# Lee Stack

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{{Short description|British Army officer and administrator (1868–1924)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix    = [Major-General](/source/Major-general_(United_Kingdom))
| name                = Sir Lee Stack
|honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GBE|CMG}}
| image               = Major General Sir Lee Stack 1924.jpg
| caption             = Stack in c. 1924
| alt                 = 
| office1             = [Governor-General of Sudan](/source/List_of_governors_of_pre-independence_Sudan)
| term_start1         = 1917
| term_end1           = 19 November 1924
| predecessor1        = [Reginald Wingate](/source/Reginald_Wingate)
| successor1          = [Geoffrey Francis Archer](/source/Geoffrey_Francis_Archer)
| birth_date          = 15 May 1868
| birth_place         = [Darjeeling](/source/Darjeeling), [India](/source/British_Raj)
| death_date          = 20 November 1924 (aged 56)
| death_place         = [Cairo](/source/Cairo%2C_Egypt), [Kingdom of Egypt](/source/Kingdom_of_Egypt)
| citizenship         = 
| party               = 
| other_party          = <!--For additional political affiliations-->
| partner             = <!--For those with a domestic partner and not married-->
| relations           = 
| children            = 
| alma_mater          = 
| occupation          = 
| profession          = 
| cabinet             = 
| committees          = <!--Military service-->
| nickname            = 
| allegiance          = 
| branch              = [British Army](/source/British_Army)
| service_years        = 1888–1924
| rank                = [Major-General](/source/Major_general_(United_Kingdom))
| unit                = 
| commands            = 
| battles             = 
| awards              = 
}}
[Major-General](/source/Major-general_(United_Kingdom)) '''Sir Lee Oliver Fitzmaurice Stack''' (15 May 1868 &ndash; 20 November 1924) was a [British Army](/source/British_Army) officer and [Governor-General](/source/Governor-General) of the [Anglo-Egyptian Sudan](/source/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan).<ref name=odnb>{{cite ODNB |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/101036230/ |title='Stack, Sir Lee Oliver Fitzmaurice (1868–1924)' |access-date=10 February 2009 |author=Daly, M.W. |date=September 2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/36230}}</ref> On 19 November 1924, he was shot by assassins while driving through [Cairo](/source/Cairo), and died of his wounds the next day.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Austen Chamberlain Diary Letters: The Correspondence of Sir Austen Chamberlain with His Sisters Hilda and Ida, 1916-1937 |last=Chamberlain |first=Austen |author2=Robert C. Self  |year=1995 |publisher=[Cambridge University Press](/source/Cambridge_University_Press) |isbn=0-521-55157-9 |page=300}}</ref>

==Early life==
Born in [Darjeeling](/source/Darjeeling), India, Lee Stack was the son of the British Inspector-General of Police for Bengal. He was educated at [Clifton College](/source/Clifton_College) and the [Royal Military College, Sandhurst](/source/Royal_Military_College%2C_Sandhurst).<ref name=odnb/><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=25785|page=895|date=10 February 1888}}</ref>

==Career==
After service with the [British Army](/source/British_Army), [Major](/source/Major_(United_Kingdom)) Lee Stack was seconded to the [Egyptian Army](/source/Egyptian_Army) in 1899. In addition to regimental appointments he served as Military Secretary to [General](/source/General_(United_Kingdom)) [Sir Reginald Wingate](/source/Reginald_Wingate). He received the [Order of Osmanieh](/source/Order_of_Osmanieh), third class, from the [Khedive of Egypt](/source/Khedivate_of_Egypt) in 1902.<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=27476 |page=6075 |date=23 September 1902}}</ref> Stack left the army in 1910 but took up the position of Civil Secretary of the Sudan in 1913, based in [Khartoum](/source/Khartoum). On the outbreak of war in 1914 he was granted the temporary rank of [lieutenant-colonel](/source/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_Kingdom)),<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28977|page=9408|date=17 November 1914}}</ref> and in 1917 that of [major-general](/source/Major_general_(United_Kingdom))<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=29887|supp=y|page=59|date=1 January 1917}}</ref> when he became [Sirdar](/source/Sirdar) of the Egyptian Army, combining this appointment with that of [Governor General of the Sudan](/source/List_of_governors_of_pre-independence_Sudan).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Sudan.html|title=Sudan|publisher=World Statesmen|access-date=25 October 2019}}</ref>

==Assassination==
On 19 November 1924, Sir Lee Stack, accompanied by an [aide de camp](/source/aide_de_camp), was being driven from the Egyptian War Office in [Cairo](/source/Cairo) to his official residence. His car had halted in heavy traffic to give a tram car right of way when several Egyptian students, grouped on the pavement, fired a volley of revolver shots into the vehicle. Stack's driver, [Frederick Hamilton March](/source/Frederick_Hamilton_March), although injured, was able to accelerate the car away from the scene of the shooting and reach the nearby residence of the British High Commissioner to Egypt. Major-General Stack suffered wounds to the hand, stomach, and foot. He died the next day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/61163024|title=The Assassination of Sir Lee Stack|newspaper=Townsville Daily Bulletin (QLD. : 1907 - 1954)|publisher=The Townsville Daily Bulletin|date=24 November 2014|page=4|access-date=25 October 2019}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
The British High Commissioner, [Field Marshal](/source/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)) [Lord Allenby](/source/Edmund_Allenby%2C_1st_Viscount_Allenby), responded with anger, presenting a list of demands to the Egyptian government which included a public apology, an inquiry, suppression of demonstrations and payment of a fine. Furthermore, he demanded withdrawal of all Egyptian officers and Egyptian army units from the Sudan, an increase to the scope of an irrigation scheme in [Gezira](/source/Gezira_(Cairo)) and laws to protect foreign investors in Egypt.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,728107-2,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107175637/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,728107-2,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 November 2012 |work=Time Magazine |access-date=30 August 2011 |title=EGYPT: Shots and Repercussions |date=1 December 1924}}</ref>

Seven men convicted of involvement in the assassination were executed by hanging in 1925. Several were identified by a taxi driver whose vehicle they had commandeered to escape from the scene. The pistols used were identified through a pioneering instance of bullet examination by forensic scientist [Sydney Smith](/source/Sydney_Smith_(forensic_expert)).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.law.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Paper-Blum.pdf|title=Going Ballistic: The Forgotten Origins of Forensic Weapon Identification, 1919-1924|publisher=Berkeley Law University of California|access-date=25 October 2019}}</ref>

[Sir Geoffrey Archer](/source/Geoffrey_Francis_Archer), formerly [Governor of Uganda](/source/List_of_governors_of_Uganda), took over as [Governor-General of the Sudan](/source/List_of_governors_of_pre-independence_Sudan) in January 1925, the first time a civilian had held this office.<ref>{{cite book |title=Sayyid ʻAbd al-Raḥmān al-Mahdī: a study of neo-Mahdīsm in the Sudan, 1899-1956|first=Hassan Ahmed|last=Ibrahim|page=92|publisher=Brill|year=2004|isbn=90-04-13854-4}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin}}

* {{cite book |last1=Gifford |first1=Jayne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39-zDwAAQBAJ |title=Britain in Egypt: Egyptian Nationalism and Imperial Strategy, 1919-1931 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2020 |isbn=9781838604943 |chapter=The Assassination of Sir Lee Stack: The British Lion’s Final Roar?}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Gifford |first1=Jayne |author-mask=6 |year=2013 |title=Extracting the Best Deal for Britain: The Assassination of Sir Lee Stack in November 1924 and the Revision of Britain's Nile Valley Policy |url=https://doi.org/10.3138/cjh.48.1.87 |journal=Canadian Journal of History |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=87–114 |doi=10.3138/cjh.48.1.87}}
* {{Cite book |last=Badrawi |first=Malak |title=Political Violence in Egypt 1910-1924: Secret Societies, Plots and Assassinations |publisher=[Routledge](/source/Routledge) |year=2013 |orig-year=2000}}
* {{Cite book |last=Long |first=Richard |title=British Pro-Consuls in Egypt, 1914-1929 : The Challenge of Nationalism |publisher=RoutledgeCurzon |year=2005}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Reid |first1=Donald M. |year=1982 |title=Political Assassination in Egypt, 1910-1954 |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/217848 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=625–651 |doi=10.2307/217848 |url-access=subscription}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Daly |first=Martin William |title=The Governor-Generalship of Sir Lee Stack in the Sudan, 1917-1924 |date=1977 |publisher=University of London |doi=10.25501/SOAS.00033659}}

{{Refend}}{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[Sir Reginald Wingate](/source/Reginald_Wingate)}}
{{s-ttl|title=[Sirdar of the Egyptian Army](/source/Sirdar)|years=1916–1924}}
{{s-aft|after=[Sir Charlton Spinks](/source/Charlton_Spinks)}}
|-
{{s-off}}
{{succession box|title=[Governor-General of the Sudan](/source/List_of_governors_of_pre-independence_Sudan)|before=[Sir Reginald Wingate](/source/Reginald_Wingate)|after=[Sir Geoffrey Archer](/source/Geoffrey_Francis_Archer)|years=1916&ndash;1924}}
{{s-end}}

{{Governors-general of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stack, Lee}}
Category:1868 births
Category:1924 deaths
Category:Military personnel of British India
Category:People murdered in 1924
Category:Assassinated British military personnel
Category:Assassinated British politicians
Category:Border Regiment officers
Category:British Army major generals
Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
Category:Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Category:Deaths by firearm in Egypt
Category:Governors-general of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
Category:People murdered in Egypt
Category:Murder in Sudan
Category:British people in British India
Category:Politicians assassinated in the 1920s
Category:British Army generals of World War I
Category:19th-century British Army personnel
Category:Military personnel from Darjeeling

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Lee Stack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Stack) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Stack?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.