# Lindley system > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Lindley_system > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Lindley_system.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindley_system > Source revision: 1336317488 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) {{short description|Taxonomic system of plant classification, by John Lindley (1799–1865)}} An early [system of plant taxonomy](/source/list_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy), the '''Lindley system''', was first published by [John Lindley](/source/John_Lindley) as ''An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany'' (''Natural History'', 1830).{{sfn|Lindley|1830}} This was a minor modification of that of [de Candolle](/source/De_Candolle_system) (1813).{{sfn|Lindley|1846|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/173373#page/46/mode/1up 1830 Lindley ''An Introduction &c'']}} He developed this further over a number of publications, including the ''Nixus plantarum'' (1833){{sfn|Lindley|1833}}{{sfn|Lindley|1846|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32198#page/47/mode/1up 1833 Lindley ''Nixus'']}} and a second edition of ''Natural History'' (1836), in which he introduced the concept of a higher order of taxonomic rank, the Alliances, in which he embedded the Tribes (families).{{sfn|Lindley|1836}}{{sfn|Lindley|1846|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32198#page/52/mode/1up 1836 Lindley ''A Natural System &c'']}} He also expanded his ideas on Exogens in his entry of that name in the [Penny Cyclopedia](/source/Penny_Cyclopedia) (1838).{{sfn|Lindley|1838}}{{sfn|Lindley|1846|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32198#page/54/mode/1up 1838 Lindley ''Exogens'']}} In 1839 he revised his division of the plant kingdom into classes in an article in the [Botanical Register](/source/Botanical_Register).{{sfn|Lindley|1839}}{{sfn|Lindley|1846|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32198#page/55/mode/1up 1839 Lindley ''Botanical Register'']}} Lindley's system culminated in the three editions of his ''Vegetable Kingdom'' (1846, 1847, 1853).{{sfn|Lindley|1846}}{{sfn|Lindley|1847}}{{sfn|Lindley|1853}} The schema of the ''Natural History'' is shown on pages xxxv and xxxvii-xlviii.{{sfn|Lindley|1830|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31944#page/57/mode/1up Summary tables p. xxxvii ]}} In the ''Vegetable Kingdom'',{{sfn|Lindley|1853}} the schema for the first edition is on pp. lv–lxviii. The third and final edition was published in 1853,{{sfn|Lindley|1853}} with the schema on p. ''lv''.{{sfn|Lindley|1853|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/173373#page/61/mode/1up p. ''lv'']}} Cross references from ''Natural History'' to ''Vegetable Kingdom'' in [Square brackets]. == Summary == === ''An Introduction to the Natural History of Botany'' (1830) === :Schema p. xxxv,{{sfn|Lindley|1830|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31944#page/55/mode/1up General view ]}} :Outline p. xxxvii :Index p. 345 :Genera organised into Orders (referred to as Tribes, in English) * Class I: [Vasculares](/source/Vascular_plants) (Flowering plants) p. 1 ** Subclass I: [Exogenae](/source/Exogenae) ([Dicotyledons](/source/Dicotyledons)) p. 1 *** Tribe I. [Angiospermae](/source/Angiospermae) p. 2 *** Tribe II. [Gymnospermae](/source/Gymnospermae) p. 245 ** Subclass II: [Endogenae](/source/Endogenae) ([Monocotyledons](/source/Monocotyledons)) p. 251 *** Tribe I [Petaloideae](/source/Petaloideae) p. 252 *** Tribe II [Glumaceae](/source/Glumaceae) * Class II: [Cellulares](/source/Cellulares) (Flowerless plants) ** 1. [Filicoideae](/source/Filicoideae) ** 2. [Muscoideae](/source/Muscoideae) ** 3. [Aphyllae](/source/Aphyllae) * Index to ''Introduction to Natural History'' p. 345{{sfn|Lindley|1830|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31944#page/413/mode/1up p. 345]}} === ''Vegetable Kingdom'' (1846–1853)=== :Summary of previous systems p. xxxv (see Notes) :Schema for 1846 and 1853 p. lv{{sfn|Lindley|1853|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/173373#page/61/mode/1up p. ''lv'']}} :Genera organised into Alliances and Orders Flowerless plants (Asexual) * Class I: [Thallogens](/source/Thallogens) * Class II: [Acrogens](/source/Acrogens) Flowering plants (Sexual) * Class III: [Rhizogens](/source/Rhizogens) * Class IV: [Endogens](/source/Endogens) * Class V: [Dictyogens](/source/Dictyogens) * Class VI: [Gymnogens](/source/Gymnogens) * Class VII: Exogens *Index to ''Vegetable Kingdom'' p. 833{{sfn|Lindley|1853|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/173373#page/975/mode/1up p. 833]}} == Natural History orders (1830–1836) == 165 orders (list p. 3) === Class I: Vasculares: Flowering plants === p. 1 ==== Subclass I: Exogenae (Dicotyledons) ==== * Tribe I. [Angiospermae](/source/Angiospermae) p. 2 ** [Polypetale](/source/Polypetale) 165 orders p. 2 *** [Thalamiflorae](/source/Thalamiflorae) **** [Apocarpae](/source/Apocarpae) ***** 23. [Menispermeae](/source/Menispermeae) p. 31 ***** ... ***** 117. [Coriarieae](/source/Coriarieae) p. 135 **** [Syncarpae](/source/Syncarpae) ***** 5. [Nymphaeaceae](/source/Nymphaeaceae) ***** ... ***** 130. [Violaceae](/source/Violaceae) (Violets) p. 146 ***** ... ***** 107. [Humiriaceae](/source/Humiriaceae) *** [Calyciflorae](/source/Calyciflorae) **** [Apocarpae](/source/Apocarpae) **** 38. [Saxifrageae](/source/Saxifrageae) **** ... **** 147. [Crassulaceae](/source/Crassulaceae) **** [Syncarpae](/source/Syncarpae) ***** 132. [Malesherbiaceae](/source/Malesherbiaceae) ***** ... ***** 1. [Araliaceae](/source/Araliaceae) (Aralia) p. 4 ***** ... ***** 58. [Alangieae](/source/Alangieae) ** [Apetale](/source/Apetale) *** [Aristolochiae](/source/Aristolochiae) *** ... *** [Empetreae](/source/Empetreae) ** [Achlamydeae](/source/Achlamydeae) *** [Podostemeae](/source/Podostemeae) *** .... *** [Piperaceae](/source/Piperaceae) ** [Monopetale](/source/Monopetale) *** [Gesnereae](/source/Gesnereae) *** ... *** [Orobancheae](/source/Orobancheae) * Tribe II. [Gymnospermae](/source/Gymnospermae) p. 245 ** [Coniferae](/source/Coniferae) ** [Cycadeae](/source/Cycadeae) ==== Subclass II: Endogenae (Monocotyledons) ==== Endogenae, or [Monocotyledonous Plants](/source/Monocotyledonous_Plants) p. 251{{sfn|Lindley|1830|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31944#page/66/mode/1up xlvi]}} * Tribe I [Petaloideae](/source/Petaloid_monocots) 32 orders p. 252{{sfn|Lindley|1830|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31944#page/320/mode/1up Petaloideae p. 252]}} (May be Tripetaloideous, Hexapetaloideous or Spadiceous){{sfn|Lindley|1830|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31944#page/66/mode/1up Petaloideae p. xlvi]}} ** [Tripetaloideae](/source/Tripetaloideae) 8 orders{{sfn|Lindley|1830|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31944#page/66/mode/1up Tripetaloideae]}} *** 230 [Butomeae](/source/Butomaceae) (p. 253) [Alismales 208] *** 229 [Alismaceae](/source/Alismaceae) (p. 253) [Alismales 209] *** 232 [Commelineae](/source/Commelineae) (p. 255) [Xyridales 188] *** 233 [Xyrideae](/source/Xyridaceae) (p. 255) [Xyridales 187] *** 231 [Hydrocharideae](/source/Hydrocharideae) (p. 254) [Hydrales 141] *** 234 [Bromeliaceae](/source/Bromeliaceae) (p. 256) [Narcissales 147] *** 241 [Scitamineae](/source/Scitamineae) (p. 265) *** 242 [Marantaceae](/source/Marantaceae) (p. 267) [Amomales 168] ** [Hexapetaloideae](/source/Hexapetaloideae)(17 orders){{sfn|Lindley|1830|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31944#page/66/mode/1up Hexapetaloideae]}} *** 235: [Hypoxideae](/source/Hypoxideae) *** 236: [Burmannieae](/source/Burmannieae) (p. 257) *** 237: [Haemodoraceae](/source/Haemodoraceae) (Blood-root tribe) p. 258*** 239: Irideae (Cornflag tribe) p. 260 *** 238: [Amaryllideae](/source/Amaryllideae) (Narcissus tribe) p. 259*** 240: Orchideae *** 239: [Irideae](/source/Irideae) (p. 260) [Narcissales 159] *** 240 [Orchideae](/source/Orchideae) (p. 262) [Orchidales 173] ..... *** 243 [Musaceae](/source/Musaceae) (p. 269) *** 235 [Hypoxideae](/source/Hypoxidaceae) (p. 257) [Narcissales 154] *** 238 [Amaryllideae](/source/Amaryllidoideae) (p. 259) [Narcissales 155] *** 237 [Haemadoraceae](/source/Haemadoraceae) (p. 258) [Narcissales 155] *** ............ *** ............ *** 244 [Junceae](/source/Juncaceae) (p. 270) [Juncales 191] *** 247 [Asphodeleae](/source/Asphodeloideae) (p. 273) [Liliaceae 200] *** 248 [Gilliesieae](/source/Gilliesieae) (p. 275) [Liliales 196] *** 251 [Liliaceae](/source/Liliaceae) (p. 279) [Liliales 200] *** 249 [Smilaceae](/source/Smilaceae) (p. 277) *** 253 [Restiaceae](/source/Restiaceae) (p. 283) ''[Glumales 121]'' - Glumaceae ** [Spadiceae](/source/Spadiceae) (7 orders){{sfn|Lindley|1830|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31944#page/67/mode/1up Spadiceae]}} *** 254 [Pandaneae](/source/Pandaneae) p. 284 *** 255 [Typhaceae](/source/Typhaceae) p. 285 *** 256 [Aroideae](/source/Aroideae) p. 286 *** 257 [Balanophoreae](/source/Balanophoreae) p. 288 *** 258 [Fluviales](/source/Fluviales) p. 289 *** 259 [Juncagineae](/source/Juncagineae) p. 290 *** 259 [Pistiaceae](/source/Aroideae) p. 291 [Arales 124] * Tribe II [Glumaceae](/source/Glumaceae) 2 orders p. 292 [Glumales 105] ** [Cyperaceae](/source/Cyperaceae) [107] ** [Gramineae](/source/Gramineae) p. 292 [Graminaceae 106] === Class II: Cellulares: Flowerless plants === p. 307 * 1. [Filicoideae](/source/Filicoideae), or Fern-like plants ** [Equisetaceae](/source/Equisetaceae) ** [Filices](/source/Filices) ** [Lycopodiaceae](/source/Lycopodiaceae) ** [Marsileaceae](/source/Marsileaceae) * 2. [Muscoideae](/source/Muscoideae), or Moss-like plants ** [Musci](/source/Musci) ** [Hepaticae](/source/Hepaticae) ** [Characeae](/source/Characeae) * 3. [Aphyllae](/source/Aphyllae) ** [Lichenes](/source/Lichenes) ** [Fungi](/source/Fungi) ** [Algae](/source/Algae) == Vegetable Kingdom alliances and orders (1846–1853) == ''(pages refer to 1853 edition)'' === Flowerless plants === p. 5 ==== Class I: Thallogens ==== 3 Alliances ** [Algales](/source/Algales) p. 8 *** [Diatomaceae](/source/Diatomaceae) *** ... *** [Characeae](/source/Characeae) ** [Fungales](/source/Fungales), Fungi p. 29 *** [Hymenomycetes](/source/Hymenomycetes) *** ... *** [Physomycetes](/source/Physomycetes) ** [Lichenales](/source/Lichenales), Lichens p. 45 *** [Graphidaceae](/source/Graphidaceae) *** [Collemaceae](/source/Collemaceae) *** [Parmeliaceae](/source/Parmeliaceae) ==== Class II: Acrogens ==== 3 Alliances p. 51 ** [Muscales](/source/Muscales), or Moss-like plants p. 54 *** [Hepaticae](/source/Hepaticae) **** [Ricciaceae](/source/Ricciaceae) **** ... **** [Equisetaceae](/source/Equisetaceae), Horsetails *** [Musci](/source/Musci) **** [Andraeaceae](/source/Andraeaceae) **** [Bryaceae](/source/Bryaceae) ** [Lycopodales](/source/Lycopodales) p. 68 *** [Lycopodaceae](/source/Lycopodaceae) *** [Marsileaceae](/source/Marsileaceae) ** [Filicales](/source/Filicales) p. 74 *** [Ophioglossaceae](/source/Ophioglossaceae) *** [Polypodiaceae](/source/Polypodiaceae), Ferns *** [Danaeaceae](/source/Danaeaceae) === Flowering plants === ==== Class III: Rhizogens ==== 3 orders p. 83 * [Balanophoraceae](/source/Balanophoraceae) p. 88 * [Cytinaceae](/source/Cytinaceae) p. 91 * [Rafflesiaceae](/source/Rafflesiaceae) p. 93 ==== Class IV: Endogens (Monocotyledons) ==== 11 Alliances p. 95 * [Glumales](/source/Glumales) 5 orders p. 105 ** Graminaceae, Grasses ** [Cyperaceae](/source/Cyperaceae), Sedges ** ... ** [Eriocaulaceae](/source/Eriocaulaceae), Pipeworts * [Arales](/source/Arales) 4 orders p. 123 ** [Pistiaceae](/source/Pistiaceae) ** [Typhaceae](/source/Typhaceae) ** [Araceae](/source/Araceae) ** [Pandanaceae](/source/Pandanaceae) * [Palmales](/source/Palmales), Palms 1 order p. 133 ** [Palmaceae](/source/Palmaceae) * [Hydrales](/source/Hydrales) 4 orders p. 140 ** [Hydrocharidaceae](/source/Hydrocharidaceae) ** [Naiadaceae](/source/Naiadaceae) ** [Triuridaceae](/source/Triuridaceae) ** [Zosteraceae](/source/Zosteraceae) * [Narcissales](/source/Narcissales) 6 orders p. 146 ** [Bromeliaceae](/source/Bromeliaceae) p. 147 ** [Taccaceae](/source/Taccaceae) ** [Haemodoraceae](/source/Haemodoraceae) ** [Hypoxidaceae](/source/Hypoxidaceae) p. 154 ** [Amaryllidaceae](/source/Amaryllidaceae), Amaryllids 4 tribes 68 genera 400 species p. 155 *** [Amarylleae](/source/Amarylleae) *** [Narcisseae](/source/Narcisseae) *** [Alstromerieae](/source/Alstromerieae) *** [Agaveae](/source/Agaveae) ** [Iridaceae](/source/Iridaceae) p. 159 (53 Genera, 550 species) * [Amomales](/source/Amomales) 3 orders p. 162 ** [Musaceae](/source/Musaceae) ** [Zingiberaceae](/source/Zingiberaceae) ** [Marantaceae](/source/Marantaceae) * [Orchidales](/source/Orchidales) 3 orders p. 170 ** [Burmanniaceae](/source/Burmanniaceae) ** [Orchidaceae](/source/Orchidaceae), Orchids ** [Apostasiaceae](/source/Apostasiaceae) * [Xyridales](/source/Xyridales) 4 orders p. 185 ** [Philydraceae](/source/Philydraceae) ** .... ** [Mayaceae](/source/Mayaceae) * [Juncales](/source/Juncales) 2 orders p. 190 ** [Juncaceae](/source/Juncaceae), Rushes ** [Orontiaceae](/source/Orontiaceae) * [Liliales](/source/Liliales) p. 195 4 orders ** [Gilliesiaceae](/source/Gilliesiaceae) p. 196 ** [Melanthaceae](/source/Melanthaceae) ** [Liliaceae](/source/Liliaceae), Lilyworts 11 tribes 133 genera 1200 species p. 200 *** I [Tulipeae](/source/Tulipeae) *** ... *** IV [Scilleae](/source/Scilleae) *** ... *** IX [Asparageae](/source/Asparageae) *** ... *** XI [Ophiopogoneae](/source/Ophiopogoneae) ** [Pontederaceae](/source/Pontederaceae) * [Alismales](/source/Alismales) 3 orders p. 207 ** [Butomaceae](/source/Butomaceae) ** [Alismaceae](/source/Alismaceae) ** [Juncaginaceae](/source/Juncaginaceae) ==== Class V: Dictyogens ==== 5 orders p. 211 * [Dioscoreaceae](/source/Dioscoreaceae), Yams p. 214 * ... * [Roxburghiaceae](/source/Roxburghiaceae) ==== Class VI: Gymnogens ==== 4 orders p. 221 * [Cycadaceae](/source/Cycadaceae), Cycads * [Pinaceae](/source/Pinaceae), Conifers p. 226 * [Taxaceae](/source/Taxaceae) * [Gnetaceae](/source/Gnetaceae) ==== Class VII: Exogens ==== 4 subclasses * Sub-class I: Diclinous Exogens 8 alliances p. 249 * Sub-class II: Hypogynous Exogens 13 alliances p. 325 ** Alliance 26: Violales p. 325 *** Family 116: [Violaceae](/source/Violaceae) p. 338 * Sub-class III: Perigynous Exogens 10 alliances p. 523 ** 48. Echiales p. 649 *** Family 258: [Boraginaceae](/source/Boraginaceae) p. 655 * Sub-class IV: Epigynous Exogens 7 alliances p. 688 ==Notes== His final schemata is illustrated in the ''Vegetable Kingdom'', his last work, on pages lv-lxvii.{{sfn|Lindley|1846|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32198#page/61/mode/1up p. lv]}} In this work he also reviews all his previous publications relative to the many known systems published at that time. == References == {{Reflist|20em|refs= {{harvnb|Lindley|1853|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/173373#page/261/mode/1up Order XLVI: Amaryllidaceae - Amaryllids p. 155]}} {{harvnb|Lindley|1853|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/173373#page/310/mode/1up Order LXII: Liliaceae - Lilyworts p. 200]}} }} == Bibliography == {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book|last1=Lindley|first1=John|author-link=John Lindley|title=Nixus plantarum|date=1833|publisher=Apud Ridgway et filios|location=London|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/77192#/summary}} * {{cite book|last=Lindley|first=John|author-link=John Lindley|title=The Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. vol. X Ernesti–Frustum|date=1838|publisher=Charles Knight|location=London|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/ThePennyCyclopaediaOfTheSocietyForTheDiffusionOfUsefulKnowledge/ThePennyCyclopaediaOfTheSocietyForTheDiffusionOfUsefulKnowledgeVolume10Ernesti-Frustum#page/n127/mode/2up|chapter=Exogens|pages=120–123}} * {{cite journal|last1=Lindley|first1=John|author-link=John Lindley|title=Primary Distribution of the Vegetable Garden|journal=[Botanical Register](/source/Botanical_Register)|volume=xxv|pages=76–81|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i8AEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA76|date=1839}} ;A Natural System of Botany (1830–1836) * {{cite book|last=Lindley|first=John|author-link=John Lindley|title=An introduction to the natural system of botany: or, A systematic view of the organisation, natural affinities, and geographical distribution, of the whole vegetable kingdom: together with the uses of the most important species in medicine, the arts, and rural or domestic economy|year=1830|publisher=[Longman](/source/Longman)|location=London|edition=1st|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7551#/summary}} * {{cite book|last1=Lindley|first1=John|author-link=John Lindley|title=A natural system of botany; or, A systematic view of the organization, natural affinities, and geographical distribution of the whole vegetable kingdom: together with the uses of the most important species in medicine, the arts, and rural or domestic economy|date=1836|orig-year=1830|publisher=Longman|location=London|edition=2nd|url=https://archive.org/details/anaturalsystemb00lindgoog}} ;The Vegetable Kingdom (1846–1853) * {{cite book|last=Lindley|first=John|author-link=John Lindley|title=The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system|publisher=Bradbury|location=London|edition=1st|year=1846| url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7756#/summary}} * {{cite book|last=Lindley|first=John|author-link=John Lindley|title=The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system|publisher=Bradbury & Evans|location=London|date=1847|orig-year=1846|edition=2nd|url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/109531}} * {{cite book|last=Lindley|first=John|author-link=John Lindley|title=The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system|publisher=[Bradbury & Evans](/source/Bradbury_and_Evans)|location=London|date=1853|orig-year=1846|edition=3rd.|url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/95459#/summary}} {{refend}} {{List of systems of plant taxonomy}} Category:Systems of plant taxonomy --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Lindley system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindley_system) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindley_system?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.