# Lateran Treaty

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1929 treaty between Italy and the Holy See

Lateran Treaty Treaty between the Holy See and Italy Holy See and Italian delegations prior to signing the treaty Type Bilateral treaty Context Establishment of Vatican City on the Italian peninsula Signed 11 February 1929 (1929-02-11)[1] Location Rome, Italy Effective 7 June 1929 Condition Ratification by the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy Signatories Pietro Gasparri Benito Mussolini Parties Holy See Italy Language Italian

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The **Lateran Treaty** ([Italian](/source/Italian_language): *Patti Lateranensi*; [Latin](/source/Latin_language): *Pacta Lateranensia*) was one component of the **Lateran Pacts of 1929**, agreements between [Italy](/source/Kingdom_of_Italy) under King [Victor Emmanuel III](/source/Victor_Emmanuel_III) and *[Duce](/source/Duce)* [Benito Mussolini](/source/Benito_Mussolini) and the [Holy See](/source/Holy_See) under [Pope Pius XI](/source/Pope_Pius_XI) to settle the long-standing [Roman question](/source/Roman_question).

The treaty recognised [Vatican City](/source/Vatican_City) as an [independent state](/source/Independent_state) under the sovereignty of the Holy See. Italy also agreed to give the [Catholic Church](/source/Catholic_Church) financial compensation for the loss of the [Papal States](/source/Papal_States).[2] In 1948, the Lateran Treaty was recognized in the [Constitution of Italy](/source/Constitution_of_Italy) as regulating the relations between the Italian Republic and the Catholic Church.[3] While the treaty was significantly revised in 1984, ending the status of Catholicism as the sole state religion of Italy, the Vatican remains a distinct sovereign entity to the present day.

The treaty and associated pacts were named after the [Lateran Palace](/source/Lateran_Palace), where they were signed on 11 February 1929.[1] The [Italian Parliament](/source/Parliament_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy) ratified them on 7 June 1929.

## Content

The Lateran Pacts are often presented as three treaties: a 27-article treaty of conciliation, a three-article financial convention, and a 45-article [concordat](/source/Concordat);[4] however, the website of the Holy See presents the financial convention as an annex of the treaty of conciliation, considering the pacts as two documents:[5]

- A political treaty recognising the full sovereignty of the Holy See in the State of Vatican City, which was thereby established, accompanied by four annexes: - A map of the territory of Vatican City State - Maps of buildings with [extraterritorial privilege](/source/Extraterritorial_privileges) and exemption from [expropriation](/source/Expropriation) and taxes (owned by the Holy See but located in Italy and not forming part of Vatican City) - Maps of buildings with exemption from expropriation and taxes (but without extraterritorial privilege) - A financial convention agreed on as a definitive settlement of the claims of the Holy See following the [capture of Rome](/source/Capture_of_Rome) in 1870 of its territories and property[a]

- A concordat regulating relations between the Catholic Church and the Italian state.

The treaty defines only part of the [public funding of the Catholic Church in Italy](/source/Public_funding_of_the_Catholic_Church_in_Italy).

## History

[Francesco Pacelli](/source/Francesco_Pacelli) was the right-hand man to Pius XI's Secretary of State [Pietro Gasparri](/source/Pietro_Gasparri) during the Lateran Treaty negotiations

The territory of Vatican City State, established by the Lateran Accords

A map of Vatican City

During the [unification of Italy](/source/Italian_unification) in the mid-19th century, the Papal States under [Pope Pius IX](/source/Pope_Pius_IX) resisted incorporation into the new nation, even as almost all the other Italian countries joined it; [Camillo Cavour](/source/Camillo_Cavour)'s dream of proclaiming the Kingdom of Italy from the steps of [St. Peter's Basilica](/source/St._Peter's_Basilica) did not come to pass. The nascent Kingdom of Italy invaded and occupied [Romagna](/source/Romagna) (the eastern portion of the Papal States) in 1860, leaving only Lazio (*Latium*) in the pope's domains.[7]

Latium, including Rome itself, [was occupied](/source/Capture_of_Rome) and annexed in 1870. For the following sixty years, relations between the Papacy and the Italian government were hostile, and the sovereign rights of the pope became known as the Roman question.[8]

The Popes knew that Rome was irrevocably the capital of Italy. There was nothing they wanted less than to govern it or be burdened with a papal kingdom. What they wished was independence, a foothold on the earth that belonged to no other sovereign.[9]

Under the terms of the [Law of Guarantees](/source/Law_of_Guarantees) of 1871, the Italian government offered to Pius IX and his successors the use of, but not sovereignty over, the Vatican and Lateran Palaces and a yearly income of 3,250,000 [Lire](/source/Italian_lira). The Holy See refused this settlement, on the grounds that the pope's spiritual jurisdiction required clear independence from any political power, and thereafter each pope considered himself a "[prisoner in the Vatican](/source/Prisoner_in_the_Vatican)". The Lateran Treaty ended this impasse.[10][11][12]

Negotiations for the settlement of the Roman question began in 1926 between the Holy See and the [Italian fascist](/source/Italian_fascist) government led by Prime Minister [Benito Mussolini](/source/Benito_Mussolini), and culminated in the agreements of the Lateran Pacts, signed—the Treaty says—for King [Victor Emmanuel III](/source/Victor_Emmanuel_III) by Mussolini and for [Pope Pius XI](/source/Pope_Pius_XI) by Cardinal Secretary of State [Pietro Gasparri](/source/Pietro_Gasparri),[13] on 11 February 1929.[14] It was ratified on 7 June 1929.[15]

The agreements included a political treaty which created the state of the Vatican City and guaranteed full and independent sovereignty to the [Holy See](/source/Holy_See). The Pope was pledged to perpetual [neutrality](/source/Neutrality_(international_relations)) in [international relations](/source/International_relations) and to abstention from mediation in a controversy unless specifically requested by all parties. In the first article of the treaty, Italy reaffirmed the principle established in the [1848 Constitution of the Kingdom of Italy](/source/1848_Constitution_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy), that "the Catholic, Apostolic and Roman Religion is the only religion of the State".[16]

The attached financial agreement was accepted as settlement of all the claims of the Holy See against Italy from the loss of temporal power over the Papal States in 1870, though the sum agreed to was actually less than Italy had offered in 1871.[17] To commemorate the successful conclusion of the negotiations, Mussolini commissioned the *[Via della Conciliazione](/source/Via_della_Conciliazione)* ("Road of the Conciliation"), which would symbolically link the Vatican City to the heart of Rome.[7]

### After 1946

The post-[World War II](/source/World_War_II) Constitution of the Italian Republic, adopted in 1948, states that relations between the State and the Catholic Church "are regulated by the Lateran Treaties".[3] In 1984, the concordat was significantly revised. Both sides declared: "The principle of the Catholic religion as the sole religion of the Italian State, originally referred to by the Lateran Pacts, shall be considered to be no longer in force."[18]

The exclusive state financial support for the Church was ended, and replaced by financing through a dedicated personal income tax called the *[otto per mille](/source/Eight_per_thousand)*, under which Italian taxpayers devolve a compulsory 0.8% from their annual income tax return to a religious group recognized by Italy, or a state-run [social assistance program](/source/Welfare_(financial_aid)). To gain access to the tax funds, a religion must formally agree to participating in the program by signing a document called "stipulation of intese", along with the [Prime Minister](/source/Prime_Minister_of_Italy), which must then be ratified by [Parliament](/source/Italian_Parliament).[19] As of 2023, there were 13 religious groups with access: [Confederation of Methodist and Waldensian Churches](/source/World_Methodist_Council), [Seventh-day Adventists](/source/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church), [Assemblies of God](/source/Assemblies_of_God), [Jews](/source/Jews), [Baptists](/source/Baptists), [Lutherans](/source/Lutherans), [the Church of Jesus Christ](/source/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Italy), [Orthodox Church of the Constantinople Patriarchate](/source/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople), [Italian Apostolic Church](/source/Apostolic_Church_in_Italy), [Buddhist Union](/source/Italian_Buddhist_Union), [Soka Gakkai](/source/Soka_Gakkai) Buddhists, [Hindus](/source/Hindus), and the [Anglican Church](/source/Anglican_Church).[20] However, two of the largest minority religions in Italy are excluded from this system: [Jehovah's Witnesses](/source/Jehovah's_Witnesses) and [Islam](/source/Islam). Although two Prime Ministers have signed "intese" agreements with the Jehovah's Witnesses, in both instances Parliament neglected to put the matter up to a vote for ratification, leading the Witnesses to take legal action against this apparent discrimination with the [European Court of Human Rights](/source/European_Court_of_Human_Rights).[19] The Italian government has attempted to negotiate a "intese" with Islamic groups on at least two occasions, but the negotiations were unsuccessful, as the numerous Islamic associations in Italy could not agree upon the terms needed to a establish a unified organization that could sign an "intesa" and receive the 0.8 percent tax.[19]

The revised concordat regulated the conditions under which the state accords legal recognition to church marriages and to ecclesiastical [declarations of nullity](/source/Declaration_of_nullity) of marriages.[21] The agreement also ended state recognition of knighthoods and titles of nobility conferred by the Holy See,[22] the right of the state to request ecclesiastical honours for those chosen to perform religious functions for the state or the royal household,[23] and the right of the state to present political objections to the proposed appointment of diocesan bishops.[24] In 2008, it was announced that the Vatican would no longer immediately adopt all Italian laws, citing conflict over right-to-life issues, partially attributed to the November, 2008 Italian court ruling in the [trial and ruling of the Eluana Englaro case](/source/Trial_and_ruling_of_the_Eluana_Englaro_case).[25][26]

## Violations

The [Italian racial laws](/source/Italian_racial_laws) of 1938 prohibited marriages between Jews and non-Jews, including Catholics: the Vatican viewed this as a violation of the Concordat, which gave the church the sole right to regulate marriages involving Catholics.[27] Article 34 of the Concordat specified that marriages performed by the Catholic Church would always be considered valid by civil authorities.[28] The Holy See understood this to apply to all marriages in Italy celebrated by Roman Catholic clergy, regardless of the faiths of those being married.[28]

## See also

- [List of sovereigns of the Vatican City State](/source/List_of_sovereigns_of_the_Vatican_City_State)

- [Index of Vatican City-related articles](/source/Index_of_Vatican_City-related_articles)

- [Properties of the Holy See](/source/Properties_of_the_Holy_See)

- [Public funding of the Catholic Church in Italy](/source/Public_funding_of_the_Catholic_Church_in_Italy)

- *[Reichskonkordat](/source/Reichskonkordat)*, treaty between the Holy See and Nazi Germany

- [Religion in Italy](/source/Religion_in_Italy)

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** The Italian state agreed to pay 750 million [Lire](/source/Italian_lira) immediately plus consolidated bearer bonds with a coupon rate of 5% and a nominal value of Lire 1,000 million. It thus paid less than it would have paid, Lire 3.25 million *per annum*, under the 1871 [Law of Guarantees](/source/Law_of_Guarantees), which the Holy See had not accepted.[6]

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-SignDate_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-SignDate_1-1) ["Vatican City turns 91"](https://www.vaticannews.va/en/vatican-city/news/2020-02/vatican-city-lateran-treaty-holy-see-pope.html). *Vatican News*. 11 February 2020. Retrieved 2 September 2021. The world's smallest sovereign state was born on February 11, 1929, with the signing of the Lateran Treaty between the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** [*A History of Western Society*](https://archive.org/details/sourcesofwestern0000unse) (Tenth ed.). Bedford/St. Martin's. 2010. p. 900.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-constitution7_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-constitution7_3-1) [Constitution of Italy, Article 7](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** **Multiple sources:** - ["Text of the Lateran Treaty of 1929"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180523023017/http://www.aloha.net/~mikesch/treaty.htm). *www.aloha.net*. Archived from [the original](http://www.aloha.net/~mikesch/treaty.htm) on 23 May 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2013. - [James Brown Scott, "The Treaty between Italy and the Vatican" in Proceedings of the American Society of International Law at Its Annual Meeting (1921–1969), volume 23, (24–27 April 1929), p. 13](https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/25656757?uid=3738232&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&sid=21102833893803). - ["Holy See (Vatican City) Government Profile 2017"](http://www.indexmundi.com/holy_see_(vatican_city)/government_profile.html). *www.indexmundi.com*. - ["CIA Factbook, 'Holy See (Vatican City)&"](https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/colombia/). Retrieved 26 October 2013. - ["La Chiesa cattolica e il fascismo"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191443/http://seieditrice.com/chiaroscuro/files/2010/03/V3_U4-ipertestoB.pdf) (PDF). Archived from [the original](http://seieditrice.com/chiaroscuro/files/2010/03/V3_U4-ipertestoB.pdf) (PDF) on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 26 October 2013. - ["Scopri StoriaLive"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131011143546/http://www.pbmstoria.it/dizionari/storia_mod/p/p088.htm). *www.pbmstoria.it*. Archived from [the original](http://www.pbmstoria.it/dizionari/storia_mod/p/p088.htm) on 11 October 2013. Retrieved 26 October 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** [Pacts between the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy, 11 February 1929](https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/archivio/documents/rc_seg-st_19290211_patti-lateranensi_it.html).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** **Multiple sources:** - ["End of Roman Question: Lateran Treaty Signed"](http://lactualite.tripod.com/). *lactualite.tripod.com*. - [John F. Pollard, *The Vatican and Italian Fascism, 1929–32: A Study in Conflict* (Cambridge University Press 2005](https://books.google.com/books?id=Iyv_hg8DTkYC&pg=PA43) [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-52102366-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52102366-5)), p. 43. - [John Whittam, *Fascist Italy* (Manchester University Press 1995](https://books.google.com/books?id=hHgMm6APG_0C&pg=PA77) [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-71904004-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-71904004-7)), p. 77. - [Gerhard Robbers, *Encyclopedia of World Constitutions* (Infobase Publishing 2006](https://books.google.com/books?id=M3A-xgf1yM4C&pg=PA1007) [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-81606078-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-81606078-8)), p. 1007. - ["*Law Library Journal*, volume 99:3, p. 590"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120516020936/http://www.aallnet.org/main-menu/Publications/llj/LLJ-Archives/Vol-99/pub_llj_v99n03/2007-34.pdf) (PDF). Archived from [the original](http://www.aallnet.org/main-menu/Publications/llj/LLJ-Archives/Vol-99/pub_llj_v99n03/2007-34.pdf) (PDF) on 16 May 2012.. - ["How the Vatican built a secret property empire using Mussolini's millions"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/21/vatican-secret-property-empire-mussolini), *[The Guardian](/source/The_Guardian)*, 21 January 2013.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Palazzo_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Palazzo_8-1) ["The Lateran Pacts"](https://www.palazzo-pitti.net/the-lateran-pacts1.html). *PALAZZO PITTI*. Retrieved 13 October 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-EWTN_9-0)** Crockett, Benjamin; Regoli, Fr. Roberto (20 February 2023). ["The Lateran Treaty of 1929: Understanding the relationship between Italy and the Holy See"](https://ewtnvatican.com/articles/lateran-treats-of-1929-understanding-the-relationship-between-italy-and-the-holy-see-538). *EWTN Vatican Bureau*. Rome, Italy: © Fondazione EWTN News. Retrieved 13 October 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Vatican Journal, p. 59 (entry dated June 14, 1931).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Britannica_11-0)** ["Law of Guarantees - Italy 1871"](https://www.britannica.com/event/Law-of-Guarantees). *Britannica Online*. [Encyclopedia Britannica](/source/Encyclopedia_Britannica). 20 July 1998. Retrieved 13 October 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-New_Advent_12-0)** ["Law of Guarantees"](https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07048a.htm). *Catholic Encyclopedia*. New Advent LLC. Retrieved 13 October 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Geffcken, Friedrich Heinrich (1885). [*Die völkerrechtliche stellung des papstes*](https://books.google.com/books/about/Die_v%C3%B6lkerrechtliche_stellung_des_papst.html?id=3pUzAQAAMAAJ) [*The Pope's Position in International Law*] (in German). Rome: C. Habel. p. 172.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Kertzer, *Prisoner of the Vatican*, p. 292

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Rhodes, *The Vatican in the Age of the Dictators*, p. 46

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** The National Encyclopedia, Vol. 10, p. 266

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** ["Patti lateranensi, 11 febbraio 1929 - Segreteria di Stato, card. Pietro Gasparri"](https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/archivio/documents/rc_seg-st_19290211_patti-lateranensi_it.html). *www.vatican.va*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Uniset_18-0)** ["Text of the Lateran Treaty of 1929 - Section 2, Article 1"](https://www.uniset.ca/nold/lateran.htm). *United Settlement Church*. London, England: United Settlement Co. Ltd. Retrieved 13 October 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** ["Agreement between the Italian Republic and the Holy See (English translation)"](http://home.lu.lv/~rbalodis/Baznicu%20tiesibas/Akti/Arvalstis_ligumi/Italijas&Sv.Kresla_konkordats.pdf) (PDF). The American Society of International Law. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200922053313/http://home.lu.lv/~rbalodis/Baznicu%20tiesibas/Akti/Arvalstis_ligumi/Italijas%26Sv.Kresla_konkordats.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 2 September 2021.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Otto_per_Mille_20-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Otto_per_Mille_20-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Otto_per_Mille_20-2) Introvigne, Massimo (9 June 2025). [""Otto per Mille": The Catholic Church vs the Italian Government on Religious Tax"](https://bitterwinter.org/otto-per-mille-the-catholic-church-vs-the-italian-government-on-religious-tax/). *Bitter Winter*. Retrieved 13 October 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-U.S._State_Department_21-0)** ["2023 Report on International Religious Freedom: Italy"](https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/italy). *Office of International Religious Freedom*. Section II. Status of Government Respect for Religious Freedom: [United States Department of State](/source/United_States_Department_of_State). Retrieved 13 October 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Article 8 of the revised concordat

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** Articles 41–42 of the 1929 concordat

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** Article 15 of the 1929 concordat

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** Article 19 of the 1929 concordat

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** Elgood, Giles (31 December 2008). ["Vatican ends automatic adoption of Italian law"](https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE4BU3BD20081231). *[Reuters](/source/Reuters)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210309173133/https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE4BU3BD20081231) from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2009. The Vatican will no longer automatically adopt new Italian laws as its own, a top Vatican official said, citing the vast number of laws Italy churns out, many of which are in odds with Catholic doctrine.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** ["Vatican not bound by Italian laws"](https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/world/5043/vatican-not-bound-by-italian-laws). *RNZ News*. © Radio New Zealand. 4 January 2009. Retrieved 13 October 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** Zuccotti, 2000, p. 37.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Zuccotti_29-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Zuccotti_29-1) Zuccotti, 2000, p. 48.

## Sources

- Kertzer, David I. (2004). [*Prisoner of the Vatican: The Popes' Secret Plot to Capture Rome from the New Italian State*](https://books.google.com/books?id=NoEgzlz5iPgC). Boston: [Houghton Mifflin](/source/Houghton_Mifflin). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-618-22442-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-22442-5).

- —— (2014). [*The Pope and Mussolini: The Secret History of Pius XI and the Rise of Fascism in Europe*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Xc3QAgAAQBAJ). Oxford: [Oxford University Press](/source/Oxford_University_Press). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-871616-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-871616-7).

- Latourette, Kenneth Scott (1958). [*Christianity in a Revolutionary Age: A History of Christianity in the 19th and 20th Century*](https://archive.org/details/christianityinre0004lato). Vol. 4: The 20th Century in Europe. New York: Harper. pp. 32–35, 153, 156, 371.

- McCormick, Anne O'Hare (1957). [*Vatican Journal: 1921–1954*](https://archive.org/details/vaticanjournal1900mcco/). New York: [Farrar, Straus and Cudahy](/source/Farrar%2C_Straus_and_Cudahy).

- Pollard, John Francis (1985). [*The Vatican and Italian Fascism, 1929-32: A Study in Conflict*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Iyv_hg8DTkYC). Cambridge: [Cambridge University Press](/source/Cambridge_University_Press). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-521-02366-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02366-5).

- Pollard, John F. (2014). [*The Papacy in the Age of Totalitarianism, 1914-1958*](https://books.google.com/books?id=KxnVBAAAQBAJ). Oxford history of the Christian Church. Oxford; New York, NY: [Oxford University Press](/source/Oxford_University_Press). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-920856-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920856-2).

- Rhodes, Anthony Richard Ewart (1974). [*The Vatican in the Age of the Dictators, 1922–1945*](https://archive.org/details/vaticaninageof00rhod). New York: [Holt, Rinehart and Winston](/source/Holt%2C_Rinehart_and_Winston). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-03-007736-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-007736-4).

- Riccards, Michael P. (1998). *Vicars of Christ: Popes, Power, and Politics in the Modern World*. New York: Crossroad. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8245-1694-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8245-1694-9).

- Suzzallo, Henry, ed. (1935). [*The National Encyclopedia*](/source/Collier's_Encyclopedia). Vol. 10. New York: P.F. Collier & Son Corporation.

- Zuccotti, Susan (2002). [*Under His Very Windows: The Vatican and the Holocaust in Italy*](/source/Under_His_Very_Windows%3A_The_Vatican_and_the_Holocaust_in_Italy). Yale nota bene. New Haven, Conn.: [Yale University Press](/source/Yale_University_Press). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-300-09310-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09310-0).

**Archival sources**

- Jacuzio, Raffaele; [Alfredo Rocco, Alfredo](/source/Alfredo_Rocco) (1932). [*Commento della nuova legislazione in materia ecclesiastica*](https://web.archive.org/web/20190618000557/http://www.storiadellachiesa.it/glossary/concordati-e-la-chiesa-in-italia-2/) (in Italian). Turin: Unione tipografica editori torinese. pp. viii, 693. [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [250715403](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/250715403). Archived from [the original](http://www.storiadellachiesa.it/glossary/concordati-e-la-chiesa-in-italia-2/) on 18 June 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2019. Via [\[1\]](https://archive.today/20190827202117/https://www.worldcat.org/title/commento-della-nuova-legislazione-in-materia-ecclesiastica/oclc/250715403&referer=brief_results)

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Lateran Treaty](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lateran_Treaty).

- [Text of the Lateran Treaty](https://web.archive.org/web/20171010175158/http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/dam/vaticanstate/documenti/leggi-e-decreti/Normative-Penali-e-Amministrative/LateranTreaty.pdf) (English translation)[*[dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*]

- [Text of the Lateran Pacts, including the financial convention and the concordat](https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/archivio/documents/rc_seg-st_19290211_patti-lateranensi_it.html) (original Italian)

- [Italian law executing the Lateran Pacts, with the text and annexed maps](https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:legge:1929-05-27;810) (original Italian)

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