# Lincrusta

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{{Short description|19th century wall covering}}
[[Image:Roseland Cottage (Bowen Cottage) - Lincrusta Walton detail.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Lincrusta wall covering, [Roseland Cottage](/source/Roseland_Cottage)]]
[[Image:Byzantinepatternlincrusta.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Detail of ''[Byzantine](/source/Byzantine)'' pattern Lincrusta wall covering]]
'''Lincrusta''' is a deeply [embossed](/source/Paper_embossing) wallcovering, invented by [Frederick Walton](/source/Frederick_Walton). Walton was already known for patenting [linoleum](/source/linoleum) floor covering in 1860.<ref name="Yarwood">[Yarwood, Doreen](/source/Doreen_Yarwood) (1990) "The Domestic Interior: Technology and the Home" pp. 902-948 ''In'' McNeil, Ian (editor) (1990) ''Encyclopedia of the History of Technology'' Routledge, London, page 905, {{ISBN|0-415-01306-2}}</ref><ref name="Bush">Bush, Akiko (2010) "An Introduction to Modern Textiles: The Wrong Impression" ''Dwelling'' 10(5): pp. 120-126, page 122</ref> Lincrusta was launched in 1877 and was used in a host of applications from royal homes to railway carriages. Many examples over a hundred years old can still be found throughout the world.

Commonly found in Victorian properties and restoration projects,<ref name="Bush" /> Lincrusta is also frequently used in commercial projects such as hotel foyers, bars, restaurants and casinos. Notable installations included six staterooms on the ''[Titanic](/source/RMS_Titanic)'', and in the United States the [White House](/source/White_House), the [Winchester Mystery House](/source/Winchester_Mystery_House)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.winchestermysteryhouse.com/explore-the-house/curiosities/|title = Gallery}}</ref> and [Roseland Cottage](/source/Roseland_Cottage) in Woodstock, Connecticut, where it has been completely restored and is on view to the public.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lincrusta.com/TheHistoryofLincrusta_NotableApplications.Asp|title=Our History}}</ref>

==History==

Lincrusta was originally manufactured in [Sunbury-on-Thames](/source/Sunbury-on-Thames)<ref name="Campbell" /> until 1918 when the manufacturing was moved to [Darwen](/source/Darwen), Lancashire. The first production of Lincrusta in the [United States](/source/United_States) was in 1883 in [Stamford, Connecticut](/source/Stamford%2C_Connecticut).<ref name="Campbell" /> There were also factories built in 1880 at [Pierrefitte](/source/Pierrefitte-sur-Seine), France, and by 1889 in [Hannover](/source/Hannover), [Germany](/source/German_Empire), Italy, and by 1898 in Milan Linoleum Compani Milan.

Lincrusta is now produced in [Morecambe](/source/Morecambe), Lancashire using traditional methods. Heritage Wallcoverings Ltd acquired the Lincrusta operating assets in July 2014.

==Production and characteristics==

Lincrusta is made from a paste of gelled [linseed oil](/source/linseed_oil) and [wood flour](/source/wood_flour) spread onto a paper base.<ref name="Bush" />  It is then rolled between steel rollers, one of which has a pattern embossed upon it.<ref name="Campbell">Campbell, Gordon (editor) (2006) "Lincrusta"  ''The Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts'' volume 1, Oxford University Press, New York, [https://books.google.com/books?id=R8BMW6Au7pQC&pg=PA41 page 41], {{ISBN|0-19-518948-5}}</ref> The linseed gel continues to dry for many years, so the surface gets harder over time.

Both oil-based and water-based paints can be applied to Lincrusta; therefore, it can provide a base for effects from simple colour washes or [marbling](/source/Marbleizing), [scumbling](/source/glaze_(painting_technique)), and [glazing](/source/glaze_(painting_technique)), to more elaborate [gilding](/source/gilding) and [vert de mer](/source/Marbleizing) treatments.

==See also==

*[Anaglypta](/source/Anaglypta) – alternative embossed wall-covering

{{commons}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite thesis |last=Brazil |first=Helena |date=2018 |title=Lincrusta-Walton 1877-1887: The Development, Design and Character of Lincrusta-Walton |publisher=University of Lincoln. |url=http://eprints.lincoln.ac.uk/34864/|type=Masters }}
*Parsons, Ralph (1997) ''From Floor to Ceiling: How One Man's Inventions Brought Fame to Staines and Sunbury'' Spelthorne Museum, Staines, England, {{ISBN|0-9530265-0-7}}

Category:Wallcoverings
Category:Flax

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Lincrusta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincrusta) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincrusta?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.