# List of hacker groups

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This is a partial list of [notable](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability) [hacker groups](/source/Hacker_group), in alphabetical order:

## A-G

- [Anonymous](/source/Anonymous_(hacker_group)), originating in 2003, Anonymous was created as a group for people who fought for the right to privacy.

- [Anonymous Sudan](/source/Anonymous_Sudan), founded in 2023, a [hacktivist](/source/Hacktivism) group that claims to act against [anti-Muslim](/source/Anti-Muslim) activities, but allegedly is Russian backed and neither linked to [Sudan](/source/Sudan) nor [Anonymous](/source/Anonymous_(hacker_group)).[1]

- [Bangladesh Black Hat Hackers](/source/Bangladesh_Black_Hat_Hackers), founded in 2012.[2]

- [Chaos Computer Club](/source/Chaos_Computer_Club) (CCC), founded in 1981, it is Europe's largest association of hackers with 7,700 registered members.

- [Conti](/source/Conti_(ransomware)), one of the most prolific ransomware groups of 2021, according to the [FBI](/source/FBI).[3]

- [Cozy Bear](/source/Cozy_Bear), a Russian hacker group believed to be associated with one or more intelligence agencies of Russia.[4][5]

- [Crime Boys](/source/Crime_Boys), a Brazilian hacker group that performed website defacements in Governmental websites in protest against [Fernando Henrique Cardoso](/source/Fernando_Henrique_Cardoso) government.[6]

- [Croatian Revolution Hackers](/source/Croatian_Revolution_Hackers), a now-defunct group of [Croatian](/source/Croatia) hackers credited with one of the largest attacks to have occurred in the [Balkans](/source/Balkans).

- [Cult of the Dead Cow](/source/Cult_of_the_Dead_Cow), also known as cDc or cDc Communications, is a computer hacker and DIY media organization founded in 1984 in [Lubbock, Texas](/source/Lubbock%2C_Texas).

- [Cyber Partisans](/source/Cyber_Partisans), a [Belarusian](/source/Belarusians) hacktivist group that emerged in 2020, that performed attacks on the [Belarusian government](/source/Government_of_Belarus) and governmental agencies.

- [Cyber Jihad Movement](/source/Cyber_Jihad_Movement), an Islamist cyberterrorist hacker organisation allegiant to [Al-Qaeda](/source/Al-Qaeda).

- [DarkSeoul](/source/DarkSeoul), a cyber attack group believed to be North Korean-backed, known for destroying data and disrupting networks in South Korea from 2011-2013, targeting banks, media outlets, and government agencies using malware and wiper attacks to cause damage.

- [DarkSide](/source/DarkSide_(hacker_group)), a cybercriminal hacking group, believed to be based in [Eastern Europe](/source/Eastern_Europe), that targets victims using ransomware and extortion.

- [DCLeaks](/source/DCleaks), claims to be a group of "American hacktivists (though indicted individuals were found to be in [Russia](/source/Russia)) who respect and appreciate freedom of speech, human rights and government of the people."

- [Decocidio](/source/Decocidio) is an anonymous, autonomous collective of hacktivists who are part of [Earth First!](/source/Earth_First!), a radical environmental protest organization, and adheres to [Climate Justice Action](/source/Climate_Justice_Action).

- [Derp](/source/Derp_(hacker_group)), a hacker group that attacked several game sites in late 2013.

- [Digital DawgPound](/source/Digital_DawgPound) (DDP) The DDP was founded and named by [StankDawg](/source/StankDawg).

- [Equation Group](/source/Equation_Group), suspected to be the offensive operations wing of the U.S. [National Security Agency](/source/National_Security_Agency).

- [Fancy Bear](/source/Fancy_Bear), a Russian cyberespionage group.

- [Genocide2600](/source/Genocide2600), a group that gained notoriety for combating [child pornography](/source/Child_pornography). Disbanded in 2009.

- [Ghost Squad Hackers](/source/Ghost_Squad_Hackers), or by the abbreviation "GSH" is a politically motivated hacking team established in 2015.

- [Ghostwriter](/source/Ghostwriter_(hacker_group)), believed to be based in Belarus and affiliated with the [Armed Forces of Belarus](/source/Armed_Forces_of_Belarus).

- [Global kOS](/source/Global_kOS) was a grey hat (leaning black hat) computer hacker group active from 1996 through 2000.

- [globalHell](/source/GlobalHell) was a group of hackers, composed of about 60 individuals. The group disbanded in 1999 when 12 members were prosecuted for computer intrusion and 30 for lesser offenses.

- [Goatse Security](/source/Goatse_Security) [(GoatSec)](/source/Goatsec) is a loose-knit, nine-person [grey hat](/source/Grey_hat) hacker group that specializes in uncovering security flaws.

## H-R

- [Hackweiser](/source/Hackweiser) is an underground hacking group and hacking magazine founded in 1999.

- [Hafnium](/source/Hafnium_(group)) Possibly with Chinese associations, responsible for the [2021 Microsoft Exchange Server data breach](/source/2021_Microsoft_Exchange_Server_data_breach).

- [Handala](/source/Handala_(hacker_group)) is a hacktivist group linked to the Iranian [Ministry of Intelligence](/source/Ministry_of_Intelligence_(Iran)) that targets Israeli and American interests.

- [Hive](/source/Hive_(ransomware)) was a notorious [ransomware as a service](/source/Ransomware_as_a_service) (RaaS) criminal organization that targeted mainly public institutions.[7]

- [Honker Union](/source/Honker_Union) is a group known for [hacktivism](/source/Hacktivism), mainly present in [Mainland China](/source/Mainland_China), whose members launched a series of attacks on websites in the United States, mostly government-related sites.

- [Indian Cyber Force](/source/Indian_Cyber_Force) is a hacktivist group that targets entities perceived to be against Indian interests. Notable incidents include cyberattacks against Canada,[8] Maldives,[9] Palestine,[10][11] Pakistan.[12]

- [Insanity Zine Corp.](/source/Insanity_Zine_Corp.), active during the beginning of the 2000s in Brazil, it is known for their [website defacements](/source/Website_defacement).[13][14]

- [International Subversives](/source/International_Subversives) was a group of three hackers including [Julian Assange](/source/Julian_Assange) under the name *Mendax*,[15][16][17][18][19] supposedly taken from [Horace](/source/Horace)'s *splendide mendax* (nobly lying)[20][21][22][23] and two others, known as "Trax" and "Prime Suspect" who regularly hacked into corporations like [Nortel](/source/Nortel) and systems belonging to a "who's who of the U.S. [military-industrial complex](/source/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex)".[15][20][24]

- [Iranian Cyber Army](/source/Iranian_Cyber_Army) unofficially confirmed to be connected to government.

- [Islamic State Hacking Division](/source/Islamic_State_Hacking_Division), a Jihadist hacking group associated with the [Islamic State](/source/Islamic_State).

- [IT Army of Ukraine](/source/IT_Army_of_Ukraine) is a volunteer cyberwarfare organisation created amidst the [2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine](/source/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine).

- [Killnet](/source/Killnet) is a pro-Russian group that attacked several countries' government institutions and attempted to [DDoS](/source/DDoS) the [2022 Eurovision Song Contest](/source/2022_Eurovision_Song_Contest) website.[25]

- [L0pht](/source/L0pht), was a hacker collective active between 1992 and 2000 and located in the [Boston, Massachusetts](/source/Boston%2C_Massachusetts) area.

- [Lapsus$](/source/Lapsus%24), a black-hat hacker group known for using extortion tactics. active since late 2021, allegedly dumping data from [Microsoft](/source/Microsoft), [Samsung](/source/Samsung) and [Nvidia](/source/Nvidia), and with members arrested in March 2022.

- [Lazarus Group](/source/Lazarus_Group), with strong links to the North Korean government, involved in the [Sony Pictures hack](/source/Sony_Pictures_hack), the [Bangladesh Bank robbery](/source/Bangladesh_Bank_robbery) and the [WannaCry ransomware attack](/source/WannaCry_ransomware_attack).

- [Legion of Doom](/source/Legion_of_Doom_(hacking)); LOD was a hacker group active in the early 80s and mid-90s. Had noted rivalry with Masters of Deception (MOD).

- [Legion Hacktivist Group](/source/Legion_Hacktivist_Group), a hacking group that hijacked the Indian Yahoo server and hacked online news portals of India.

- [Level Seven](/source/Level_Seven_(hacking_group)) was a hacking group during the mid to late 1990s. Eventually dispersing in early 2000 when their nominal leader "vent" was raided by the FBI on February 25, 2000.

- [Lizard Squad](/source/Lizard_Squad), known for their claims of [distributed denial-of-service](/source/Denial-of-service_attack#Distributed_attacks) (DDoS) attacks[26] primarily to disrupt gaming-related services. Currently broken up.

- [Lords of Dharmaraja](/source/Lords_of_Dharmaraja), an India based [security hacking](/source/Security_hacking) group which threatened in 2012 to release the [source code](/source/Source_code) of [Symantec](/source/NortonLifeLock)'s product [Norton Antivirus](/source/Norton_Antivirus).

- [LulzSec](/source/LulzSec), a group of hackers originating and disbanding in 2011 that claimed to hack "for the lulz".

- [Masters of Deception](/source/Masters_of_Deception), MOD's initial membership grew from meetings on Loop-Around Test Lines in the early- to mid-1980s. Had noted rivalry with Legion of Doom (LOD).

- [milw0rm](/source/Milw0rm) is a group of "hacktivists" best known for penetrating the computers of the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) in Mumbai.

- [NCPH](/source/Network_Crack_Program_Hacker_(NCPH)_Group) is a Chinese hacker group based out of Zigong in Sichuan Province.

- [Noisebridge](/source/Noisebridge), a [hackerspace](/source/Hackerspace) located in [San Francisco](/source/San_Francisco) which goes by the early definition of [hacking](/source/Hacker_culture) and not [security hacking](/source/Security_hacking).

- [Noname057(16)](/source/Noname057(16)) a Russian speaking hacker group, attacks aligned with Russia's invasion in Ukraine

- [OurMine](/source/OurMine), a hacker group of unknown origin that has compromised various websites and Twitter accounts as a way of advertising their "professional services".

- [P.H.I.R.M.](/source/P.H.I.R.M.), an early hacking group that was founded in the early 1980s.

- [Phone Losers of America](/source/Phone_Losers_of_America), an internet [prank call](/source/Prank_call) community founded in 1994 as a [phone phreaking](/source/Phone_Phreaking) and [hacking](/source/Phone_hacking) group.

- [Piratas Unidos Argentinos](/source/Piratas_Unidos_Argentinos), the first hacking group from Argentina and one of the firsts from Latin America.[27]

- [Play](/source/Play_(hacker_group)), a ransomware extortion group, experts believe them to be from [Russia](/source/Russia).

- [Prime Suspectz](/source/Prime_Suspectz), a Brazilian hacker group active in the 2000s known for their website defacements, specially against [Microsoft](/source/Microsoft).[28]

- [Powerful Greek Army](/source/Powerful_Greek_Army), is a Greek group of black-hat computer hackers founded in 2016.

- [RedHack](/source/RedHack) is a socialist hacker group based in Turkey, founded in 1997. They usually launch attacks against the Turkish government's websites and leak secret documents of the Turkish government.

- [Rhysida](/source/Rhysida_(hacker_group)) group behind the [2023 British Library cyberattack](/source/2023_British_Library_cyberattack) and the [Insomniac games](/source/Insomniac_games) dump using ransomware-as-a-service.

- [Rocket Kitten](/source/Rocket_Kitten) or the Rocket Kitten Group is a hacker group thought to be linked to the [Iranian government](/source/Government_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran). Formed in 2010 by the hacker personas "Cair3x" and "HUrr!c4nE!".

## S-Z

- [Sandworm](/source/Sandworm_(hacker_group)), also known as Unit 74455, a Russian cyber military unit of the [GRU](/source/GRU_(G.U.)).

- [The Shadow Brokers](/source/The_Shadow_Brokers) (TSB), originating in summer 2016. They published several leaks containing hacking tools, including several [zero-day exploits](/source/Zero-day_(computing)) of the National Security Agency (NSA).

- [ShinyHunters](/source/ShinyHunters) is a hacker and extortion group that is said to be responsible for numerous [data breaches](/source/Data_breach) in 2020 and 2021. The ShinyHunters cybercriminal group is also known as [Scattered Spider](/source/Scattered_Spider)/[UNC3944](https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/unc3944-proactive-hardening-recommendations), [UNC5537](https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/unc5537-snowflake-data-theft-extortion), [UNC6040](https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/voice-phishing-data-extortion), [UNC6240](https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/voice-phishing-data-extortion), and [UNC6395](https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/data-theft-salesforce-instances-via-salesloft-drift). The ShinyHunters cybercriminal group once owned [BreachForums](/source/BreachForums) following the arrest of the original founder. The group is still very active with their back to back massive destructive campaigns in 2024 and 2025 - their recent activities include [Snowflake](/source/Snowflake_Inc.) and [Salesforce](/source/Salesforce) data-theft campaigns.[29][30][31][32]

- [Scattered Lapsus$ Hunters](/source/Scattered_Lapsus%24_Hunters), a group active since around August 2025, apparently composed of members from [Scattered Spider](/source/Scattered_Spider), [Lapsus$](/source/Lapsus%24) and [ShinyHunters](/source/ShinyHunters).

- [SiegedSec](/source/SiegedSec), founded in 2022, a [hacktivist](/source/Hacktivism) group known for its [anti-government](/source/Political_dissent) and [LGBTQ+](/source/LGBTQ%2B)-supportive stance, often targeting U.S. government agencies, law enforcement, and right-wing institutions.

- [TeaMp0isoN](/source/TeaMp0isoN) is a group of black-hat computer hackers established in mid-2009.

- [Telecomix](/source/Telecomix), a [hacktivist](/source/Hacktivism) group mainly known for circumventing [internet censorship](/source/Internet_censorship) during multiple political events.

- [TeslaTeam](/source/TeslaTeam) is a group of black-hat computer hackers from Serbia established in 2010.

- [TESO](/source/TESO_(Austrian_hacker_group)) was a hacker group originating in [Austria](/source/Austria) that was active primarily from 1998 to 2004

- [The Unknowns](/source/The_Unknowns) is a group of white-hat hackers that exploited many high-profiled websites and became very active in 2012 when the group was founded and disbanded.

- [Turla](/source/Turla_(group)), one of the most sophisticated groups supporting the Russian government.

- [UGNazi](/source/UGNazi), a hacking group led by JoshTheGod, was founded in 2011. They are best known for several attacks on US government sites,[33] leaking WHMC's database,[34] DDoS attacks, and exposing personal information of celebrities and other high-profile figures on [exposed.su](/source/Exposed.su).

- [Vice Society](/source/Vice_Society), a Russian-speaking hacker group known for attacks on healthcare and education organizations

- [Wizard Spider](/source/Wizard_Spider), a Russian / Ukrainian hacker group, suspected of being behind the Ireland [Health Service Executive cyberattack](/source/Health_Service_Executive_cyberattack), sometimes called [Trickbot](/source/Trickbot) per the malware.

- [Yemen Cyber Army](/source/Yemen_Cyber_Army), a pro-[Yemeni](/source/Yemeni) hacker group that has claimed responsibility for the [defacement](/source/Website_defacement) of the [London](/source/London)-based pro-[Saudi](/source/Saudi_Arabia) [Al-Hayat](/source/Al-Hayat) website in April 2015, as well as the exfiltration of data from the [Saudi Arabia's Ministry of Foreign Affairs](/source/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Saudi_Arabia)) in May subsequently listed on [WikiLeaks](/source/WikiLeaks).

- [YIPL/TAP](/source/Youth_International_Party) - *Youth International Party Line* or *Technological Assistance Program*, was an early [phone phreak](/source/Phone_phreak) organization and publication created in the 1970s by activists [Abbie Hoffman](/source/Abbie_Hoffman).

- [Xbox Underground](/source/Xbox_Underground), an international group responsible for hacking game developers, including [Microsoft](/source/Microsoft).

## See also

- [List of hackers](/source/List_of_hackers)

- [List of fictional hackers](/source/List_of_fictional_hackers)

- [List of computer criminals](/source/List_of_computer_criminals)

- [Information security](/source/Information_security)

- [Computer security conference](/source/Computer_security_conference)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-cloudflare_as_1-0)** ["What is Anonymous Sudan?"](https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/ddos/glossary/anonymous-sudan/). *Cloudflare*. Retrieved 2025-04-16.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** ["Bangladeshi hackers shut down 20,000 Indian sites"](https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/news/bangladeshi-hackers-shut-down-20000-indian-sites-1616851). The Daily Star. 2018-06-28. Retrieved 2025-04-16.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Pitrelli, Monica (2022-04-14). ["Leaked documents show notorious ransomware group has an HR department, performance reviews and an 'employee of the month'"](https://www.cnbc.com/2022/04/14/conti-ransomware-leak-shows-group-operates-like-normal-tech-company.html). *CNBC*. Retrieved 2023-06-25.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** ["Cozy Bear"](https://www.crowdstrike.com/adversaries-directory/cozy-bear/). Crowdstrike. Retrieved 2025-04-16.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** ["Russian state hackers target European diplomats — with fake wine-tasting events"](https://www.politico.eu/article/russia-hackers-cozy-bear-european-diplomats-wine-tasting-events/). Politico Europe. 2024-01-11. Retrieved 2025-04-16.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** ["Crime Boys"](https://www.terra.com.br/informatica/especial/hacker_cboys.htm). *[Terra](/source/Terra_(company))* (in Brazilian Portuguese). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250904163419/https://www.terra.com.br/informatica/especial/hacker_cboys.htm) from the original on 4 September 2025. Retrieved 4 September 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Lowell, Hugo (2023-01-26). ["US authorities seize servers for Hive ransomware group"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/jan/26/hive-ransomware-servers-seized-us). *The Guardian*. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0261-3077](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077). Retrieved 2023-06-25.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Robertson, Dylan (28 September 2023). ["Cyberattacks hit military, Parliament websites as India-based group targets Canada"](https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/cyberattacks-parliament-india-1.6981399). *cbc.ca*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241129182024/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/cyberattacks-parliament-india-1.6981399) from the original on 29 November 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** ["Maldives' Home Ministry website hacked over 'anti-India actions': Report"](https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/maldives-home-ministry-website-hacked-over-anti-india-actions-report-418856-2024-02-25). *Business Today*. 2024-02-25. Retrieved 2025-01-25.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Newman, Lily Hay. ["Activist Hackers Are Racing Into the Israel-Hamas War—for Both Sides"](https://www.wired.com/story/israel-hamas-war-hacktivism/). *Wired*. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1059-1028](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028). Retrieved 2025-01-25.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Team, DNA Web. ["Israel-Palestine conflict: How Indian hackers sunk their cyber fangs into Hamas, Palestinian national bank"](https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-israel-palestine-conflict-how-indian-hackers-sunk-their-cyber-fangs-into-hamas-palestinian-national-bank-3063682). *DNA India*. Retrieved 2025-01-25.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** ["Hacking Alert: Indian Hackers Claim to Crack Pakistani Police CCTV – Exclusive Inside Look!"](https://www.timesnownews.com/technology-science/hacking-alert-indian-hackers-claim-to-crack-pakistani-police-cctv-exclusive-inside-look-article-105231993). *Times Now*. 2023-11-15. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250124142608/https://www.timesnownews.com/technology-science/hacking-alert-indian-hackers-claim-to-crack-pakistani-police-cctv-exclusive-inside-look-article-105231993) from the original on 24 January 2025. Retrieved 2025-01-25.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** ["Insanity Zine Corp"](https://www.terra.com.br/informatica/especial/hacker_izinecorp.htm) (in Brazilian Portuguese). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250817202302/https://www.terra.com.br/informatica/especial/hacker_izinecorp.htm) from the original on 17 August 2025. Retrieved 17 August 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** ["Hackers brazucas agitam final de semana"](https://www.terra.com.br/informatica/2001/01/22/007.htm). *[Terra](/source/Terra_(company))* (in Brazilian Portuguese). 22 January 2001. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250817201529/https://www.terra.com.br/informatica/2001/01/22/007.htm) from the original on 17 August 2025. Retrieved 17 August 2025.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Khatchadourian_15-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Khatchadourian_15-1) Khatchadourian, Raffi (7 June 2010). ["No secrets: Julian Assange's mission for total transparency"](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/06/07/no-secrets). *[The New Yorker](/source/The_New_Yorker)*. Retrieved 16 March 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:2_16-0)** ["The Man Behind Wikileaks: A Julian Assange Cheat Sheet"](https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2010/07/the-man-behind-wikileaks-a-julian-assange-cheat-sheet). *Vanity Fair*. 2010-07-26. Retrieved 2022-10-13.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:6_17-0)** Greenberg, Andy. ["Breaking Down the Hacking Case Against Julian Assange"](https://www.wired.com/story/julian-assange-arrest-indictment-hacking-cfaa/). *Wired*. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1059-1028](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028). Retrieved 2022-10-13.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:7_18-0)** ["Julian Assange: the teen hacker who became insurgent in information war"](https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/jan/30/julian-assange-wikileaks-profile). *the Guardian*. 2011-01-30. Retrieved 2022-10-13.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:31_19-0)** ["The most shocking revelations to come from WikiLeaks"](https://au.news.yahoo.com/on-this-day-the-most-shocking-revelations-to-come-from-wiki-leaks-210023597.html). *au.news.yahoo.com*. 3 October 2021. Retrieved 2023-02-21.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Underground_20-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Underground_20-1) Dreyfus, Suelette (1997). [*Underground: Tales of Hacking, Madness and Obsession on the Electronic Frontier*](https://books.google.com/books?id=whdGAAAACAAJ). Mandarin. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-86330-595-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86330-595-5).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Bustillos, Maria (17 June 2013). ["He Told You So: Julian Assange, the NSA, and Edward Snowden"](https://psmag.com/news/he-told-you-so-julian-assange-the-nsa-and-edward-snowden-60335). *[Pacific Standard](/source/Pacific_Standard)*. Retrieved 16 September 2021. Assange's youthful hacker name was Mendax ('lying'), allegedly from Horace's phrase 'splendide mendax,' or 'nobly lying'.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:20_22-0)** Harrell, Eben (2010-07-26). ["Mystery Hacker: Who Is WikiLeaks Founder Julian Assange?"](https://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2006496,00.html). *Time*. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0040-781X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X). Retrieved 2023-02-13.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:21_23-0)** Assange, Julian (2011-09-21). ["Julian Assange: 'I am – like all hackers – a little bit autistic'"](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/julian-assange-i-am-ndash-like-all-hackers-ndash-a-little-bit-autistic-2358654.html). *The Independent*. Retrieved 2023-02-13.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** ["Julian Assange: The man who exposed the world"](https://www.macleans.ca/society/technology/a-man-of-many-secrets/). *Macleans*. 13 December 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** ["Russian hackers declare war on 10 countries after failed Eurovision DDoS attack"](https://www.techcentral.ie/russian-hackers-declare-war-on-10-countries-after-failed-eurovision-ddos-attack/). techcentral.ie. 2022-05-16. Retrieved 2022-05-22.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** ["How A Hacker Gang Saved Christmas For Video Game Players Everywhere"](https://www.businessinsider.com/lizard-squad-hack-playstation-and-xbox-2014-12?r=US). *Business Insider*. Retrieved 25 December 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** Roberti, Raquel; Bonsembiante, Fernando (1995). *Llaneros solitarios: hackers, la guerrilla informática* (in Spanish). Espasa-Calpe Argentina. p. 55. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [950-852-075-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/950-852-075-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** Sullivan, Bob (3 May 2001). ["Three Microsoft sites attacked"](https://www.zdnet.com/article/three-microsoft-sites-attacked/). *[ZDNET](/source/ZDNET)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20260124001138/https://www.zdnet.com/article/three-microsoft-sites-attacked/) from the original on 24 January 2026. Retrieved 24 January 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** ["UNC5537 Targets Snowflake Customer Instances for Data Theft and Extortion"](https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/unc5537-snowflake-data-theft-extortion). *Google Cloud Blog*. Retrieved 2025-09-08.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** Abrams, Lawrence. ["Ticketmaster confirms massive breach after stolen data for sale online"](https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/ticketmaster-confirms-massive-breach-after-stolen-data-for-sale-online/). *BleepingComputer*. Retrieved 2025-09-08.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** Abrams, Lawrence. ["ShinyHunters behind Salesforce data theft attacks at Qantas, Allianz Life, and LVMH"](https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/shinyhunters-behind-salesforce-data-theft-attacks-at-qantas-allianz-life-and-lvmh/). *BleepingComputer*. Retrieved 2025-09-08.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** ["The Cost of a Call: From Voice Phishing to Data Extortion"](https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/voice-phishing-data-extortion). *Google Cloud Blog*. Retrieved 2025-09-08.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** ["Manhattan U.S. Attorney and FBI Assistant Director in Charge Announce 24 Arrests in Eight Countries as Part of International Cyber Crime Takedown"](https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/newyork/press-releases/2012/manhattan-u.s.-attorney-and-fbi-assistant-director-in-charge-announce-24-arrests-in-eight-countries-as-part-of-international-cyber-crime-takedown). *fbi.gov*. June 26, 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** Greenberg, Andy (May 22, 2012). ["Hackers Impersonate Web Billing Firm's Staff To Spill 500,000 Users' Passwords And Credit Cards"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2012/05/22/hackers-impersonate-web-billing-firms-staff-to-spill-500000-users-passwords-and-credit-cards/#6ca771cbae64). *Forbes*. Retrieved 11 September 2018.

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [List of hacker groups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hacker_groups) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hacker_groups?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.