/mode/2up}} In the 1348 charters of [Stefan Dušan](/source/Stefan_Du%C5%A1an), Albanian anthroponyms are recorded in five villages of Llapusha that exist to this day - Gollubovc/Gullboc (Malisheva), Bllaca (Suhareka), Ngucat (Malisheva), Kasterci/Kosterc (Suhareka) and Janqisht/Jançishta (Malisheva). Gollubovc is recorded as being inhabited by the Albanians ''Milesh'' and ''Malc'', among others, whereas among the people who were tasked with bringing things to the monastery are ''Kosta Gonshin'', ''Lalzin'' and his brother ''Andrea'' and the son-in-law ''Koloja''. In Bllaca, the Albanians ''Doda'' (along with his brother and sons), ''Baljan'', ''Beri'' and his sons, ''Bob'' and his sons, ''Milesh'' and ''Gonc [Arbanasi](/source/Albanians)'' and their sons are recorded. In Ngucat, the names ''Rob'' (twice), ''Balda'' and ''Baldovin'' are recorded. In Janqisht, the names ''Rog-ja'' and ''Laloje'' are recorded. In Kosterc, the names ''Ber'' (along with his sons), ''Bogda Tanušević'' (Tanushi), ''Poversko Semanović'', ''Tul'', ''Bujaçin'', ''Puloça'' and ''Osmak'' are recorded. These are considered Albanian names that have been preserved to this day as family names and personal names, e.g. Tuli, Buja, Pulaha, Pula and Smaka. Part of Llapusha was included in the [1455 defter of the Branković lands](/source/1455_defter_of_the_Brankovi%C4%87_lands).{{sfn|Radovanović|2008|p=280}} ===20th Century=== The inhabitants of Llapusha took part in the [Kachak Movement](/source/Kachak_Movement) against Yugoslav rule. In Llapusha, the movement initially began on 6 May 1919, a date agreed on by the leaders of the uprising, such as [Azem Galica](/source/Azem_Galica) and [Sadik Rama](/source/Sadik_Rama), who had already begun the uprising in Drenicë.{{cite journal |last1=Shala |first1=Xheladin |title=Kryengritja në Kosovë kundër Serbisë në muajt maj-qershor të vitit 1919 |journal=Kosova |date=2024 |volume=26 |pages=183–190 |url=https://albanica.al/revista_kosova/article/view/5715}} Llapusha, like much of Kosovo, was one of the regions affected by the [Yugoslav colonisation efforts](/source/Yugoslav_colonization_of_Kosovo), in which the Yugoslavs used agrarian reform as a cover for colonizing Kosovo with Slavic settlers, aiming to alter its predominantly-Albanian ethnic makeup, weaken Albanian national unity, and secure border areas through ethnic cleansing and military settlement. The policy deliberately targeted ethnically homogeneous Albanian regions - such as Llapusha, [Drenica](/source/Drenica), [Llapi](/source/Llap_(region)), and other parts of Kosovo — for colonization.{{cite book |last1=Osmani |first1=Jusuf |title=Kolonizimi Serb i Kosovës |date=2010 |publisher=ERA |location=Prishtina |isbn=9789951040525 |pages=71, 82–86 |url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47459628/Jusuf_Osmani_-_Kolonizimi_Serbi_Kosoves-libre.pdf?1469299522=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DJusuf_Osmani_Kolonizimi_Serbi_Kosoves_pd.pdf&Expires=1744101443&Signature=TQmNI3bwwiZ4C4TI6j0zXRnJLvc31a3KoOEcuoavOVP~UGik0CXaeKG924zJWvfLGgsYFmKN33hriiFszdNNtA9nlGXEqS43KPqVHe4OiegieSE5k2aNW1RqMiLPUUvl~2ySBjkf96pKIHVafzN7h1ymztNB4lKZ8yJn1bFbXfoVOxPKt1TYN7b8730Ngq4dAWaRLjwLVLtcALJA5l3mJ5TlL0KUfGf5bC4gu2J886S-uydkmFL3uwFQ9vD6ltGIlLOTauFAmXtYpZEXu9bdtqzwkHy77fxxvqf-hSzPDaKZsE-42IpcKLdc45nwEi6AwOhTWx0YGdKG5ga1Cy~o2g__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA}} During [World War II](/source/World_War_II), large [Chetnik](/source/Chetniks) forces attacked [Novi Pazar](/source/Novi_Pazar), [Llap](/source/Llap_(region)) and [Drenica](/source/Drenica) in the autumn of 1941, all of which were at this point in time under [Italian control](/source/Kingdom_of_Albania_in_personal_union_with_Italy_(1939%E2%80%931943)) and local Albanian administration. These attacks prompted the local administration under [Xhafer Deva](/source/Xhafer_Deva) to mobilise volunteers from [Rugova](/source/Rugova_(region)), Podguri, Drenica and Llapusha to protect these territories, and more particularly to protect Novi Pazar, which was repeatedly attacked by thousands of Chetnik forces over the following months. During these engagements, the leader of the volunteers from Llapusha was Qazim Bajraktari. In November 1943, the Chetniks launched another large-scale attack on Novi Pazar, and volunteers from numerous Albanian territories were once again mobilised in response. This time, the volunteers from Llapusha were led by Qazim Bajraktari and Alush Smajli.{{cite journal |last1=Shatri |first1=Muhamet |title=Mbrojtja E Kosovës Dhe E Trevave Të Tjera Shqiptare Nga Sulmet çetnike Serbo-Malazeze (maj 1941-Tetor 1944) |journal=Kosova |date=2024 |volume=22-23 |pages=257–283 |url=https://albanica.al/revista_kosova/article/view/4962}} ==Demographics== Llapusha is predominantly inhabited by [Albanians](/source/Albanians). There is a small [Romani](/source/Romani_people) community. ==Anthropology== ===Middle Ages=== Albanian toponymy and anthroponomy in Llapusha were recorded in the [Dečani chrysobulls](/source/De%C4%8Dani_chrysobulls) of the early-mid 14th century, attesting to the presence of Albanians in the region during the pre-Ottoman period of Kosovo's history. Aside from typical Albanian anthroponyms present in both the local microtoponymy and in medieval sources which refer to Llapusha, there are numerous anthroponyms used by the Albanians of Llapusha and elsewhere during the [Middle Ages](/source/Middle_Ages) or earlier that fell out of use long ago and now survive only in written records, nicknames, microtoponyms and genealogies.{{cite book |last1=Doçi |first1=Rexhep |title=The Pre-Islamic Anthroponymy of the Llapusha Region in the Light of Microtoponomy |date=1985 |publisher=Shtëpia Botuese "8 Nëntori" |location=Tirana |pages=305–325 |url=https://archive.org/details/TheAlbaniansAndTheirTerritories/page/n153/mode/2up?q=Llapusha}} The Maketa quarter of the village of Llazica (Malisheva) preserves the early Christian Albanian anthroponym ''Mak'' with the suffix ''-et'' in nearby toponyms like ''Shpati Maketës'' (Maket's Slope), ''Gryka Maketës'' (Maket's Gorge), and ''Lugi/Prroni Maketës'' (Maket's Dale or Stream). The anthroponym ''Mak'' appears in [Stefan Dušan’s](/source/Stefan_Du%C5%A1an) 1348 chrysobull and in relation to the villages of Gollubovc/Gullboc and Pllaqica/Plloçicë — possibly in the same area as today's Maketa quarter. It is likely that Mak was the local chief of this area, and his name later gave rise to the [Maketa brotherhood](/source/Albanian_tribes). Local legends exist regarding Maketa, such as one which states that the Maketa were blacklisted by the [Ottomans](/source/Ottoman_Empire) for having fought against Ottoman soldiers. According to local legends, one of Maketa's brothers was named Plakiq, which is formed from the Albanian anthroponymic root ''Plak'' and the Slavonic suffix ''-iq''. Plakiq has been preserved alongside Maketa in local microtoponymy, such as in ''Lugi Plakiqit'' (Plakiq's dale), ''Shpati i Plakiqit'' (Plakiq's slope), and ''Zabeli Plakiqit'' (Plakiq's grove). The Maketa quarter is also often called the Plakiqis' quarter. Another such old Albanian anthroponym would be the ''Bujan'' quarter, also in Llazica. It is also preserved in local microtoponyms, and traces of this anthroponym can be found in early sources, such as the [Dečani chrysobulls](/source/De%C4%8Dani_chrysobulls), in which it is recorded in the village of Qabiq (also in Llapusha and close to Llazica) as the name of a local inhabitant. ''Progon'' is another old yet characteristically Albanian anthroponym preserved in a variety of microtoponyms in the area of Kijeva in Llapusha, indicating that in the past there were people in this region who were called ''Progon''. Other notable old Albanian anthroponyms from Llapusha that can be found in both medieval archival sources and local microtoponymy include ''Bil/Bile'', ''Bic'', ''Likë/Like'' and ''Kil''. The most prominent and frequent old Albanian anthroponym of Llapusha in the Middle Ages is ''Bal/Bale''. This anthroponym was also used for large, widespread and well-known [Albanian brotherhoods](/source/Albanian_tribes) in Llapusha, who founded and gave their name to numerous quarters and villages such as Balinca in the municipality of [Malisheva](/source/Malisheva). Microtoponyms surrounding this village contain traces of the anthroponym, such as ''Prroni i Kronit Balës'', ''Dushet e Balës'', ''Kroni Balës'', ''Bunari Balës'' and more, and one of the quarters of Balinca is called ''Balaj''. In Llapusha, each of the villages of Sferrka e Gashit (Klina), Gllavera/Gllareva (Klina), Rigjeva (Klina) and Carralluka (Malisheva) also have a quarter called Balaj, and in villages where there is no Balaj quarter, there are still many microtoponyms with traces of the anthroponym ''Bale''. In 1455, an inhabitant of Qabiq in Llapushe was recorded with the name ''Baliq'', and a local microtoponym is called ''Kroni Bal Dushit''. In Gllareva, an author by the name of G. Elezović mentioned an inhabitant by the name of ''Bale'' in 1796, and among other things, he pointed out that it is a name of the 14th century. Elezović also mentioned the name ''Balia'' in 1779 as the surname of an Albanian family in the village of Marina of Drenica, deriving it from the name ''Bale'', which according to him was no longer used. ===20th century=== Prior to the [Yugoslav colonization of Kosovo](/source/Yugoslav_colonization_of_Kosovo), Llapusha was inhabited predominantly by Albanians. As such, it was among the key territories targeted by colonization policies aimed at reducing the Albanian population and breaking the national homogeneity of areas such as Drenica, Llapi, parts of the Dukagjin Plain, and other regions of Kosovo. In the villages of the municipality of Malisheva that are traditionally associated with Llapusha, the number of Serbo-Montenegrin families settled as colonists are as follows: Banja (18 families), Bellanica (14 families), Bubaveci (14 families), Bubli (11 families), Carralluka (22 families), Damaneku (10 families), Dragobili (25 families), Jançishta (1 family), Kijeva/Kjeva (9 families), Lashkadrenoci (47 families), Lladroviqi/Bardhi (20 families), Llazica (42 families), Lubizhda/Lumnishta (23 families), Malisheva (20 families), Millanoviqi/Shkoza (4 families), Mirusha (12 families), Mleçani/Mleqani (26 families), Pagarusha (3 families), Panorci (25 families), Plloçica (9 families), Seniku (8 families), Shkarashniku (9 families), Tërpeza (23 families), Turjaka (8 families) and Vermica/Verrmica (9 families). The village of Garaqeva was refounded in 1935 as a Slavic colony, where 12 families with 50 members were settled. In the locality of Tërpeza-Arllati, 19 colonist families were settled between 1936-1938. In the locality of Panorc–Bubël, 31 colonist families with 128 members were settled. In the locality of Mleçan-Plloçicë, 20 colonist families with 80 members were settled in-between 1936-1938. Therefore, there were 501 Serbo-Montenegrin colonist families in total that were settled in the settlements of Llapusha during this time in the municipality of Malisheva. In the villages of the municipality of Klina that are traditionally associated with Llapusha, the number of Serbo-Montenegrin families settled as colonists are as follows: Biça/Binxha (17 families), Dollci (2 families), Gllareva (13 families), Dresnik/Dërsnik (3 families), Ceraviku/Caraviku (8 families), Çabiq/Qabiq (4 families), Gremniku (4 families), Gjyrgjeviku i Madh (7 families), Gjyrgjeviku i Vogël (28 families), Jashanica (73 families), Kërnica (24 families), Pograxha (7 families), Qypeva (5 families), Ujmiri (14 families), Volljaka (6 families) and Zabërgja (1 family). In the locality of Jashanicë-Resnik, an additional 52 colonist families with 235 people were settled in-between the years 1932-1937. In total, 268 Serbo-Montenegrin colonist families were settled in the settlements of Llapusha during this time in the municipality of Klina. In the villages of the municipality of Suhareka that are traditionally associated with Llapusha, the number of Serbo-Montenegrin families settled as colonists are as follows: Duhla (30 families), Javori (3 families) and Semetishti (7 families). In total, 40 Serbo-Montenegrin colonist families were settled in the settlements of Llapusha during this time in the municipality of Suhareka. Meanwhile, of the villages in the municipality of Rahovec that are traditionally associated with Llapusha, only Mrasori is recorded as having 3 families of Serbo-Montenegrin colonists. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Sources== *{{cite book|last=Marković|first=Jovan Đ.|title=Geografske oblasti Socijalističke Federativne Republike Jugoslavije|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QlwMAQAAIAAJ|year=1967|publisher=Zavod za izdavanje udžbenika Socijalističke Republike Srbije}} *{{cite book|last=Bukumirić|first=Mileta|title=Ономастика дела Прекорупља омеђеног рекама Мирушом, Белим Дримом и Клином|year=1981|publisher=САНУ}} *{{cite book|last=Bukumirić|first=Mileta|title=Ономастика Прекорупља, 2. део|year=1982|publisher=САНУ}} *{{cite book|last1=Smirnov|first1=S.|last2=Bošković|first2=Đ.|title=Arheološke beleške iz Metohije i Prekoruplja|year=1934|work=Starinar VIII—IX, Beograd, 1933–1934}} *{{cite book|last=Bakić|first=Radovan|title=Izbor najpovolnijeg modela krupne saobračajne infrastrukture za razvoj Drenice i Prekoruplja|year=1973|work=Glasnik SGD, 1, pp. 135–142}} *{{cite journal|last=Jašović|first=Golub M.|title=Mikrotoponimija sela Berkova u Prekoruplju|journal=Zbornik Radova Filozofskog Fakulteta u Prištini|volume=46|issue=1|pages=13–25|year=2016|doi=10.5937/zrffp46-10798|doi-access=free}} *{{cite book|last=Radovanović|first=Milovan|title=Kosovo i Metohija: antropogeografske, istorijskogeografske, demografske i geopolitičke osnove|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hjc7AQAAIAAJ|year=2008|publisher=Službeni Glasnik|isbn=9788675497806}} == Further reading == *{{cite book|last=Bukumirić|first=Mileta|title=Ономастика дела Прекорупља омеђеног рекама Мирушом, Белим Дримом и Клином|year=1981|publisher=САНУ}} *{{cite book|last=Bukumirić|first=Mileta|title=Ономастика Прекорупља, 2. део|year=1982|publisher=САНУ}} *{{cite book|last1=Smirnov|first1=S.|last2=Bošković|first2=Đ.|title=Arheološke beleške iz Metohije i Prekoruplja|year=1934|work=Starinar VIII—IX, Beograd, 1933–1934}} *{{cite book|last=Bakić|first=Radovan|title=Izbor najpovolnijeg modela krupne saobračajne infrastrukture za razvoj Drenice i Prekoruplja|year=1973|work=Glasnik SGD, 1, pp. 135–142}} *{{cite journal|last=Jašović|first=Golub M.|title=Mikrotoponimija sela Berkova u Prekoruplju|journal=Zbornik Radova Filozofskog Fakulteta u Prištini|volume=46|issue=1|pages=13–25|year=2016|doi=10.5937/zrffp46-10798|doi-access=free}} {{Geographical regions of Kosovo}} Category:Geographical regions of Kosovo Category:Kosovo Ethnographic Regions Category:Albanian ethnographic regions --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Llapusha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llapusha) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llapusha?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.