# List of Pinus species

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***[Pinus](/source/Pine)***, the **pines**, is a genus of approximately 110–120 [extant](/source/Neontology) tree and shrub species. The genus is currently split into two [subgenera](/source/Subgenus), subgenus ***Pinus*** (**hard pines**), and subgenus ***Strobus*** (**soft pines**). Each of the subgenera have been further divided into [sections and subsections](/source/Section_(botany)) based in the past on morphology, ecology and biogeography, and more recently increasingly from [chloroplast](/source/Chloroplast) DNA sequencing[1] and whole [plastid](/source/Plastid) genomic analysis.[2] While the genetic analysis has given robust results at the higher levels, they often give conflicting results lower in the phylogenetic trees, with species allocated to different subsections (and sometimes different sections) by different studies or even within a study.[3] Within subsections, the genetic relationships between species can be even more complex and conflicting; in one study, three samples of the very distinctive and morphologically constant *[Pinus lambertiana](/source/Pinus_lambertiana)* were placed in three different [clades](/source/Clade) of the subsection *Strobus*, and similar problems with many other species with widespread nonmonophyly.[4]

Pinus Subgenus Pinus Section Trifoliae Subsection Ponderosae Subsection Contortae Subsection Australes Section Pinus Subsection Pinus Subsection Pinaster Subgenus Strobus Section Quinquefoliae Subsection Gerardianae Subsection Krempfianae Subsection Strobus Section Parrya Subsection Nelsonianae Subsection Balfourianae Subsection Cembroides

Several features are used to distinguish the subgenera, sections, and subsections of pines; the number of leaves (needles) per [fascicle](/source/Fascicle_(botany)), whether the [fascicle sheaths](/source/Fascicle_sheath) are [deciduous](/source/Deciduous) or [persistent](/source/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#persistent), the number of [fibrovascular bundles](/source/Fibrovascular_bundle) per needle (two in *Pinus*, one in *Strobus*), the position of the [resin ducts](/source/Resin_duct) in the needles (internal or external), the presence or shape of the seed wings (rudimentary or effective, articulate or adnate), and the position of the [umbo](/source/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#umbo) (dorsal or terminal) and presence of a prickle on the scales of the [seed cones](/source/Seed_cone).[5]

The two subgenera are thought to have ancient divergence from each other, having diverged at some point between the late [Jurassic](/source/Jurassic) (around 160 million years ago),[6] the mid [Cretaceous](/source/Cretaceous) (around 125 million years ago),[7] to the late Cretaceous (around 100 million years ago).[8]

## Subgenus *Pinus*

Subgenus *[Pinus](/source/Pinus_subg._Pinus)* includes the yellow and hard pines. Pines in this subgenus have two to five needles per fascicle (rarely as many as eight, in *[P. durangensis](/source/Pinus_durangensis)*).[9] They have two [fibrovascular bundles](/source/Fibrovascular_bundle) per needle, and the fascicle sheaths are [persistent](/source/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#persistent), except in *[P. leiophylla](/source/Pinus_leiophylla)* and *[P. lumholtzii](/source/Pinus_lumholtzii)*. The cone scales are thicker and more rigid than those of subgenus *Strobus*, and have a resin sealing band before opening (resulting in the cones opening with an audible crack); the [cones](/source/Pine_cone) either open soon after they mature or are [serotinous](/source/Serotinous).[10]

### Section *Pinus*

**Section *[Pinus](/source/Pinus_sect._Pinus)*** has two or three needles per fascicle. The cones have moderately thin to thick scales; in most they open at maturity, but are weakly serotinous in some species in subsection *Pinaster*. Species in this section are native to [Europe](/source/Europe), [Asia](/source/Asia), and the [Mediterranean](/source/Mediterranean_region), except for *P. resinosa* in northeastern [North America](/source/North_America) and *P. tropicalis* in western [Cuba](/source/Cuba).[10]

**Subsection *[Incertae sedis](/source/Incertae_sedis)***

- †*[P. driftwoodensis](/source/Pinus_driftwoodensis)* – Early [Eocene](/source/Eocene), [British Columbia](/source/British_Columbia), [Canada](/source/Canada)[11]

#### Subsection *Pinus*

*Pinus sylvestris*

*Pinus heldreichii*

All but two species (***P. resinosa*** and ***P. tropicalis***) in **Subsection *Pinus*** are native to Eurasia.[10] The cones have moderate thickness scales, and are characterised by a slightly off-centre prickle ('excentromucronate') on the umbo.[12]

- *[P. densata](/source/Pinus_densata)* – Sikang pine

- *[P. densiflora](/source/Pinus_densiflora)* – Japanese red pine or Korean red pine

- *[P. henryi](/source/Pinus_henryi)* – Henry's pine

- *[P. hwangshanensis](/source/Pinus_hwangshanensis)* – Huangshan pine

- *[P. kesiya](/source/Pinus_kesiya)* – Khasi pine

- *[P. luchuensis](/source/Pinus_luchuensis)* – Luchu pine

- *[P. massoniana](/source/Pinus_massoniana)* – Masson's pine

- *[P. mugo](/source/Pinus_mugo)* – mountain pine - *P. m.* subsp. *mugo* - *P. m.* subsp. *uncinata* (treated as a separate species *P. uncinata* by POWO,[13] but with minimal genetic distinction from *P. mugo*[14])

- *[P. nigra](/source/Pinus_nigra)* – Austrian pine

- *[P. resinosa](/source/Pinus_resinosa)* – red pine

- *[P. sylvestris](/source/Pinus_sylvestris)* – Scots pine

- *[P. tabuliformis](/source/Pinus_tabuliformis)* – Chinese red pine

- *[P. taiwanensis](/source/Pinus_taiwanensis)* – Taiwan red pine

- *[P. thunbergii](/source/Pinus_thunbergii)* – Japanese black pine

- *[P. tropicalis](/source/Pinus_tropicalis)* – tropical pine

- *[P. yunnanensis](/source/Pinus_yunnanensis)* – Yunnan pine

- †*[P. prehwangshanensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinus_prehwangshanensis&action=edit&redlink=1)*

- †[*P. yorkshirensis*](/source/Pinus_yorkshirensis)

#### Subsection *[Incertae sedis](/source/Incertae_sedis)*

This pine is commonly resolved into subsection *Pinaster* by genetic studies, but this is in strong conflict with its morphology and ecology, which is much closer to subsection *Pinus*, or alternatively placed in its own subsection *Leucodermes* close to subsection *Pinus*.[15]

- *[P. heldreichii](/source/Pinus_heldreichii)* – Bosnian pine

#### Subsection *[Incertae sedis](/source/Incertae_sedis)*

These pines are placed in subsection *Pinus* by some genetic studies,[8] but in subsection *Pinaster* by others.[2] In morphology and ecology, they belong in the latter group.[16] The subsection *Merkusia* has also been proposed for them.[15]

- *[P. latteri](/source/Pinus_latteri)* – Tenasserim pine

- *[P. merkusii](/source/Pinus_merkusii)* – Sumatran pine

- *[P. ustulata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinus_ustulata&action=edit&redlink=1)* – Philippine pine (recently split from *P. merkusii*)[17]

#### Subsection *Pinaster*

*Pinus roxburghii*

**Subsection *[Pinaster](/source/Pinus_subsect._Pinaster)*** contains species native to warm climates in the Mediterranean region at low altitudes, as well as *[P. roxburghii](/source/Pinus_roxburghii)* from the [Himalayas](/source/Himalayas). The cones are thick-scaled and orange-brown to red-brown, and the cone scales are glossy and lack umbo spines.[5] It is named after *P. pinaster*.

- *[P. brutia](/source/Pinus_brutia)* – Turkish pine

- *[P. canariensis](/source/Pinus_canariensis)* – Canary Islands pine

- *[P. halepensis](/source/Pinus_halepensis)* – Aleppo pine

- *[P. pinaster](/source/Pinus_pinaster)* – maritime pine

- *[P. pinea](/source/Pinus_pinea)* – stone pine

- *[P. roxburghii](/source/Pinus_roxburghii)* – chir pine

### Section *Trifoliae*

**Section *Trifoliae*** (American hard pines), despite its name (which means "three-leaved"), has two to five needles per fascicle, or rarely eight. The cones of most species open at maturity, but a few are [serotinous](/source/Serotinous). All but two American hard pines belong to this section.[10]

The timing of divergences within this section is disputed, with subsections *Australes* and *Ponderosae* having diverged during the mid [Cretaceous](/source/Cretaceous) (about 110 million years ago) according to one study,[6] but not until the mid [Oligocene](/source/Oligocene) (about 30–35 million years ago) in others.[7][8]

#### Subsection *Attenuatae*

*Pinus attenuata*

The three closed-cone (serotinous) and fire adapted species of California and Baja California form a small subsection;[18] closely related to, and often included within subsection *Australes*. Some studies suggest *Pinus glabra* may also belong here (despite its morphological dissimilarity)[2] though others include it in subsection *Australes*.[8]

- *[P. attenuata](/source/Pinus_attenuata)* – knobcone pine

- *[P. muricata](/source/Pinus_muricata)* – Bishop pine

- *[P. radiata](/source/Pinus_radiata)* – Monterey pine

#### Subsection *Australes*

*Pinus elliottii*

This subsection is native to [North](/source/North_America) and [Central America](/source/Central_America) and islands in the [Caribbean](/source/Caribbean).[5][19][20] It has 26 living species.[18]

- *[P. caribaea](/source/Pinus_caribaea)* – Caribbean pine

- *[P. cubensis](/source/Pinus_cubensis)* – Cuban pine

- *[P. echinata](/source/Pinus_echinata)* – shortleaf pine

- *[P. elliottii](/source/Pinus_elliottii)* – slash pine

- *[P. glabra](/source/Pinus_glabra)* – spruce pine

- *[P. georginae](/source/Pinus_georginae)*

- *[P. greggii](/source/Pinus_greggii)* – Gregg's pine

- *[P. herrerae](/source/Pinus_herrerae)* – Herrera's pine

- *[P. hondurensis](/source/Pinus_hondurensis)* – Honduras pine (treated as a variety of *P. caribaea* by POWO,[21] but considered distinct by Businský[15])

- *[P. jaliscana](/source/Pinus_jaliscana)* – Jalisco pine

- *[P. lawsonii](/source/Pinus_lawsonii)* – Lawson's pine

- *[P. leiophylla](/source/Pinus_leiophylla)* – Chihuahua pine

- *[P. lumholtzii](/source/Pinus_lumholtzii)* – Lumholtz's pine

- *[P. luzmariae](/source/Pinus_luzmariae)*[22]

- *[P. occidentalis](/source/Pinus_occidentalis)* – Hispaniolan pine

- *[P. oocarpa](/source/Pinus_oocarpa)* – egg-cone pine

- *[P. palustris](/source/Pinus_palustris)* – longleaf pine

- *[P. patula](/source/Pinus_patula)* – patula pine

- *[P. praetermissa](/source/Pinus_praetermissa)* – McVaugh's pine

- *[P. pringlei](/source/Pinus_pringlei)* – Pringle's pine

- *[P. pungens](/source/Pinus_pungens)* – table mountain pine

- *[P. rigida](/source/Pinus_rigida)* – pitch pine

- *[P. serotina](/source/Pinus_serotina)* – pond pine

- *[P. taeda](/source/Pinus_taeda)* – loblolly pine

- *[P. tecunumanii](/source/Pinus_tecunumanii)* – Tecun Uman's pine

- *[P. teocote](/source/Pinus_teocote)* – ocote pine

- *[P. vallartensis](/source/Pinus_vallartensis)*

- †*[P. foisyi](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinus_foisyi&action=edit&redlink=1)* – extinct

#### Subsection *Contortae*

The *Contortae* are native to North America and Mexico.[5] It contains four accepted species.[18]

- *[P. banksiana](/source/Pinus_banksiana)* – jack pine

- *[P. clausa](/source/Pinus_clausa)* – sand pine

- *[P. contorta](/source/Pinus_contorta)* (infraspecific taxa traditionally cited at varietal rank,[23] but with marked divergence in morphology and ecology, better treated at subspecific rank[24]) - *P. c.* subsp. *contorta* – shore pine - *P. c.* subsp. *latifolia* – lodgepole pine - *P. c.* subsp. *murrayana* – tamarack pine

- *[P. virginiana](/source/Pinus_virginiana)* – Virginia pine

- †*[P. matthewsii](/source/Pinus_matthewsii)* – extinct [Pliocene](/source/Pliocene) species from [Yukon Territory](/source/Yukon_Territory), Canada[25]

#### Subsection *Ponderosae*

*Pinus gordoniana*

*Pinus jeffreyi*

This subsection is native to [Central America](/source/Central_America), [Mexico](/source/Mexico), the western [United States](/source/United_States), and southwestern [Canada](/source/Canada),[5][26] although its former range was possibly much wider as evidenced by upper Miocene fossils belonging to this subsection found in Japan [27] It contains at least 13 living species and may contain five more if the disputed species become widely accepted.[18]

- *P. apulcensis* (syn. *P. oaxacana*; currently treated as a variety of *P. pseudostrobus* by POWO[28])

- *[P. arizonica](/source/Pinus_arizonica)* – Arizona pine

- *[P. cooperi](/source/Pinus_cooperi)* – Cooper's pine

- *[P. devoniana](/source/Pinus_devoniana)* – Michoacan pine

- *[P. durangensis](/source/Pinus_durangensis)* – Durango pine

- *[P. engelmannii](/source/Pinus_engelmannii)* – Apache pine

- *P. estevezii* – (not currently accepted by POWO)[29]

- *[P. gordoniana](/source/Pinus_gordoniana)* – Gordon's pine

- *[P. hartwegii](/source/Pinus_hartwegii)* – Hartweg's pine

- *P. martinezii* – (not accepted)[30]

- *[P. maximinoi](/source/Pinus_maximinoi)* – thinleaf pine

- *[P. montezumae](/source/Pinus_montezumae)* – Montezuma pine

- *[P. ponderosa](/source/Pinus_ponderosa)* – ponderosa pine - *P. p.* subsp. *benthamiana* – Pacific ponderosa[31] - [*P. p.* subsp. *brachyptera*](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinus_ponderosa_subsp._brachyptera&action=edit&redlink=1) – Southwestern ponderosa (disputed, *P. brachyptera* in [POWO](/source/Plants_of_the_World_Online) and a subspecies in [GRIN](/source/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network))[32] - *P. p.* subsp. *ponderosa* – Columbia Basin ponderosa - *P. p.* subsp. *readiana* – central high plains ponderosa - [*P. p.* subsp. *scopulorum*](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinus_ponderosa_subsp._scopulorum&action=edit&redlink=1) – Rocky Mountain ponderosa (disputed, *P. scopulorum* in POWO and a subspecies in GRIN)[33]

- *[P. pseudostrobus](/source/Pinus_pseudostrobus)* – smooth-bark Mexican pine

- *[P. stormiae](/source/Pinus_stormiae)* – Storm's pine

- *[P. yecorensis](/source/Pinus_yecorensis)* – Yecora pine

- †*[P. fujiii](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinus_fujiii&action=edit&redlink=1)*[27]

- †*[P. johndayensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinus_johndayensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* – [Oligocene](/source/Oligocene)

#### Subsection *Sabinianae*

These are pines of the western United States and Mexico with four existing species. Within the subsection the Coulter pine is closely related with the Jeffery pine and the gray pine is likewise paired with the Torrey pine.[18]

- *[P. coulteri](/source/Pinus_coulteri)* – Coulter pine

- *[P. jeffreyi](/source/Pinus_jeffreyi)* – Jeffrey pine

- *[P. sabiniana](/source/Pinus_sabineana)* – gray pine

- *[P. torreyana](/source/Pinus_torreyana)* – Torrey pine

## Subgenus *Strobus*

Subgenus *Strobus* includes the white and soft pines. Pines in this subgenus have one to five needles per fascicle and one [fibrovascular bundle](/source/Fibrovascular_bundle) per needle, and the fascicle sheaths are [deciduous](/source/Deciduous), except in *[P. nelsonii](/source/Pinus_nelsonii)*, where they are persistent. Cone scales are thinner and more flexible than those of subgenus *Pinus*, except in some species like *[P. maximartinezii](/source/Pinus_maximartinezii)*, and [cones](/source/Pine_cone) usually open soon after they mature.[10]

### Section *Nelsonia*

*Pinus nelsonii*

This unique pine is remarkable in differing from all other pines in multiple cone and foliage characters. Genetically, its position has varied between and within studies; three nuclear genes and chloroplast DNA placed it as [sister taxon](/source/Sister_group) to the rest of Section *Parrya*, while a late embryogenesis abundant (LEA)-like gene (IFG8612) resolved it as sister to Section *Quinquefoliae*;[4] another study resolved it as sister to Subsection *Balfourianae*.[8] It has probably evolved separately from the rest of the genus since the late [Eocene](/source/Eocene), with its [most recent common ancestor](/source/Most_recent_common_ancestor) around 37 million years ago.[8] These unique characters warrant recognition as a monotypic section.[15]

#### Subsection *Nelsonianae*

**Subsection *Nelsonianae*** is native to northeastern Mexico. It consists of the single species with persistent fascicle sheaths.

- *[P. nelsonii](/source/Pinus_nelsonii)* – Nelson's pinyon

### Section *Parrya*

**Section Parrya** has one to five needles per fascicle. The seeds have [articulate](/source/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#articulate) (jointed) wings; in most, the wing is vestigial, and remains attached to the cone scale when the seed is released apparently wingless. In all species, the fascicle sheaths curl back to form a [rosette](/source/Rosette_(botany)) before falling away. The cones have thick scales (thin in subsection *Balfourianae*) and release the seeds at maturity. This section is native to the southwestern United States and Mexico.[10]

#### Subsection *Balfourianae*

**[Subsection Balfourianae](/source/Pinus_subsect._Balfourianae)** (bristlecone and foxtail pines) is native to southwest [United States](/source/United_States).

- *[P. aristata](/source/Pinus_aristata)* – Rocky Mountains bristlecone pine

- *[P. balfouriana](/source/Pinus_balfouriana)* – foxtail pine

- †*[P. crossii](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinus_crossii&action=edit&redlink=1)*[34][35] - ([Chattian](/source/Chattian); [Creede Formation](/source/Creede_Formation), Colorado)

- *[P. longaeva](/source/Pinus_longaeva)* – Great Basin bristlecone pine

#### Subsection *Rzedowskiae*

The 'big-cone' pinyons, with larger cones than subsection *Cembroides*.[18]

- *[P. maximartinezii](/source/Pinus_maximartinezii)* – big-cone pinyon

- *[P. pinceana](/source/Pinus_pinceana)* – weeping pinyon

- *[P. rzedowskii](/source/Pinus_rzedowskii)* – Rzedowski's pinyon

#### Subsection *Cembroides*

*Pinus cembroides*

**[Subsection *Cembroides*](/source/Pinyon_pine)** (pinyons or piñons) is native to [Mexico](/source/Mexico) and the southwestern [United States](/source/United_States).

- *[P. cembroides](/source/Pinus_cembroides)* – Mexican pinyon

- *[P. culminicola](/source/Pinus_culminicola)* – Potosi pinyon

- *[P. discolor](/source/Pinus_discolor)* – border pinyon

- *[P. edulis](/source/Pinus_edulis)* – Colorado pinyon

- *[P. johannis](/source/Pinus_johannis)* – Johann's pinyon

- *[P. monophylla](/source/Pinus_monophylla)* – single-leaf pinyon

- *[P. orizabensis](/source/Pinus_orizabensis)* – Orizaba pinyon

- *[P. quadrifolia](/source/Pinus_quadrifolia)* – Parry pinyon

- *[P. remota](/source/Pinus_remota)* – Texas pinyon or papershell pinyon

### Section *Quinquefoliae*

**Section *Quinquefoliae*** (white pines), as its name (which means "five-leaved") suggests, has five needles per fascicle except for *[P. krempfii](/source/Pinus_krempfii)*, which has two, and *[P. gerardiana](/source/Pinus_gerardiana)* and *[P. bungeana](/source/Pinus_bungeana)*, which have three. All species have cones with thin or thick scales that open at maturity or do not open at all; none are serotinous. Species in this section are found in Eurasia and North America, and one species, *[P. chiapensis](/source/Pinus_chiapensis)* reaches Guatemala.[36][37]

#### Subsection *Gerardianae*

**Subsection *[Gerardianae](/source/Pinus_subsection_Gerardianae)*** is native to East Asia. It has three or five needles per fascicle.

- *[P. bungeana](/source/Pinus_bungeana)* – lacebark pine

- *[P. gerardiana](/source/Pinus_gerardiana)* – chilgoza pine

- *[P. squamata](/source/Pinus_squamata)* – Qiaojia pine

#### Subsection *Krempfianae*

**Subsection *Krempfianae*** is currently native to Vietnam, with a fossil record extending into the Oligocene. It has two needles per fascicle, and they are atypically flattened. The cone scales are thick and have no prickles. Until 2021, the subsection was considered monotypic, when an Oligocene fossil species was described from Yunnan Province, China.

- *[P. krempfii](/source/Pinus_krempfii)* – [Krempf's pine](/source/Krempf's_pine)

- †*[P. leptokrempfii](/source/Pinus_leptokrempfii)* – Oligocene[38]

#### Subsection *Strobus*

*Pinus cembra*

*Pinus strobus*

**Subsection *[Strobus](/source/Pinus_subsect._Strobus)*** has five needles per fascicle and thin cone scales with no prickles. Needles tend to be flexible and soft with slightly lighter side underneath.[39] It is native to North and Central America, Europe, and Asia.[5]

- *[P. albicaulis](/source/Pinus_albicaulis)* – whitebark pine

- *[P. amamiana](/source/Pinus_amamiana)* – Yakushima white pine

- *[P. armandii](/source/Pinus_armandii)* – Chinese white pine

- *[P. arunachalensis](/source/Pinus_arunachalensis)*

- *[P. ayacahuite](/source/Pinus_ayacahuite)* – Mexican white pine

- *[P. bhutanica](/source/Pinus_bhutanica)* – Bhutan white pine

- *[P. cembra](/source/Pinus_cembra)* – Swiss pine

- *[P. chiapensis](/source/Pinus_chiapensis)* – Chiapas pine

- *[P. dabeshanensis](/source/Pinus_dabeshanensis)* – Dabieshan pine

- *[P. dalatensis](/source/Pinus_dalatensis)* – Vietnamese white pine

- *[P. fenzeliana](/source/Pinus_fenzeliana)* – Hainan white pine

- *[P. flexilis](/source/Pinus_flexilis)* – limber pine

- *[P. koraiensis](/source/Pinus_koraiensis)* – Korean pine

- *[P. lambertiana](/source/Pinus_lambertiana)* – sugar pine

- *[P. monticola](/source/Pinus_monticola)* – western white pine

- *[P. morrisonicola](/source/Pinus_morrisonicola)* – Taiwan white pine

- *[P. parviflora](/source/Pinus_parviflora)* – Japanese white pine

- *[P. peuce](/source/Pinus_peuce)* – Macedonian pine

- *[P. pumila](/source/Pinus_pumila)* – Siberian dwarf pine

- *[P. ravii](/source/Pinus_ravii)*

- *[P. reflexa](/source/Pinus_reflexa)* – Southwestern white pine

- *[P. sibirica](/source/Pinus_sibirica)* – Siberian pine

- *[P. strobus](/source/Pinus_strobus)* – eastern white pine

- *[P. strobiformis](/source/Pinus_strobiformis)* – Chihuahuan white pine

- *[P. stylesii](/source/Pinus_stylesii)* – Styles's white pine

- *[P. veitchii](/source/Pinus_veitchii)* – Veitch's pine

- *[P. wallichiana](/source/Pinus_wallichiana)* – blue pine

- *[P. wangii](/source/Pinus_wangii)* – Guangdong white pine

- †*[P. longlingensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinus_longlingensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* – [Late Pliocene](/source/Late_Pliocene), [Mangbang Formation](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mangbang_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1) – Yunnan, China

## *Incertae sedis*

*[Pinus latahensis](/source/Pinus_latahensis)*

Species which are not placed in a subgenus at this time.

- †*[Pinus latahensis](/source/Pinus_latahensis)* – Early Eocene, [Klondike Mountain Formation](/source/Klondike_Mountain_Formation), [Allenby Formation](/source/Allenby_Formation) – [Okanagan Highlands Floras](/source/Eocene_Okanagan_Highlands)

- †*[Pinus macrophylla](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinus_macrophylla_(Berry)&action=edit&redlink=1)* – Early Eocene, [Klondike Mountain Formation](/source/Klondike_Mountain_Formation), [Allenby Formation](/source/Allenby_Formation) – [Okanagan Highlands Floras](/source/Eocene_Okanagan_Highlands)

- †*[Pinus peregrinus](/source/Pinus_peregrinus)* – Middle [Eocene](/source/Eocene), [Golden Valley Formation](/source/Golden_Valley_Formation), [North Dakota](/source/North_Dakota), US

- †*[Pinus tetrafolia](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinus_tetrafolia&action=edit&redlink=1)* – Early Eocene, [Klondike Mountain Formation](/source/Klondike_Mountain_Formation) – [Okanagan Highlands Floras](/source/Eocene_Okanagan_Highlands)

## See also

- [Hybridization in pines](/source/Hybridization_in_pines) (list of pine hybrids)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGernandtLópezGarcíaListon2005_1-0)** [Gernandt et al. 2005](#CITEREFGernandtLópezGarcíaListon2005).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZebDongZhangWang2019_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZebDongZhangWang2019_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZebDongZhangWang2019_2-2) [Zeb et al. 2019](#CITEREFZebDongZhangWang2019).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Parks2012_3-0)** Parks, Matthew; Cronn, Richard; Liston, Aaron (2012). ["Separating the wheat from the chaff: mitigating the effects of noise in a plastome phylogenomic data set from *Pinus* L. (Pinaceae)"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3475122). *BMC Evolutionary Biology*. **12** (1): 100. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1186/1471-2148-12-100](https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2148-12-100). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1471-2148](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1471-2148). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [3475122](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3475122). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [22731878](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22731878).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Syring07_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Syring07_4-1) Syring, John; Farrell, Kathleen; Businský, Roman; Cronn, Richard; Liston, Aaron (2007-04-01). ["Widespread Genealogical Nonmonophyly in Species of *Pinus* Subgenus *Strobus*"](https://academic.oup.com/sysbio/article-pdf/56/2/163/26562340/10635150701258787.pdf) (PDF). *Systematic Biology*. **56** (2): 163–181. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/10635150701258787](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10635150701258787). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1076-836X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1076-836X). Retrieved 2025-11-01.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGernandtLópezGarcíaListon200535_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGernandtLópezGarcíaListon200535_5-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGernandtLópezGarcíaListon200535_5-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGernandtLópezGarcíaListon200535_5-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGernandtLópezGarcíaListon200535_5-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGernandtLópezGarcíaListon200535_5-5) [Gernandt et al. 2005](#CITEREFGernandtLópezGarcíaListon2005), p. 35.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Stull-2021_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Stull-2021_6-1) Stull, Gregory W.; Qu, Xiao-Jian; Parins-Fukuchi, Caroline; Yang, Ying-Ying; Yang, Jun-Bo; Yang, Zhi-Yun; Hu, Yi; Ma, Hong; Soltis, Pamela S.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Li, De-Zhu (19 July 2021). ["Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms"](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-021-00964-4). *Nature Plants*. **7** (8): 1015–1025. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2021NatPl...7.1015S](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatPl...7.1015S). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41477-021-00964-4). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2055-0278](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2055-0278). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [34282286](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34282286). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [236141481](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236141481).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Saladin2017_7-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Saladin2017_7-1) Saladin, Bianca; Leslie, Andrew B.; Wüest, Rafael O.; Litsios, Glenn; Conti, Elena; Salamin, Nicolas; Zimmermann, Niklaus E. (2017). ["Fossils matter: improved estimates of divergence times in Pinus reveal older diversification"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5381128). *BMC Evolutionary Biology*. **17** (1). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1186/s12862-017-0941-z](https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12862-017-0941-z). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1471-2148](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1471-2148). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [5381128](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5381128). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [28376717](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28376717).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Jin2021_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Jin2021_8-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Jin2021_8-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Jin2021_8-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Jin2021_8-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-Jin2021_8-5) Jin, Wei-Tao; Gernandt, David S.; Wehenkel, Christian; Xia, Xiao-Mei; Wei, Xiao-Xin; Wang, Xiao-Quan (2021-05-18). ["Phylogenomic and ecological analyses reveal the spatiotemporal evolution of global pines"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8157994). *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences*. **118** (20). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1073/pnas.2022302118](https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2022302118). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0027-8424](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [8157994](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8157994). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [33941644](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33941644).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGernandtLópezGarcíaListon200535,_38_9-0)** [Gernandt et al. 2005](#CITEREFGernandtLópezGarcíaListon2005), pp. 35, 38.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGernandtLópezGarcíaListon200538_10-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGernandtLópezGarcíaListon200538_10-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGernandtLópezGarcíaListon200538_10-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGernandtLópezGarcíaListon200538_10-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGernandtLópezGarcíaListon200538_10-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGernandtLópezGarcíaListon200538_10-5) [Gernandt et al. 2005](#CITEREFGernandtLópezGarcíaListon2005), p. 38.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockey1983_11-0)** [Stockey 1983](#CITEREFStockey1983).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Klaus, Wilhelm (1980). ["Neue Beobachtungen zur Morphologie des Zapfens von *Pinus* und ihre Bedeutung für die Systematik, Fossilbestimmung, Arealgestaltung und Evolution der Gattung / New Observations on the Morphology of *Pinus*-Cones and Their Bearing on Taxonomy, Fossil Determination, Distribution, and Evolution of the Genus"](http://www.jstor.org/stable/23642506). *Plant Systematics and Evolution*. **134** (3/4). Springer: 137–171. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0378-2697](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0378-2697). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [23642506](https://www.jstor.org/stable/23642506). Retrieved 2025-11-01.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** ["*Pinus uncinata* Ramond ex DC"](https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/263396-1). *[Plants of the World Online](/source/Plants_of_the_World_Online)*. [Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew](/source/Royal_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Kew). Retrieved 1 November 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Sokołowska, Joanna; Fuchs, Hanna; Celiński, Konrad (2021-06-29). ["New Insight into Taxonomy of European Mountain Pines, *Pinus mugo* Complex, Based on Complete Chloroplast Genomes Sequencing"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8309040). *Plants*. **10** (7): 1331. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3390/plants10071331](https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fplants10071331). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2223-7747](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2223-7747). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [8309040](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8309040). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [34209970](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34209970).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Businský2008_15-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Businský2008_15-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Businský2008_15-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Businský2008_15-3) Businský, Roman (2008). *The genus*Pinus*L., pines : contribution to knowledge* (in Czech). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-80-85116-60-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-85116-60-1).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Frankis, Michael (1999). ["Plate 367. Pinus brutia"](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-8748.00216). *Curtis's Botanical Magazine*. **16** (3): 173–184. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/1467-8748.00216](https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-8748.00216). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1355-4905](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1355-4905). Retrieved 2025-11-01.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Businský2014_17-0)** Businský, Roman (2014). "The *Pinus merkusii* agg. (Pinaceae): Literature Review, Taxa Delimitation and Typifications". *Phyton*. **54** (1): 1–26. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.12905/0380.phython54(1)2014-0001](https://doi.org/10.12905%2F0380.phython54%281%292014-0001).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarle_2025_18-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarle_2025_18-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarle_2025_18-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarle_2025_18-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarle_2025_18-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarle_2025_18-5) [Earle 2025](#CITEREFEarle_2025).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** ["Pinus cubensis"](https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=28439). *[Germplasm Resources Information Network](/source/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network)*. [Agricultural Research Service](/source/Agricultural_Research_Service), [United States Department of Agriculture](/source/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** ["Pinus occidentalis"](https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=28511). *[Germplasm Resources Information Network](/source/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network)*. [Agricultural Research Service](/source/Agricultural_Research_Service), [United States Department of Agriculture](/source/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** ["*Pinus hondurensis* Sénécl"](https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/314861-2). *[Plants of the World Online](/source/Plants_of_the_World_Online)*. [Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew](/source/Royal_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Kew). Retrieved 1 November 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-WeheMariGonzAgui20_22-0)** Wehenkel, C.; Mariscal-Lucero, S.; González-Elizondo, M.S.; Aguirre-Galindo, V.A.; Fladung, M. & López-Sánchez, C.A. (2020). ["Tall *Pinus luzmariae* trees with genes from *P. herrerae*"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7049253). *PeerJ*. **8** e8648. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.7717/peerj.8648](https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.8648). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [7049253](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7049253). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [32149029](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32149029).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** ["*Pinus contorta* Douglas ex Loudon"](https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/30000492-2). *[Plants of the World Online](/source/Plants_of_the_World_Online)*. [Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew](/source/Royal_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Kew). Retrieved 22 October 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Earle_contorta_24-0)** ["Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine) description"](https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_contorta.php). *The Gymnosperm Database*. 2025-02-10. Retrieved 2025-11-01.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKownStockeySchweger2002_25-0)** [McKown, Stockey & Schweger 2002](#CITEREFMcKownStockeySchweger2002).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** ["Pinus hartwegii"](https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=409709). *[Germplasm Resources Information Network](/source/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network)*. [Agricultural Research Service](/source/Agricultural_Research_Service), [United States Department of Agriculture](/source/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Yamada2015_27-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Yamada2015_27-1) Yamada, Toshihiro; Yamada, Mariko; Tsukagoshi, Minoru (2015-12-16). ["Taxonomic revision of *Pinus fujiii* (Yasui) Miki (Pinaceae) and its implications for the phytogeography of the Section Trifoliae in east Asia"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4689564). *PLOS ONE*. **10** (12) e0143512. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2015PLoSO..1043512Y](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1043512Y). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1371/journal.pone.0143512](https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0143512). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1932-6203](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [4689564](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4689564). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [26673795](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26673795).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** ["*Pinus apulcensis* Lindl"](https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/309646-2). *[Plants of the World Online](/source/Plants_of_the_World_Online)*. [Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew](/source/Royal_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Kew). Retrieved 2 November 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** ["*Pinus estevezii* (Martínez) J.P.Perry"](https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/1102546-2). *[Plants of the World Online](/source/Plants_of_the_World_Online)*. [Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew](/source/Royal_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Kew). Retrieved 22 October 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** ["*Pinus martinezii* E.Larsen"](https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/197020-2). *[Plants of the World Online](/source/Plants_of_the_World_Online)*. [Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew](/source/Royal_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Kew). Retrieved 22 October 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-GRIN_P_ponderosa_31-0)** ["Pinus ponderosa"](https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=28530). *[Germplasm Resources Information Network](/source/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network)*. [Agricultural Research Service](/source/Agricultural_Research_Service), [United States Department of Agriculture](/source/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** ["*Pinus brachyptera* Engelm"](https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/307170-2). *[Plants of the World Online](/source/Plants_of_the_World_Online)*. [Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew](/source/Royal_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Kew). Retrieved 22 October 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** ["*Pinus scopulorum* (Engelm.) Lemmon"](https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/263310-1). *[Plants of the World Online](/source/Plants_of_the_World_Online)*. [Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew](/source/Royal_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Kew). Retrieved 22 October 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Knowlton1923_34-0)** Knowlton, F.H. (1923). Fossil plants from the Tertiary lake beds of South-Central Colorado (Report). Professional Paper. Vol. 131-G. United States Geological Survey. pp. 183–197. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3133/pp131G](https://doi.org/10.3133%2Fpp131G).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-WolfeSchorn1990_35-0)** Wolfe, J.A.; Schorn, H.E. (1990). Taxonomic revision of the Spermatopsida of the Oligocene Creede flora, southern Colorado (Report). Bulletin. Vol. 1923. United States Geological Survey. pp. 1–40. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3133/b1923](https://doi.org/10.3133%2Fb1923).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGernandtLópezGarcíaListon200538–39_36-0)** [Gernandt et al. 2005](#CITEREFGernandtLópezGarcíaListon2005), pp. 38–39.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** ["Pinus chiapensis"](https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=457536). *[Germplasm Resources Information Network](/source/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network)*. [Agricultural Research Service](/source/Agricultural_Research_Service), [United States Department of Agriculture](/source/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** Zhang, Jian-Wei; Wang, Li; D'Rozario, Ashalata; Liang, Xiao-Qing; Huang, Jian; Zhou, Zhe-Kun (2021). ["Pinus leptokrempfii, an Oligocene Relative of the Flat-Needled Pine PINUS krempfii (Pinaceae) from China: Implications for Paleogeographic Origin"](https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/713957). *International Journal of Plant Sciences*. **182** (5): 389–400. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2021IJPlS.182..389Z](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021IJPlS.182..389Z). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1086/713957](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F713957). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [233888471](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233888471).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-39)** ["Eastern white pine (Pinus strobus)"](https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/trees/eastern-white-pine.html). *Minnesota Department of Natural Resources*. St. Paul, Minnesota.

### Bibliography

- Earle, Christopher J. (17 October 2025). ["*Pinus* (Pine) description"](https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus.php). *The Gymnosperm Database*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250819125808/https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus.php) from the original on 19 August 2025. Retrieved 21 August 2025.

- Gernandt, D. S.; López, G. G.; García, S. O.; Liston, A. (2005). "Phylogeny and classification of *Pinus*". *Taxon*. **54** (1): 29–42. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2005Taxon..54...29G](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Taxon..54...29G). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/25065300](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25065300). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [25065300](https://www.jstor.org/stable/25065300).

- McKown, A.D.; Stockey, R.A.; Schweger, C.E. (2002). ["A New Species of *Pinus* Subgenus *Pinus* Subsection *Contortae* From Pliocene Sediments of Ch'Ijee's Bluff, Yukon Territory, Canada"](https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080221182400/http://www.mckown.ca/PDF/McKownetal2002.pdf) (PDF). *International Journal of Plant Sciences*. **163** (4): 687–697. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2002IJPlS.163..687M](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002IJPlS.163..687M). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1086/340425](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F340425). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [86234947](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86234947). Archived from [the original](http://www.mckown.ca/PDF/McKownetal2002.pdf) (PDF) on 2008-02-21. Retrieved 2011-05-16.

- Stockey, R.S. (1983). "*Pinus driftwoodensis* sp.n. from the early Tertiary of British Columbia". *Botanical Gazette*. **144** (1): 148–156. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1086/337355](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F337355). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [2474678](https://www.jstor.org/stable/2474678). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [84907438](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84907438).

- Zeb, Umar; Dong, Wan-Lin; Zhang, Ting-Ting; Wang, Ruo-Nan; Shahzad, Khurram; Ma, Xiong-Feng; Li, Zhong-Hu (25 March 2019). "Comparative plastid genomics of *Pinus* species: Insights into sequence variations and phylogenetic relationships". *Journal of Systematics and Evolution*. **58** (2) (published March 2020): 118–132. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/jse.12492](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjse.12492). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1759-6831](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1759-6831). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [109171980](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:109171980).

## External links

[Wikimedia Commons](/source/Wikimedia_Commons) has media related to:

[Pinus](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pinus) ([category](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pinus))

- [Tree of Life Web](http://tolweb.org/Pinus) – favors classification of *Ducampopinus* species in *Strobus*.

- [NCBI Taxonomy server](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=3337) – files *Ducampopinus* species above as *Strobus*.

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [List of Pinus species](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pinus_species) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pinus_species?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.