# Late Ottoman period

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Historical period (c. 1750–1918)

The **Late Ottoman period** (c. 1750–1918) is the [archaeologically](/source/Archaeology)- and [historically](/source/History)-defined [periodisation](/source/Periodization) of areas under the control of the [Ottoman Empire](/source/Ottoman_Empire) and its dependencies, primarily in the [Middle East](/source/Middle_East), [North Africa](/source/North_Africa), the [Caucasus](/source/Caucasus) and the [Balkans](/source/Balkans).[1] Accordingly, the spatial extent of the area covered by the definition was dynamic, getting smaller as time went on.[2] This period is also distinct for the sources recording its history.[3]

As an analytical construct, it overlaps with the later stages of the Ottoman Empire, from about 1750 until its [dissolution](/source/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire) after the [end of the First World War](/source/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I).[4] This period was characterized with increased foreign, primarily [European](/source/Great_power), intervention, outside invasions, the [Tanzimat reforms](/source/Tanzimat), social [modernization](/source/Modernization_theory), economic [globalization](/source/Globalization), improvements in [communications](/source/Communication) and [transportation](/source/Transport) [infrastructure](/source/Infrastructure), and [political change](/source/Social_change).[5][6][7]

According to Roy Marom and Itamar Taxel, the separation, in academic discourses, of the Late Ottoman and post-Ottoman, Mandate periods "represents an artificial break in the history of the countryside that [...] overshadows the social, demographic, economic, cultural, and local-political continuities, attested in historical and archaeological evidence."[8]

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** [Marom, Roy](/source/Roy_Marom); Taxel, Itamar (2023). ["Ḥamāma: The historical geography of settlement continuity and change in Majdal 'Asqālan's hinterland, 1270–1750 CE"](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhg.2023.08.003). *Journal of Historical Geography*. **82**: 49–65. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.jhg.2023.08.003](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhg.2023.08.003). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0305-7488](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-7488).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Ahmad, Feroz (1996), ["The Late Ottoman Empire"](https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203988367-8/late-ottoman-empire-feroz-ahmad), *The Great Powers and the End of the Ottoman Empire*, Routledge, pp. 15–40, [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.4324/9780203988367-8](https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203988367-8), [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-203-98836-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-98836-7), retrieved 2024-05-11{{[citation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation)}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_work_parameter_with_ISBN))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** McCARTHY, Justin (1984). ["The Defters of the Late Ottoman Period"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/43385151). *Turkish Studies Association Bulletin*. **8** (2): 5–15. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0275-6048](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0275-6048). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [43385151](https://www.jstor.org/stable/43385151).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü (2010-03-08), [*A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire*](https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781400829682/html), Princeton University Press, [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1515/9781400829682](https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781400829682), [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4008-2968-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2968-2), retrieved 2024-05-11

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Kushner, David (1986). [*Palestine in the Late Ottoman Period: Political, Social, and Economic Transformation*](https://books.google.com/books?id=XgRDT9wMUhYC&dq=Late+Ottoman+period&pg=PP13). BRILL. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-965-217-027-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-217-027-9).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Yazbak, Mahmoud; Yazbak, Maḥmūd (1998). [*Haifa in the Late Ottoman Period, 1864-1914: A Muslim Town in Transition*](https://books.google.com/books?id=DPseCvbPsKsC&dq=Late+Ottoman+period&pg=PR13). BRILL. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-90-04-11051-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11051-9).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Özdalga, Elisabeth (2013-03-07). [*Late Ottoman Society: The Intellectual Legacy*](https://books.google.com/books?id=LRMVn7D3QVMC&dq=Late%20Ottoman%20period&pg=PP1). Routledge. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-134-29473-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-29473-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Marom, Roy; Taxel, Itamar (2024-10-10). ["Hamama: The Palestinian Countryside in Bloom (1750–1948)"](https://journal.equinoxpub.com/JIA/article/view/26586). *Journal of Islamic Archaeology*. **11** (1): 88. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1558/jia.26586](https://doi.org/10.1558%2Fjia.26586). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2051-9729](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2051-9729).

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