# Lateral consonant

> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Lateral_consonant
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Lateral_consonant.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_consonant
> Source revision: 1355020893
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

Type of consonant

This article needs more citations. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Lateral consonant" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

[Palatograms](/source/Palatogram) of lateral [[l](/source/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant)] and median [[t](/source/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive)]

A **lateral** is a [consonant](/source/Consonant) in which the [airstream](/source/Airstream_mechanism) proceeds along one or both of the sides of the tongue, but is blocked by the tongue from going through the middle of the mouth. An example of a lateral consonant is the [English](/source/English_language) *L*, as in *Larry*. Lateral consonants contrast with [median consonants](/source/Median_consonant), in which the airstream flows through the center of the mouth.

For the most common laterals, the tip of the tongue makes contact with the upper teeth (see [dental consonant](/source/Dental_consonant)) or the upper gum (see [alveolar consonant](/source/Alveolar_consonant)), but there are many other possible places for laterals to be made. The most common laterals are [approximants](/source/Approximant) and belong to the class of [liquids](/source/Liquid_consonant), but lateral [fricatives](/source/Fricative_consonant) and [affricates](/source/Affricate_consonant) are also common in some parts of the world. Some languages, such as the [Iwaidja](/source/Iwaidja_language) and [Ilgar](/source/Ilgar_language) languages of [Australia](/source/Australia), have [lateral flaps](/source/Lateral_flap), and others, such as the [Xhosa](/source/Xhosa_language) and [Zulu](/source/Zulu_language) languages of [Africa](/source/Africa), have [lateral clicks](/source/Lateral_click).

When pronouncing the [labiodental](/source/Labiodental_consonant) fricatives [f] and [v], the lip blocks the airflow in the center of the vocal tract, so the airstream proceeds along the sides instead. Nevertheless, they are not considered lateral consonants because the airflow never goes over the side of the tongue. No known language makes a distinction between lateral and non-lateral labiodentals. [Plosives](/source/Plosive_consonant) are never lateral, but they may have [lateral release](/source/Lateral_release_(phonetics)). [Nasals](/source/Nasal_consonant) are almost never lateral either, but reported in [Nzema](/source/Nzema_language), and some languages have [lateral nasal clicks](/source/Lateral_nasal_click). For consonants articulated in the throat ([laryngeals](/source/Laryngeal_consonants)), the lateral distinction is not made by any language, although pharyngeal and epiglottal laterals are reportedly possible.[1]

## Examples

English has one lateral phoneme: the lateral approximant /l/, which in many accents has two [allophones](/source/Allophone). One, found before vowels (and /j/) as in *lady* or *fly* (or *value*), is called *clear l*, pronounced as the [alveolar lateral approximant](/source/Alveolar_lateral_approximant) [l] with a "neutral" position of the body of the tongue. The other variant, so-called *dark l*, found before consonants or word-finally, as in *bold* or *tell*, is pronounced as the [velarized alveolar lateral approximant](/source/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant) [ɫ] with the tongue assuming a spoon-like shape with its back part raised, which gives the sound a [w]- or [ʟ]-like resonance. In some languages, like [Albanian](/source/Albanian_language), those two sounds are different phonemes. [Malsia e Madhe Gheg Albanian](/source/Gheg_Albanian#Malsia_Albanian) and [Salamina](/source/Salamina_Island) [Arvanitika](/source/Arvanitika) even have the three-way distinction of laterals /[l](/source/Voiced_dental%2C_alveolar_and_postalveolar_lateral_approximants)/, /[ʎ](/source/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant)/ and /[ɫ](/source/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant)/.[2] [East Slavic languages](/source/East_Slavic_languages) contrast [ɫ] and [lʲ] but do not have [l].

In many British accents (e.g. [Cockney](/source/Cockney#Cockney_speech)), dark [ɫ] may undergo [vocalization](/source/L-vocalization) through the reduction and loss of contact between the tip of the tongue and the alveolar ridge, becoming a rounded back vowel or glide. This process turns *tell* into [tɛɰ], as must have happened with *talk* [tɔːk] or *walk* [wɔːk] at some stage. A similar process happened during the development of many other languages, including [Brazilian Portuguese](/source/Brazilian_Portuguese), [Old French](/source/Old_French), and [Polish](/source/Polish_language), in all three of these resulting in [voiced velar approximant](/source/Voiced_velar_approximant) [ɰ] or [voiced labio-velar approximant](/source/Voiced_labio-velar_approximant) [w], whence [Modern French](/source/Modern_French) *sauce* as compared with [Spanish](/source/Spanish_language) *salsa*, or Polish *Wisła* (pronounced [viswa]) as compared with English *[Vistula](/source/Vistula)*.

In central dialects of [Venetian](/source/Venetian_language), intervocalic /l/ has turned into a semivocalic [e̯], so that the written word *ła bała* is pronounced [abae̯a]. The orthography uses the letter [ł](/source/%C5%81) to represent this phoneme (it specifically represents not the [e̯] sound but the phoneme that is, in some dialects, [e̯] and, in others, [l]).

Many Aboriginal [Australian languages](/source/Australian_languages) have a series of three or four lateral approximants, as do various dialects of [Irish](/source/Irish_language). Rarer lateral consonants include the retroflex laterals that can be found in many [languages of India](/source/Languages_of_India)[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] and in some [Swedish dialects](/source/Swedish_dialects), and the [voiceless alveolar lateral fricative](/source/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative) /ɬ/, found in many [Native North American languages](/source/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas), [Welsh](/source/Welsh_phonology) and [Zulu](/source/Zulu_language). In [Adyghe](/source/Adyghe_language) and some [Athabaskan languages](/source/Athabaskan_languages) like [Hän](/source/H%C3%A4n_language), both voiceless and voiced alveolar lateral fricatives occur, but there is no approximant. Many of these languages also have lateral [affricates](/source/Affricate). Some languages have palatal or velar voiceless lateral fricatives or affricates, such as [Dahalo](/source/Dahalo_language) and [Zulu](/source/Zulu_language), but the IPA has no symbols for such sounds. However, appropriate symbols are easy to make by adding a lateral-fricative belt to the symbol for the corresponding lateral approximant (see below). Also, a devoicing diacritic may be added to the approximant.

Lateral fricative letters

Nearly all languages with such lateral obstruents also have the approximant. However, there are a number of exceptions, many of them located in the [Pacific Northwest](/source/Pacific_Northwest) area of the United States. For example, [Tlingit](/source/Tlingit_language) has /tɬ, tɬʰ, tɬʼ, ɬ, ɬʼ/ but no /l/.[a] Other examples from the same area include [Nuu-chah-nulth](/source/Nuu-chah-nulth_language) and [Kutenai](/source/Kutenai_language), and elsewhere, [Mongolian](/source/Mongolian_language), [Chukchi](/source/Chukchi_language), and [Kabardian](/source/Kabardian_language).

[Standard Tibetan](/source/Standard_Tibetan) has a [voiceless lateral approximant](/source/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_approximant), usually romanized as *lh*, as in the name [Lhasa](/source/Lhasa_(prefecture-level_city)).

A [uvular lateral approximant](/source/Uvular_lateral_approximant) has been reported to occur in some speakers of [American English](/source/American_English).[4]

[Pashto](/source/Pashto_language) has a [retroflex lateral flap](/source/Retroflex_lateral_flap) that becomes [voiced retroflex approximant](/source/Voiced_retroflex_approximant) when it is at the end of a syllable and a word.[5]

There are a large number of lateral [click consonants](/source/Click_consonant); 17 occur in [!Xóõ](/source/!X%C3%B3%C3%B5).

Lateral [trills](/source/Trill_consonant) are also possible, but they do not occur in any known language. They may be pronounced by initiating [ɬ] or [ɮ] with an especially forceful airflow. There is no symbol for them in the IPA. They are sometimes used to imitate [bird calls](/source/Bird_call), and they are a component of [Buccal speech](/source/Donald_Duck_talk).

## List of laterals

### Approximants

- [Voiced dental lateral approximant](/source/Voiced_dental_lateral_approximant) [l̪] (in [Arabic](/source/Arabic), [Chinese](/source/Chinese_language))

- [Voiced alveolar lateral approximant](/source/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant) [l] (in [Dutch](/source/Dutch_language), [English](/source/English_language), [Spanish](/source/Spanish_language))

- [Voiced retroflex lateral approximant](/source/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant) [ɭ] (in [Dhivehi](/source/Dhivehi_language), [Korean](/source/Korean_language), [Telegu](/source/Telegu_language), [Tamil](/source/Tamil_language))

- [Voiced palatal lateral approximant](/source/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant) [ʎ] (in [Aymara](/source/Aymara_language), [Anindilyakwa](/source/Anindilyakwa_language))

- [Voiced velar lateral approximant](/source/Voiced_velar_lateral_approximant) [ʟ] (in [Wahgi](/source/Wahgi_language))

- [Voiced uvular lateral approximant](/source/Voiced_uvular_lateral_approximant) [ʟ̠] (in some American dialects)

### Fricatives

- [Voiceless dental lateral fricative](/source/Voiceless_dental_lateral_fricative) [ɬ̪] (in [Wahgi](/source/Wahgi_language))

- [Voiced dental lateral fricative](/source/Voiced_dental_lateral_fricative) [ɮ̪] (allophonic in Wahgi)

- [Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative](/source/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative) [ɬ] (in [Adyghe](/source/Adyghe_language), [Chukchi](/source/Chukchi_language), [Kabardian](/source/Kabardian_language), [Navajo](/source/Navajo_language), [Welsh](/source/Welsh_language))

- [Voiced alveolar lateral fricative](/source/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_fricative) [ɮ] (in Adyghe, Kabardian, [Mongolian](/source/Mongolian_language), [Tigak](/source/Tigak_language))

- [Voiceless retroflex lateral fricative](/source/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_fricative) [ꞎ] (in [Toda](/source/Toda_language))

- [Voiced retroflex lateral fricative](/source/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_fricative) [ɭ˔] ([𝼅]) (in [Ao](/source/Ao_language))

- [Voiceless palatal lateral fricative](/source/Voiceless_palatal_lateral_fricative) [𝼆] (in [Dahalo](/source/Dahalo_language), [Inupiaq](/source/Inupiaq_language))

- [Voiced palatal lateral fricative](/source/Voiced_palatal_lateral_fricative) [ʎ̝] ([𝼆̬]) (allophonic in [Jebero](/source/Jebero_language))

- [Voiceless velar lateral fricative](/source/Voiceless_velar_lateral_fricative) [𝼄] (in [Archi](/source/Archi_language), [Nii](/source/Nii_language), Wahgi)

- [Voiced velar lateral fricative](/source/Voiced_velar_lateral_fricative) [ʟ̝] ([𝼄̬]) (in [Archi](/source/Archi_language), allophonic in Wahgi)

Only the alveolar lateral fricatives have dedicated letters in the IPA proper, though the retroflex letters are 'implied'. The others are provided by the [extIPA](/source/ExtIPA).

- [Voiceless lateral-median fricative](/source/Voiceless_lateral-median_fricative) [θ̠ˡ] or extIPA [ʪ] (in [Al-Rubūʽah](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%CA%BDAsir_province&action=edit&redlink=1) [Arabic](/source/Arabic_language), [Mehri](/source/Mehri_language))

- [Voiced lateral-median fricative](/source/Voiced_lateral-median_fricative) [ð̠ˡ] or extIPA [ʫ] (in [Rijal Almaa](/source/Rijal_Almaa) [Arabic](/source/Arabic_language), [Mehri](/source/Mehri_language))

### Affricates

- [Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate](/source/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_affricate) [tɬ] (in Navajo, [Tlingit](/source/Tlingit_language) and [Icelandic](/source/Icelandic_language))

- [Voiced alveolar lateral affricate](/source/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_affricate) [dɮ] (allophonic in Zulu and Xhosa)

- [Voiceless retroflex lateral affricate](/source/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_affricate) [ʈꞎ] (in [Bhadrawahi](/source/Bhadrawahi_language))

- [Voiced retroflex lateral affricate](/source/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_affricate) [ɖɭ˔] ([ɖ𝼅]) (in [Bhadrawahi](/source/Bhadrawahi_language))

- [Voiceless palatal lateral affricate](/source/Voiceless_palatal_lateral_affricate) [c𝼆] (perhaps prepalatal in [Sandawe](/source/Sandawe_language) and [Hadza](/source/Hadza_language))

- [Voiced palatal lateral affricate](/source/Voiced_palatal_lateral_affricate) [ɟʎ̝] (perhaps prepalatal in [Sandawe](/source/Sandawe_language))

- [Voiceless velar lateral affricate](/source/Voiceless_velar_lateral_affricate) [k𝼄] (in [Archi](/source/Archi_language), [Laghuu](/source/Laghuu_language), [Muji](/source/Muji_language))

- [Voiced velar lateral affricate](/source/Voiced_velar_lateral_affricate) [ɡʟ̝] (in [Hiw](/source/Hiw_language), [Laghuu](/source/Laghuu_language), [Muji](/source/Muji_language))

### Flaps

- [Voiceless alveolar lateral flap](/source/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_flap) [ɺ̥] (in [Yavitero](/source/Yavitero_language),[6] [Karu](/source/Karu_language))

- [Voiced alveolar lateral flap](/source/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_flap) [ɺ] (in [Wayuu](/source/Wayuu_language), [Iwaidja](/source/Iwaidja_language))

- [Voiceless retroflex lateral flap](/source/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_flap) [𝼈̥] (allophonic in Wahgi)

- [Voiced retroflex lateral flap](/source/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_flap) [𝼈] (in [Pashto](/source/Pashto_language), [Iwaidja](/source/Iwaidja_language))

- [Palatal lateral flap](/source/Palatal_lateral_flap) [ʎ̮] (allophonic in [Iwaidja](/source/Iwaidja_language) and [Ilgar](/source/Ilgar_language))

- [Velar lateral flap](/source/Velar_lateral_flap) [ʟ̆] (in [Kanite](/source/Kanite_language) and [Melpa](/source/Melpa_language))

### Ejective

#### Affricates

- [Alveolar lateral ejective affricate](/source/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_affricate) [tɬʼ] (in [Baslaney](/source/Besleney#Language), Navajo, Tlingit)

- [Palatal lateral ejective affricate](/source/Palatal_lateral_ejective_affricate) [c𝼆ʼ] (in [Dahalo](/source/Dahalo_language), Sandawe, Hadza)

- [Velar lateral ejective affricate](/source/Velar_lateral_ejective_affricate) [k𝼄ʼ] (in [Archi](/source/Archi_language), [Gǀwi](/source/G%C7%80wi_language), [Zulu](/source/Zulu_language))

- [Uvular lateral ejective affricate](/source/Uvular_lateral_ejective_affricate) [q𝼄̠ʼ] (in [ǂʼAmkoe](/source/%C7%82%CA%BCAmkoe_language), [Gǀwi](/source/G%C7%80wi_language))

#### Fricatives

- [Alveolar lateral ejective fricative](/source/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_fricative) [ɬ'] (in [Adyghe](/source/Adyghe_language), [Kabardian](/source/Kabardian_language), [Tlingit](/source/Tlingit_language))

### Clicks

- [Alveolar lateral clicks](/source/Alveolar_lateral_click) [ᵏǁ], [ᵏǁˀ], [ᵑ̊ǁʰ] *etc.* (in all five [Khoisan](/source/Khoisan_languages) families and several [Bantu languages](/source/Bantu_languages))

## Ambiguous laterality

The IPA requires sounds to be defined as to laterality, as either median or lateral. However, languages may be ambiguous as to some consonants' laterality.[7] A well-known example is the liquid consonant in Japanese, represented in common transliteration systems as ⟨r⟩, which can be recognized as a (post)[alveolar tap](/source/Alveolar_tap) /ɾ/,[8] [alveolar lateral flap](/source/Alveolar_lateral_flap) /ɺ/, (post)[alveolar lateral approximant](/source/Alveolar_lateral_approximant) /l/, (post)[alveolar approximant](/source/Alveolar_approximant) /ɹ/,[8] [voiced retroflex stop](/source/Voiced_retroflex_stop) /ɖ/,[9] and various less common forms.

## Lateralized consonants

A superscript ⟨ˡ⟩ is defined as [lateral release](/source/Lateral_release_(phonetics)).

Consonants may also be pronounced with simultaneous lateral and median airflow. This is well-known from speech pathology with a [lateral lisp](/source/Lateral_lisp). However, it also occurs in nondisordered speech in some southern [Arabic dialects](/source/Arabic_dialects) and possibly some [Modern South Arabian languages](/source/Modern_South_Arabian_languages), which have pharyngealized nonsibilant /ʪ̪ˤ/ and /ʫ̪ˤ/ (simultaneous [θ͜ɬˤ] and [ð͡ɮˤ]) and possibly a sibilant /ʪ/ (simultaneous [s͜ɬ]). Examples are /θˡˤaim/ 'pain' in the dialect of [Al-Rubūʽah](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%CA%BDAsir_province&action=edit&redlink=1) and /ðˡˤahr/ 'back' and /ðˡˤabʕ/ 'hyena' in [Rijal Almaʽa](/source/Rijal_Alma_language).[10][11][12] (Here the ⟨ˡ⟩ indicates simultaneous laterality rather than lateral release.) Biblical Hebrew may have had non-emphatic median-lateral sibilants [ʃ͡ɬ] and [s͜ɬ], while [Old Arabic](/source/Old_Arabic) has been analyzed as having the emphatic median–lateral fricatives [θ͜ɬˤ], [ð͡ɮˤ] and [ʃ͡ɬˤ].[13][*[self-published source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources)*]

## See also

- [Delateralization](/source/Delateralization)

- [Lateral release (phonetics)](/source/Lateral_release_(phonetics))

- [List of phonetics topics](/source/List_of_phonetics_topics)

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Some older Tlingit speakers have [l] as an allophone of /n/. In the Interior dialect, /l/ is partially phonemic.[3]

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996191_1-0)** [Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996)](#CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996), p. 191.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Dedvukaj, Lindon; Ndoci, Rexhina (2023). ["Linguistic variation within the Northwestern Gheg Albanian dialect"](https://doi.org/10.3765%2Fplsa.v8i1.5501). *Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America*. **8** (1). [Linguistic Society of America](/source/Linguistic_Society_of_America): 7. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3765/plsa.v8i1.5501](https://doi.org/10.3765%2Fplsa.v8i1.5501)..

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Leer, Jeff; Krauss, Michael E. (1981). [*Athabaskan, Eyak, and Tlingit Sonorants*](https://uafanlc.alaska.edu/Online/CA962KL1981/rp5.pdf) (PDF). Alaska Native Language Center. pp. 148–149.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruttenden2014221_5-0)** [Cruttenden (2014)](#CITEREFCruttenden2014), p. 221.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-David2014_6-0)** David, Anne Boyle (2014). *Descriptive Grammar of Pashto and its Dialects*. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 24–27. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1614513032](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1614513032).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMosonyiEsteban2000594–661_7-0)** [Mosonyi & Esteban (2000)](#CITEREFMosonyiEsteban2000), pp. 594–661. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMosonyiEsteban2000 ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996243_8-0)** [Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996](#CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996), p. 243.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ipajp_9-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ipajp_9-1) Okada, Hideo (1999). "Japanese". *Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet*. Cambridge University Press. pp. 117–119. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-52163751-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52163751-0).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Arai, Takayuki; Warner, Natasha; Greenberg, Steven (2007). "Analysis of spontaneous Japanese in a multi-language telephone-speech corpus". *Acoustical Science and Technology*. **28** (1): 46–48. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1250/ast.28.46](https://doi.org/10.1250%2Fast.28.46).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Heselwood, Barry (2013). ["Phonetic notation"](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/phonetic-transcription-in-theory-and-practice/phonetic-notation/4323870E65E445EF2E327FF46912089A). *Phonetic transcription in theory and practice*. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 122–123. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7486-9101-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-9101-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Watson, Janet (January 2011). ["Lateral fricatives and lateral emphatics in southern Saudi Arabia and Mehri"](https://www.academia.edu/8283145). *Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies*. Vol. 41. Oxford: Archaeopress.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Watson, Janet (January 2013). ["Lateral reflexes of Proto-Semitic D and Dh in Al-Rubūʽah dialect, south-west Saudi Arabic: Electropalatographic and acoustic evidence"](https://www.academia.edu/8283071). *Nicht Nur mit Engelszungen: Beiträge zur Semitischen Dialektologie: Festschrift für Werner Arnold*. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3447-06926-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447-06926-7).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Potet, Jean-Paul (2013). *Arabic and Persian Loanwords in Tagalog*. Lulu.com. pp. 89 ff. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-291-45726-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-291-45726-1).

### Sources

- Cruttenden, Alan (2014). [*Gimson's Pronunciation of English*](https://books.google.com/books?id=M2nMAgAAQBAJ) (8th ed.). Routledge. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4441-8309-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4441-8309-2).

- [Ladefoged, Peter](/source/Peter_Ladefoged); [Maddieson, Ian](/source/Ian_Maddieson) (1996). [*The Sounds of the World's Languages*](/source/The_Sounds_of_the_World's_Languages). Oxford: Blackwell. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-631-19815-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19815-6).

- Mosonyi, Emilio Esteban; Mosonyi, Jorge C.; Largo, Águeda (2000). "Yavitero". In Mosonyi, Largo; Esteban, Jorge (eds.). *Manual de Lenguas Indígenas de Venezuela*. Caracas: Fundación Bigott. pp. 595–661. [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [46771684](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46771684).

v t e International Phonetic Alphabet (chart) IPA topics IPA International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA) Special topics Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects Encodings ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Usenet ASCII-IPA TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille Consonants Pulmonic consonants Place → Labial Coronal Dorsal Laryngeal Manner ↓ Bi­labial Labio­dental Linguo­labial Dental Alveolar Post­alveolar Retro­flex (Alve­olo-)​palatal Velar Uvular Pharyn­geal/epi­glottal Glottal Nasal m̥ m ɱ̊ ɱ n̼ n̪̊ n̪ n̥ n n̠̊ n̠ ɳ̊ ɳ ɲ̊ ɲ ŋ̊ ŋ ɴ̥ ɴ Plosive p b p̪ b̪ t̼ d̼ t̪ d̪ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ Sibilant affricate t̪s̪ d̪z̪ ts dz t̠ʃ d̠ʒ tʂ dʐ tɕ dʑ Non-sibilant affricate pɸ bβ p̪f b̪v t̪θ d̪ð tɹ̝̊ dɹ̝ t̠ɹ̠̊˔ d̠ɹ̠˔ cç ɟʝ kx ɡɣ qχ ɢʁ ʡʜ ʡʢ ʔh Sibilant fricative s̪ z̪ s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ɕ ʑ Non-sibilant fricative ɸ β f v θ̼ ð̼ θ ð θ̠ ð̠ ɹ̠̊˔ ɹ̠˔ ɻ̊˔ ɻ˔ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ h ɦ Approximant β̞ ʋ ð̞ ɹ ɹ̠ ɻ j ɰ ˷ Tap/flap ⱱ̟ ⱱ ɾ̥ ɾ ɽ̊ ɽ ɢ̆ ʡ̮ Trill ʙ̥ ʙ r̥ r r̠ ɽ̊r̥ ɽr ʀ̥ ʀ ʜ ʢ Lateral affricate tɬ dɮ tꞎ d𝼅 c𝼆 ɟʎ̝ k𝼄 ɡʟ̝ Lateral fricative ɬ̪ ɬ ɮ ꞎ 𝼅 𝼆 ʎ̝ 𝼄 ʟ̝ Lateral approximant l̪ l̥ l l̠ ɭ̊ ɭ ʎ̥ ʎ ʟ̥ ʟ ʟ̠ Lateral tap/flap ɺ̥ ɺ 𝼈̊ 𝼈 ʎ̮ ʟ̆ IPA help audio full chart template Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible. Non-pulmonic consonants BL LD D A PA RF P V U Implosive Voiced ɓ ɗ ᶑ ʄ ɠ ʛ Voiceless ɓ̥ ɗ̥ ᶑ̊ ʄ̊ ɠ̊ ʛ̥ Ejective Stop pʼ tʼ ʈʼ cʼ kʼ qʼ Affricate p̪fʼ t̪θʼ tsʼ t̠ʃʼ tʂʼ tɕʼ kxʼ qχʼ Fricative ɸʼ fʼ θʼ sʼ ʃʼ ʂʼ ɕʼ xʼ χʼ Lateral affricate tɬʼ c𝼆ʼ k𝼄ʼ q𝼄ʼ Lateral fricative ɬʼ Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular) Tenuis kʘ qʘ kǀ qǀ kǃ qǃ k𝼊 q𝼊 kǂ qǂ Voiced ɡʘ ɢʘ ɡǀ ɢǀ ɡǃ ɢǃ ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊 ɡǂ ɢǂ Nasal ŋʘ ɴʘ ŋǀ ɴǀ ŋǃ ɴǃ ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊 ŋǂ ɴǂ ʞ Tenuis lateral kǁ qǁ Voiced lateral ɡǁ ɢǁ Nasal lateral ŋǁ ɴǁ IPA help audio full chart template Co-articulated consonants Nasal n͡m Labial–alveolar ɳ͡m Labial–retroflex ŋ͡m Labial–velar Plosive t͡p d͡b Labial–alveolar ʈ͡p ɖ͡b Labial–retroflex k͡p ɡ͡b Labial–velar q͡ʡ Uvular–epiglottal q͡p Labial–uvular Fricative/approximant ɥ̊ ɥ Labialized palatal ʍ w Labialized velar ɧ Sj-sound (variable) Lateral approximant ɫ Velarized alveolar Implosive ɠ̊͜ɓ̥ ɠ͡ɓ Labial–velar Ejective t͡pʼ Labial–alveolar IPA help full chart template Other Voiceless bidental fricative [h̪͆] Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop [t̪ʙ̥] Voiceless upper-pharyngeal plosive [ʡ̟] Voiced upper-pharyngeal plosive [ʡ̟̬] Bilabial percussive [ʬ] Bidental percussive [ʭ] Sublaminal lower-alveolar percussive [¡] Vowels Front Central Back Close i y ɨ ʉ ɯ u Near-close ɪ ʏ ʊ Close-mid e ø ɘ ɵ ɤ o Mid e̞ ø̞ ə ɤ̞ o̞ Open-mid ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌ ɔ Near-open æ ɐ Open a ɶ ä ɑ ɒ IPA help audio full chart template Legend: unrounded • rounded

v t e Articulation Articulatory phonetics – Co-articulation – International Phonetic Alphabet Place Labial Bilabial Labiodental Dentolabial Coronal Linguolabial Interdental Dental Denti-alveolar Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Active place Apical Laminal Subapical Dorsal Alveolo-palatal Palatal Velar Uvular Laryngeal Pharyngeal/epiglottal Glottal Double articulation Labial–coronal Labial–alveolar Labial–retroflex Labial–palatal Labial–velar Labial–uvular Coronal–velar Uvular–epiglottal Pathological Velopharyngeal Other Bidental Manner Obstruent Plosive Pre-plosion Lateral release Nasal release Unreleased Affricate Trilled Fricative Sibilant Sonorant Nasal Prenasal Vowel Nasal Strident Approximant Semivowel Vibrant Tap/flap Trill Liquid Rhotic Lateral Occlusive Continuant Nonexplosive Airstream Egressive Pulmonic Ingressive Glottalic Ejective Implosive Click Pulmonic Ejective Nasal Glottalized Percussive Secondary articulation Labialization Roundedness Palatalization Labio-palatalization Velarization Uvularization Pharyngealization Related Nasalization Sulcalization Phonation (Voice) Glottal Voiceless Tenuis Whispery Aspirated Preaspirated Breathy Slack Modal Stiff Creaky Glottalized Supra-glottal Faucal Harsh Register Whistle Falsetto Vocal fry Transitional Vibrato Passaggio Resonance Onset time

Authority control databases GND

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Lateral consonant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_consonant) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_consonant?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.