# List of Earth flybys

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List of cases where spacecraft incidentally performed Earth flybys

Earth imaged by *[MESSENGER](/source/MESSENGER)* during its 2005 flyby

**List of Earth flybys** is a list of cases where [spacecraft](/source/Spacecraft) incidentally performed Earth [flybys](/source/Flyby_(spaceflight)), typically for a [gravity assist](/source/Gravity_assist) to another body.

## Missions

Spacecraft Organization Date Type Closest Approach Status Notes Image Ref Giotto (first pass) ESA 2 July 1990 flyby 22,730 km success first ever Earth flyby, en route to Comet Grigg-Skjellerup [1] Galileo (first pass) NASA 8 December 1990 flyby 960 km success gravity assist en route to Jupiter; minimum distance 960 km [2] Sakigake (first pass) ISAS 8 January 1992 flyby 88,790 km success previously visited Halley's comet [3] Suisei ISAS 20 August 1992 flyby failure failure previously visited Halley's comet; hydrazine depleted, further planned comet flybys abandoned [4] Galileo (second pass) NASA 8 December 1992 flyby 303 km success gravity assist en route to Jupiter [5] Sakigake (second and third passes) ISAS 14 June 1993 flyby [6] 28 October 1994 flyby out of fuel; telemetry contact lost November 1995 NEAR Shoemaker NASA 23 January 1998 flyby 540 km success gravity assist en route to Eros [7] Nozomi (first pass) ISAS 20 December 1998 flyby 1,000 km partial success gravity assist on planned mission to Mars; valve malfunction during flyby required extra burn, which later forced alternate trajectory plan [8] Giotto (second pass) ESA 1 July 1999 flyby failure n/a already defunct [1] Cassini NASA ESA ASI 18 August 1999 flyby 1,171 km success gravity assist en route to Saturn [9] Stardust (first pass) NASA 15 January 2001 flyby 6,000 km success gravity assist en route to comet 81P/Wild [10] Nozomi (second pass) ISAS December 2002 flyby 11,000 km success gravity assist en route to Mars [8] Nozomi (third pass) ISAS 19 June 2003 flyby 1,000 km success gravity assist en route to Mars [8] Hayabusa ISAS 19 May 2004 flyby 20,000 km success en route to Itokawa [11] Rosetta (first pass) ESA 4 March 2005 flyby 1,950 km success gravity assist en route to asteroid and comet encounters [12] MESSENGER NASA 2 August 2005 flyby 2,348 km success en route to Venus and Mercury [13] Stardust (second pass) NASA 15 January 2006 flyby success drop-off of sample return capsule [10] Rosetta (second pass) ESA 13 November 2007 flyby 5,300 km success gravity assist en route to asteroid and comet encounters Deep Impact (redesignated EPOXI) (first pass) NASA 31 December 2007[14] flyby 15,567 km success previously visited Comet 9P/Tempel; gravity assist en route to encounter with Comet 103P/Hartley [15] Deep Impact (redesignated EPOXI) (second pass) NASA December 2008[14][16] flyby 43,450 km success gravity assist [15] Stardust (third pass) NASA 14 January 2009 flyby 9,200 km success[17] mission extension to Comet 9P/Tempel; minimum distance 9200 km [10] Rosetta (third pass) ESA 13 November 2009 flyby 2,500 km success gravity assist en route to asteroid and comet encounters Deep Impact (redesignated EPOXI) (third pass) NASA June 2009[14] distant flyby 1,330,000 km success [15] Deep Impact (redesignated EPOXI) (fourth pass) NASA December 2009[14][16] distant flyby 1,320,000 km success [15] Deep Impact (redesignated EPOXI) (fifth pass) NASA June 2010[14] flyby 36,900 km success [15] Juno NASA 9 October 2013 flyby 559 km success gravity assist en route to Jupiter 2011-040A Hayabusa2 (first pass) JAXA 3 December 2015 flyby 1,350 km success gravity assist en route to Asteroid 162173 Ryugu 2014-076A PROCYON University of Tokyo JAXA 3 December 2015[18] flyby success was en route to Asteroid 2000 DP107 but mission abandoned[19] 2014-076D Shin'en 2 Kyutech 4 December 2015[20] flyby success 2014-076B OSIRIS-REx NASA 22 September 2017[21] flyby 17,237 km success Gravity assist en route to Asteroid 101955 Bennu 2016-055A BepiColombo ESA JAXA 10 April 2020 flyby 12,700 km success Gravity assist en route to Venus and Mercury BEPICLMBO Hayabusa2 (second pass) JAXA 5 December 2020 flyby 290 km[22] success gravity assist en route to Asteroid 98943 Torifune 2014-076A Chang'e 5 Orbiter CNSA 17 December 2020 flyby 5,000 km success Release the sample return capsule； Gravity assist en route to Sun-Earth L1 2020-087A Solar Orbiter ESA 26 November 2021 flyby 455 km success Gravity assist en route to inclined heliocentric orbit 2020-010A Lucy NASA 16 October 2022 flyby 360 km success main-belt asteroid flyby en route to Jupiter Trojans 2021-093A OSIRIS-APEX NASA 24 September 2023 flyby 779 km success Gravity assist en route to Asteroid 99942 Apophis (OSIRIS-REx mission extension) 2016-055A Chang'e 6 Orbiter CNSA 25 June 2024 flyby 5,000 km success Release the sample return capsule； Gravity assist en route to Sun-Earth L2 2024-083A OSIRIS-APEX NASA 23 September 2025 flyby 3,442 km success Gravity assist en route to Asteroid 99942 Apophis (OSIRIS-REx mission extension) 2016-055A OSIRIS-APEX NASA 17 March 2027 flyby 4,146 km en route Gravity assist en route to Asteroid 99942 Apophis (OSIRIS-REx mission extension) 2016-055A Tianwen-2 Orbiter CNSA 29 November 2027 flyby 17,000 km en route Gravity assist en route to P/2013 P5 2025-114A OSIRIS-APEX NASA 13 April 2029 flyby 1,153 km en route Gravity assist en route to Asteroid 99942 Apophis (OSIRIS-REx mission extension) 2016-055A

## See also

- [List of Solar System probes](/source/List_of_Solar_System_probes)

- [Gravity assist](/source/Gravity_assist)

- [Planetary flyby](/source/Planetary_flyby)

- [Mars flyby](/source/Mars_flyby)

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-nasa_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-nasa_1-1) ["NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details"](https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1985-056A). Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-nasa2_2-0)** ["Solar System Exploration: : Galileo Legacy Site"](https://web.archive.org/web/20010419124617/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/mission/journey-cruise.html). 2.jpl.nasa.gov. Archived from [the original](https://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/mission/journey-cruise.html) on 2001-04-19. Retrieved 2014-01-29.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-nasa3_3-0)** ["NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details"](https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1985-001A). Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-nasa4_4-0)** ["NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details"](https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1985-073A). nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2014-01-29.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-nasa5_5-0)** ["Solar System Exploration: : Galileo Legacy Site"](https://web.archive.org/web/20010419124617/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/mission/journey-cruise.html). .jpl.nasa.gov. Archived from [the original](https://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/mission/journey-cruise.html) on 2001-04-19. Retrieved 2012-11-30.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-nasa6_6-0)** ["NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details"](https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1985-001A). Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-08-20.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-nasa7_7-0)** ["NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details"](https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1996-008A). Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-nasa8_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-nasa8_8-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-nasa8_8-2) ["NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details"](https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1998-041A). Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-nasa9_9-0)** ["NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details"](https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1997-061A). Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-nasa10_10-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-nasa10_10-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-nasa10_10-2) ["NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details"](https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1999-003A). Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-nasa11_11-0)** ["NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details"](https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2003-019A). Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-nasa12_12-0)** ["NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details"](https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2004-006A). Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** ["NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details"](https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2004-030A). Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-epoxi_flybys_14-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-epoxi_flybys_14-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-epoxi_flybys_14-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-epoxi_flybys_14-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-epoxi_flybys_14-4) ["NASA - EPOXI Mission - Mission"](https://web.archive.org/web/20091214105059/http://epoxi.umd.edu/1mission/flybys.shtml). Epoxi.umd.edu. Archived from [the original](http://epoxi.umd.edu/1mission/flybys.shtml) on 2009-12-14. Retrieved 2012-08-20.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-nasa13_15-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-nasa13_15-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-nasa13_15-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-nasa13_15-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-nasa13_15-4) ["NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details"](https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2005-001A). Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-nasa14_16-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-nasa14_16-1) ["Solar System Exploration: Missions: By Name: D: Deep Impact-EPOXI"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120302212346/https://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Alpha&Target=Beyond&Alias=Deep%20Impact-EPOXI&Letter=D&Display=ReadMore). Sse.jpl.nasa.gov. Archived from [the original](https://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Alpha&Target=Beyond&Alias=Deep%20Impact-EPOXI&Letter=D&Display=ReadMore) on 2012-03-02. Retrieved 2012-11-30.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** ["Stardust-NExT: Status Report 2009"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090402061400/http://stardustnext.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/mission_status09_q1b.html). Stardustnext.jpl.nasa.gov. Archived from [the original](https://stardustnext.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/mission_status09_q1b.html) on 2009-04-02. Retrieved 2012-08-20.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-PROCYON_18-0)** ["PROCYON"](http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/procyon.htm). Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2015-09-23.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Lakdawalla_19-0)** Lakdawalla, Emily (May 8, 2015). ["Due to ion engine failure, PROCYON will not fly by an asteroid"](http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2015/05081421-procyon-failure.html?referrer=https://www.google.co.jp/). Retrieved 2015-09-23.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** ["Keiichi Okuyama-Lab"](http://kit-okuyama-lab.com/en/). [Kyushu Institute of Technology](/source/Kyushu_Institute_of_Technology). Retrieved 2015-12-01.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** ["NASA'S OSIRIS-REx Spacecraft Slingshots Past Earth"](https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/osiris-rex-spacecraft-slingshots-past-earth). [NASA](/source/NASA). 2017-09-22. Retrieved 2018-04-26.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** ["Hayabusa2 Returns －「はやぶさ2」が還ってきた－"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210121050733/https://jpn.nec.com/ad/cosmos/hayabusa2/return/index.html). *[NEC](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E9%9B%BB%E6%B0%A3&action=edit&redlink=1)* (in Japanese). Archived from [the original](https://jpn.nec.com/ad/cosmos/hayabusa2/return/index.html) on 2021-01-21. Retrieved 2022-06-08.

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [List of Earth flybys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Earth_flybys) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Earth_flybys?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.