# Lhao Vo language > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Lhao_Vo_language > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Lhao_Vo_language.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhao_Vo_language > Source revision: 1330600500 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) {{Short description|Burmish language}} {{Infobox language |name=Lhao Vo |altname=Maru |states=[Myanmar](/source/Myanmar), [China](/source/China) |speakers={{sigfig|103,500|2}} |date=1997 |ref=e18 |script=Latin |familycolor=Sino-Tibetan |fam2=([Tibeto-Burman](/source/Tibeto-Burman_languages)) |fam3=[Lolo–Burmese](/source/Lolo%E2%80%93Burmese_languages) |fam4=[Burmish](/source/Burmish_languages) |fam5=Maruic |iso3=mhx |glotto=maru1249 |glottorefname=Maru }} '''Lhaovo''' (the Burmese name: လော်ဝေါ်), also known as '''Maru''' (မရူ) and '''Langsu''' (the Chinese name: 浪速), is a [Burmish language](/source/Burmish_language) spoken in Burma and by a few thousand speakers in China. ==Distribution== Dai Qingxia (2005:3) reports 5,600 Langsu speakers in China. Many thousands more are dispersed across the eastern edge of [Kachin State](/source/Kachin_State), Myanmar. *[Luxi City](/source/Luxi_City): Yingpan Township (ယင်းဖန်မြို့နယ်, 营盘乡) *[Lianghe County](/source/Lianghe_County): Mengyang Township (မယ်ညန့်နယ်, 养乡) *[Longchuan County](/source/Longchuan_County%2C_Yunnan): Bangwai Township (ဖန်ဝိုင်မြို့နယ်, 邦外乡) and Jingkan Township (ကျင်ခန်မြို့နယ်, 景坎乡) The Langsu people call themselves ''{{IPA|lɔ̃³¹vɔ³¹}}'' (Chinese: ''Lang'e'' 浪峨){{sfnp|Dai|2005|p=3}}{{sfnp|Dai|2010|p=10}} ==Varieties== The standard Lhaovo dialect is that of the Dago’ (''{{IPA|tăkoʔ}}'') hill area, on the east side of [N'Mai River](/source/N'Mai_River) valley in [Kachin State](/source/Kachin_State). Sawada (2017) lists the following patois (subvarieties) of Lhaovo.{{Cite conference |last=Sawada |first=Hideo |date=2017 |title=Two Undescribed Dialects of Northern Burmish Sub-branch: Gyannoʔ and Thoʔlhang |conference=Presented at ICSTLL 50, Beijing, China |language=en}} *'''Gyanno’''' (autonym: ''{{IPA|kjɛn35 noʔ21 }}''): spoken in the west side of the N'Mai River in [Sawlaw Township](/source/Sawlaw_Township). *'''Tho’lhang''' (autonym: ''{{IPA|tʰaʔ21 lo̰22}}''): spoken in [Htawlang](/source/Htawlang) and a few other villages in northern Sawlaw Township. *'''Lakin''' (autonym: ''{{IPA|lăkɛ̰22}}''): spoken in [Lakin](/source/Lakin%2C_Burma) village, northern Sawlaw Township. *'''Lhangsu''' (autonym: ''{{IPA|la̰ŋ53 su53}}''; not the same as Langsu 浪速 of Yunnan): spoken in the area between Hkrang Hka and Sanin Hka, which are two tributaries of the Mali Hka. It is spoken in [Sumprabum Township](/source/Sumprabum_Township), including in the villages of {{lang|ha|Hting Tsa, N-gawk Hkyet}}, and {{lang|ha|Ma Awng}}. ===Langsong=== The Langsong (浪宋) are found in Zaoyang (早阳){{Cite web |title=Yúnlóng Xiàn Miáowěi Lìsùzú Xiāng Zǎoyáng |script-title=zh:云龙县苗尾傈僳族乡早阳 |trans-title=Zaoyang, Miaowei Lisu Ethnic Township, Yunlong County |url=http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vdefault.aspx?departmentid=60920 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504231255/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vdefault.aspx?departmentid=60920 |archive-date=2018-05-04 |website=ynszxc.gov.cn |language=zh}} in [Yunlong County](/source/Yunlong_County) (in the Chinese province of [Yunnan](/source/Yunnan)) as well as in Baocun (表村),{{Cite web |title=Yúnlóng Xiàn Miáowěi Lìsùzú Xiāng Biǎocūn Biǎocūn |script-title=zh:云龙县苗尾傈僳族乡表村表村 |trans-title=Baocun, Baocun, Miaowei Lisu Township, Yunlong County |url=http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=37739 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010042953/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=37739 |archive-date=2016-10-10 |website=ynszxc.gov.cn |language=zh}} Laomo (老末), and Sancha (三岔).{{Cite web |title=Yúnlóng Xiàn Miáowěi Lìsùzú Xiāng Biǎocūn Sānchà |script-title=zh:云龙县苗尾傈僳族乡表村三岔 |trans-title=Sancha, Baocun, Miaowei Lisu Township, Yunlong County |url=http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=37740 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504225903/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=37740 |archive-date=2018-05-04 |website=ynszxc.gov.cn |language=zh}}{{Cite book |last=Zhongguo shao shu minzu shehui lishi diaocha ziliao congkan xiuding bianji weiyuanhui |title=Jǐngpǒzú shèhuì lìshǐ diàochá |date=2009 |publisher=Minzu chubanshe |location=Beijing |page=57 |language=zh |script-title=zh:景颇族社会历史调查 |author-mask=Zhongguo shao shu minzu shehui lishi diaocha ziliao congkan xiuding bianji weiyuanhui 中国少数民族社会历史调查资料丛刊修订编辑委员会}} They reportedly speak a highly endangered language that may be possibly related to Langsu. == Phonology == === Consonants === Lhao Vo has the following consonant sounds:{{Cite book |last=Hideo |first=Sawada |title=Outline of Phonology of Lhaovo (Maru) of Kachin State |publisher=Tokyo: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies |year=1999 |location=In Linguistic & Anthropological Study of the Shan Culture Area, report of research project, Grant-in-Aid for International Scientific Research (Field Research) |pages=97–147}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! colspan="2" |[Labial](/source/Labial_consonant) ! rowspan="2" |[Dental](/source/Dental_consonant)/
[Alveolar](/source/Alveolar_consonant) ! rowspan="2" |[Post-
alveolar](/source/Postalveolar_consonant) ! rowspan="2" |[Palatal](/source/Palatal_consonant) ! colspan="2" |[Velar](/source/Velar_consonant) ! rowspan="2" |[Glottal](/source/Glottal_consonant) |- !plain ![pal.](/source/Palatalization_(phonetics)) !plain ![pal.](/source/Palatalization_(phonetics)) |- ! rowspan="2" |[Plosive](/source/Stop_consonant) !voiceless |{{IPA link|p}} |{{IPA link|pʲ}} |{{IPA link|t}} | | |{{IPA link|k}} |{{IPA link|kʲ}} |({{IPA link|ʔ}}) |- !aspirated |{{IPA link|pʰ}} |{{IPA link|pʰʲ}} |{{IPA link|tʰ}} | | |{{IPA link|kʰ}} |{{IPA link|kʰʲ}} | |- ! rowspan="2" |[Affricate](/source/Affricate) !voiceless | colspan="2" | |{{IPA link|t͡s̪}} |{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}} | | colspan="2" | | |- !aspirated | colspan="2" | |{{IPA link|t͡s̪ʰ}} |{{IPA link|t͡ʃʰ}} | | colspan="2" | | |- ! rowspan="2" |[Fricative](/source/Fricative_consonant) !voiceless | colspan="2" |{{IPA link|f}} |{{IPA link|s̪}} |{{IPA link|ʃ}} | | colspan="2" |{{IPA link|x}} | |- !voiced | colspan="2" |{{IPA link|v}} | | | | colspan="2" |{{IPA link|ɣ}} |{{IPA link|ɦ}} |- ! colspan="2" |[Nasal](/source/Nasal_consonant) |{{IPA link|m}} |{{IPA link|mʲ}} |{{IPA link|n}} | |{{IPA link|ɲ}} | colspan="2" |{{IPA link|ŋ}} | |- ! colspan="2" |[Tap](/source/Tap_consonant) | colspan="2" | |{{IPA link|ɾ}} | | | colspan="2" | | |- ! colspan="2" |[Approximant](/source/Approximant_consonant) | colspan="2" | |{{IPA link|l}} | |{{IPA link|j}} | colspan="2" | | |} * Sounds /p, t, k, ʔ, m, n, ŋ, j/ can all be heard in final position. * /ʔ/ is only written in final position. === Vowels === There is a distinction among creaky vowel sounds: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" | ! colspan="4" |[Front](/source/Front_vowel) ! colspan="2" |[Central](/source/Central_vowel) ! colspan="2" |[Back](/source/Back_vowel) |- ! colspan="2" |plain ! colspan="2" |creaky !plain !creaky !plain !creaky |- align="center" ![Close](/source/Close_vowel) | colspan="2" |{{IPA link|i}} | colspan="2" |{{IPA link|ḭ}} | | |{{IPA link|u}} |{{IPA link|ṵ}} |- ![Mid](/source/Mid_vowel) |{{IPA link|e}} |{{IPA link|ø}} |{{IPA link|ḛ}} |{{IPA link|ø̰}} | | |{{IPA link|o}} |{{IPA link|o̰}} |- align="center" ![Open](/source/Open_vowel) | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | |{{IPA link|a}} |{{IPA link|a̰}} | | |- ![Diphthong](/source/Diphthong) | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | |au |a̰ṵ | | |} * /i, ḭ/ can also range to [ɪ, ɪ̰]. * Vowels /e, o/ when preceding a word-final /-ŋ/ can also be heard as nasalized [ẽ, õ]. When preceding a final glide /-j/, each vowel has the following allophones: {| class="wikitable" !Phoneme !Allophones |- |/aj/ |[aɪ̆], [ɛ] |- |/auj/ |[auɪ̆], [ɔɪ̆] |- |/uj/ |[uɪ̆], [ʉ], [ʉɪ̆] |- |/ej/ |[əɪ̆] |} ===Tones=== Lhao Vo has three [lexical tone](/source/lexical_tone)s: high, low and falling. Low tone may be a different analysis of creaky vowels. In Latin script, falling tone is unmarked, e.g. {{angbr|lo}} etc.; low tone is {{angbr|lo꞉}} etc., and high tone is {{angbr|loˮ}} etc. (or {{angbr|lobʼ}} etc. with a final ''b, d, g''). Final glottal stop is written {{angbr|lo,}} etc. in falling tone, {{angbr|lo;}} etc. in low tone, and {{angbr|loʼ}} in high tone.{{cite web |title=Lhaovo |url=https://kachinportal.aa-ken.jp/en/languages/#lhaovo |website=Kachin Portal Site |access-date=2023-07-17 |archive-date=2022-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001165638/https://kachinportal.aa-ken.jp/en/languages/#lhaovo |url-status=dead }} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last=Dai |first=Qingxia 戴慶廈 |title=Làngsùyǔ yánjiū |date=2005 |publisher=Minzu chubanshe |isbn=9787105068159 |location=Beijing |language=zh |script-title=zh:浪速语研究 |trans-title=Study of the Maru Language}} * {{Cite book |last=Dai |first=Qingxia 戴庆厦 |title=Piànmǎ Cháshānrén jí qí yǔyán |date=2010 |publisher=Shangwu yinshuguan |location=Beijing |language=zh |script-title=zh:片马茶山人及其语言 |trans-title=The Chashan People of Pianma and Their Language}} * {{Cite web |last=Hill |first=Nathan |last2=Cooper |first2=Douglas |date=2020 |title=A Machine Readable Collection of Lexical Data on the Burmish Languages |url=https://zenodo.org/record/3759030 |publisher=Zenodo |language=en |type=Data Set |doi=10.5281/zenodo.3759030 |doi-access=free}} *{{Cite book |last=[Yabu Shirō](/source/Yabu_Shir%C5%8D) 藪司郎 |title=Historical and Cultural Studies in Burma |date=1988 |publisher=Institute of Asian Studies, Sophia University |editor-last=Yoshiaki Ishizawa |location=Tokyo |pages=65–132 |chapter=A Preliminary Report on the Study of the Maru, Lashi and Atsi Languages of Burma}} {{refend}} ==External links== * [http://hdl.handle.net/10106/5598 Consonant Ear Training and Tones] * [https://digital.soas.ac.uk/maru Maru fieldwork of John Okell from 1969] * [http://www.lhaovo.co Lhaovo language site] {{Languages of Burma}} {{Languages of China}} {{Sino-Tibetan languages}} {{Lolo-Burmese languages}} {{Authority control}} Category:Burmish languages Category:Languages of Myanmar Category:Languages of Yunnan {{st-lang-stub}} --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Lhao Vo language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhao_Vo_language) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhao_Vo_language?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.