# Labialization

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Secondary articulatory feature of sounds in some languages

"Lip rounding" redirects here. For the lip rounding of vowels, see [Roundedness](/source/Roundedness).

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Labial(-velar)ized with protrusion (rounded lips) ◌ʷ Encoding Entity (decimal) ʷ Unicode (hex) U+02B7 Image

Labialized with compression (flat lips) ◌ᵝ Encoding Entity (decimal) ᵝ Unicode (hex) U+1D5D Image

Sound change and alternation Metathesis Quantitative metathesis Lenition Consonant gradation Consonant voicing and devoicing Assibilation Spirantization L-vocalization Debuccalization Fortition Epenthesis Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening Nasalization Tonogenesis Floating tone Assimilation Fusion Coarticulation Palatalization Velarization Labialization Final devoicing Metaphony (vowel harmony, umlaut) Consonant harmony Dissimilation Sandhi Liaison, linking R Consonant mutation Tone sandhi Vowel hiatus Synalepha Elision Crasis Synaeresis and diaeresis Synizesis Other types Apophony Affrication Gemination Clipping Fronting Raising Betacism Iotacism Fusion Merger Compensatory lengthening Monophthongization Rhotacism Rhinoglottophilia Sulcalization Shm-reduplication Consonant mutation Vowel shift Chain shift v t e

**Labialization** is a [secondary articulatory](/source/Secondary_articulation) feature of sounds in some languages. Consonants pronounced this way are said to be **labialized** and are usually transcribed in the [International Phonetic Alphabet](/source/International_Phonetic_Alphabet) by affixing a superscript *w*, ⟨ʷ⟩, to the base letter. Labialized sounds involve the lips while the remainder of the [oral cavity](/source/Human_mouth) produces another sound. The term is normally restricted to consonants. When vowels involve the lips, they are called [rounded](/source/Roundedness).

In [phonology](/source/Phonology), "labialization" may also refer to a type of [assimilation](/source/Assimilation_(linguistics)) process.

## Labialized consonants

The most common labialized consonants are [labialized velars](/source/Labialized_velar_consonant). Most other labialized sounds also have simultaneous [velarization](/source/Velarization), and the process may then be more precisely called **labio-velarization**. The labialization of bilabial consonants, though generally transcribed with ⟨◌ʷ⟩ as if it were labiovelar, is often a **protrusion** of the lips without velarization of the tongue.

Labialization has been attested with pulmonic, [implosive](/source/Implosive), [ejective](/source/Ejective) and [click consonants](/source/Click_consonant). All places and manners of pulmonic consonants are attested with labialized variants, with the possible exception of the [epiglottals](/source/Epiglottal).

## Occurrence

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Labialization is the most widespread secondary articulation in the world's languages. It is phonemically contrastive in [Northwest Caucasian](/source/Northwest_Caucasian_languages) (e.g. [Adyghe](/source/Adyghe_language)), [Athabaskan](/source/Athabaskan_languages), and [Salishan](/source/Salishan_languages) [language families](/source/Language_family), among others. This contrast is reconstructed also for [Proto-Indo-European](/source/Proto-Indo-European_language), the common ancestor of the [Indo-European languages](/source/Indo-European_languages), and it survives in [Latin](/source/Latin_language) and some [Romance languages](/source/Romance_languages). It is also found in the [Cushitic](/source/Cushitic_languages) and [Ethio-Semitic](/source/Ethiopian_Semitic_languages) languages.

[American English](/source/American_English) labializes /r, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/ to various degrees.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

A few languages, including [Arrernte](/source/Arrernte_language), have contrastive labialized forms for nearly all of their consonants.

In many [Salishan languages](/source/Salishan_languages), such as [Klallam](/source/Klallam_language), velar consonants only occur in their labialized forms (except /k/, which occurs in some loanwords); however, uvular consonants occur abundantly labialized and unrounded.

## Types

Open-labialized ◌ꟹ

Labiodentalized ◌ᶹ

Labio-palatalized ◌ᶣ

Out of 706 language inventories surveyed by [Ruhlen (1976)](#CITEREFRuhlen1976), labialization occurred most often with [velar](/source/Velar_consonant) (42%) and [uvular](/source/Uvular_consonant) (15%) segments and least often with [dental](/source/Dental_consonant) and [alveolar](/source/Alveolar_consonant) segments. With non-dorsal consonants, labialization may include [velarization](/source/Velarization) as well. Labialization is not restricted to lip-rounding. The following articulations have either been described as labialization or been found as [allophonic](/source/Allophone) realizations of prototypical labialization:

- Labiodental frication, found in [Abkhaz](/source/Abkhaz_language)[1]

- Labiodentalization is a common idiosyncrasy of English /s/ and /z/, and especially of /r/.[2]

- Complete bilabial closure, [d͡b, t͡p, t͡pʼ], found in Abkhaz and [Ubykh](/source/Ubykh_language)[1]

- "Labialization" (/w/, /ɡʷ/, and /kʷ/) without noticeable rounding (protrusion) of the lips, found in the [Iroquoian languages](/source/Iroquoian_languages)[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]. It may be that they are [compressed](/source/Roundedness).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

- Rounding without velarization, found in [Shona](/source/Shona_language)[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] and in the [Bzyb dialect](/source/Bzyb_dialect) of [Abkhaz](/source/Abkhaz_language).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

[Eastern Arrernte](/source/Eastern_Arrernte) has labialization at all [places](/source/Place_of_articulation) and [manners of articulation](/source/Manner_of_articulation); this derives historically from adjacent rounded vowels, as is also the case of the [Northwest Caucasian languages](/source/Northwest_Caucasian_languages). [Marshallese](/source/Marshallese_language) also has phonemic labialization as a [secondary articulation](/source/Secondary_articulation) at all places of articulation except for [labial consonants](/source/Labial_consonant) and [coronal](/source/Coronal_consonant) [obstruents](/source/Obstruent_consonant).

In North America, languages from a number of families have sounds that sound labialized (and vowels that sound rounded) without the participation of the lips.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] [Tillamook](/source/Tillamook_language) is an example.[3]

Similarly to the distinction between the labio-palatal [ɥ] and labio-velar [w] [semivowels](/source/Semivowel), some languages exhibit [labio-palatalization](/source/Labio-palatalization) [ᶣ], rather than labio-velarization [ʷ].

### Prelabialization

In [Slovene](/source/Slovene_language), sounds can be prelabialized. Furthermore, the change is phonemic and all phonemes have prelabialized pairs (though not all of their allophones can have pairs). Compare *[stati](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stati#Slovene)* 'stand' [ˈs̪t̪àːt̪í] and *[vstati](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vstati#Slovene)* 'stand up' [ˈʷs̪t̪àːt̪í]. The prelabialization part, however, is usually not considered as being part of the same phoneme as prelabialized sound, but rather as an allophone of /ʋ/ as it changes depending on the environment, e. g. *[vzeti](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vzeti#Slovene)* 'take' [ˈʷz̪èːt̪í] and *[povzeti](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/povzeti#Slovene)* 'summarize' [pou̯ˈz̪èːt̪í].[4] See [Slovene phonology](/source/Slovene_phonology) for more details.

## Transcription

In the [International Phonetic Alphabet](/source/International_Phonetic_Alphabet), [protruded](/source/Roundedness#Typology) labialization is indicated with a raised ⟨w⟩ modifier [ʷ], as in /kʷ/. There are also diacritics, respectively [ɔ̹], [ɔ̜], to indicate greater or lesser degrees of rounding.[5] These are normally used with vowels but may occur with consonants. For example, in [Hupa](/source/Hupa_language), an [Athabaskan language](/source/Athabaskan_language), [voiceless velar fricatives](/source/Voiceless_velar_fricative) distinguish three degrees of labialization, transcribed either /x/, /x̹/, /xʷ/ or /x/, /x̜ʷ/, /xʷ/.

The [VoQS](/source/Voice_Quality_Symbols) system has two additional symbols for degrees of rounding, originally introduced as part of the [extensions to the IPA](/source/Extensions_to_the_IPA): Spread [i͍] and open-rounded [ʃꟹ] (as in English and French[6]). It also has a symbol for [labiodentalized](/source/Labiodental_approximant) sounds, [tᶹ], which the IPA *Handbook* (1999) states may also be used for protruded labialization if ⟨ʷ⟩ is additionally specifying simultaneous velarization.[7]

If precision is desired, the Abkhaz and Ubykh articulations may be transcribed with the appropriate fricative or trill raised as a diacritic: [tᵛ], [tᵝ], [t𐞄], [tᵖ].

For simple labialization, [Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996)](#CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996) resurrected an old IPA symbol, [ ̫],[8] which would be placed above a letter with a descender such as ɡ. However, their chief example is Shona *sv* and *zv,* which they transcribe /s̫/ and /z̫/ but which actually seem to be [whistled sibilants](/source/Whistled_sibilant), without necessarily being labialized.[9] Another possibility is to use the IPA diacritic for rounding, distinguishing for example the labialization in English *soon* [s̹] and [sʷ] *swoon*.[10] The open rounding of English /ʃ/ is also unvelarized.

## Assimilation

Labialization also refers to a specific type of assimilatory process where a given sound become labialized due to the influence of neighboring labial sounds. For example, /k/ may become /kʷ/ in the environment of /o/, or /a/ may become /o/ in the environment of /p/ or /kʷ/.

In the [Northwest Caucasian languages](/source/Northwest_Caucasian_languages) as well as some [Australian languages](/source/Australian_languages) rounding has shifted from the vowels to the consonants, producing a wide range of labialized consonants and leaving in some cases only two phonemic vowels. This appears to have been the case in Ubykh and [Eastern Arrernte](/source/Eastern_Arrernte), for example. The labial vowel sounds usually still remain, but only as allophones next to the now-labial consonant sounds.

## List of labialized consonants

Type Phone IPA Languages Stop plain protruded voiceless bilabial stop [pʷ]ⓘ Chaha, Ibaloi, Paha, Eastern Arrernte, Soga protruded voiced bilabial stop [bʷ]ⓘ Chaha, Ibaloi, Paha, Mayo, Yaqui labzd voiceless dental stop [t̪ʷ] Soga (marginal) labzd voiced dental stop [d̪ʷ] Eastern Arrernte, Soga labzd voiceless alveolar stop [tʷ]ⓘ Archi, Abkhaz, Lao, Paha, Ubykh, Eastern Arrernte, Soga labzd voiced alveolar stop [dʷ]ⓘ Archi, Abkhaz, Gua, Ubykh, Soga labzd voiceless retroflex stop [ʈʷ] Eastern Arrernte labzd voiceless alveolo-palatal stop [c̟ʷ] Eastern Arrernte labzd voiceless palatal stop [cʷ] Medumba labzd voiced palatal stop [ɟʷ] Medumba labzd voiceless velar stop [kʷ]ⓘ Abaza, Abkhaz, Adyghe, Halkomelem, Kabardian, Taos, Chipewyan, Hadza, Gwichʼin, Tlingit, Akan, Nez Perce, Archi, Cantonese, Wariʼ, Chaha, Dahalo, Hausa, Igala, Igbo, Lao, Latin, Nahuatl, Nawat, Okinawan, Ossetic, Paha, Portuguese, Thai, Tigrinya, Hiw, Ubykh, Bearlake Slavey, Breton, Gothic, Eastern Arrernte labzd voiced velar stop [ɡʷ]ⓘ Abaza, Abkhaz, Adyghe, Akan, Archi, Chaha, Dahalo, Hausa, Okinawan, Oowekyala, Ossetic, Hadza, Ibaloi, Igala, Igbo, Gwichʼin, Kabardian, Paha, Portuguese, Tigrinya, Ubykh, Breton, Yoruba, Gothic labzd voiceless uvular stop [qʷ]ⓘ Abaza, Abkhaz, Adyghe, Kabardian, Ossetic, Paha, Tlingit, Nez Perce, Ubykh labzd pharyngealized voiceless uvular stop [qˤʷ] Archi, Ubykh labzd voiced uvular stop [ɢʷ]ⓘ Oowekyala, Kwak'wala, Tsakhur labzd glottal stop [ʔʷ]ⓘ Adyghe, Kabardian, Lao, Tlingit prenasalized protruded voiceless bilabial stop [ᵐpʷ] Soga protruded voiced bilabial stop [ᵐbʷ] Tamambo, Eastern Arrernte, North Teke, Soga (marginal) labzd voiced dental stop [ⁿd̪ʷ] Eastern Arrernte, Soga labzd voiceless alveolar stop [ⁿtʷ] Soga labzd voiced alveolar stop [ⁿdʷ] Eastern Arrernte, Soga labzd voiced alveolo-palatal stop [ᶮɟ᫈ʷ] Eastern Arrernte labzd voiced retroflex stop [ᶯɖʷ] Eastern Arrernte labzd voiceless palatal stop [ᶮcʷ] Medumba labzd voiced palatal stop [ᶮɟʷ] Medumba labzd voiceless velar stop [ᵑkʷ] North Teke, Soga labzd voiced velar stop [ᵑɡʷ] Eastern Arrernte, North Teke, Soga labial–velar protruded voiceless labio-velar stop [k͡pʷ] Dorig, Mwotlap protruded voiced labial–velar stop [ᵑᵐɡ͡bʷ] Nizaa, Volow Affricate sibilant labzd voiceless alveolar affricate [t͡sʷ]ⓘ Adyghe, Archi, Lezgian, Tsakhur labzd voiced alveolar affricate [d͡zʷ]ⓘ Adyghe, Dahalo, North Teke labzd voiceless postalveolar affricate [t͡ʃʷ]ⓘ Archi, Abaza, Adyghe, Paha, Aghul, German labzd voiced postalveolar affricate [d͡ʒʷ]ⓘ Abaza, Aghul, Tsakhur, German labzd voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate [t͡ɕʷ] Abkhaz, Akan, Gua, Ubykh labzd voiced alveolo-palatal affricate [d͡ʑʷ] Abkhaz, Akan, Ubykh non-sibilant labzd voiceless velar affricate [k͡xʷ]ⓘ Navajo labzd voiceless uvular affricate [q͡χʷ]ⓘ Kabardian, Lillooet lateral labzd voiceless velar lateral affricate [k͡𝼄ʷ]ⓘ Archi prenasalized labzd voiceless postalveolar affricate [ⁿtʃʷ] North Teke labzd voiced postalveolar affricate [ⁿdʒʷ] North Teke Fricative sibilant labzd voiceless alveolar sibilant [sʷ]ⓘ Archi, Lao, Lezgian, Soga labzd voiced alveolar sibilant [zʷ]ⓘ Archi, Tsakhur, Lezgian, Soga labzd voiceless postalveolar sibilant [ʃʷ]ⓘ Archi, Abaza, Abkhaz, Adyghe, Paha, Aghul, Ubykh labzd voiced postalveolar sibilant [ʒʷ]ⓘ Archi, Abaza, Abkhaz, Adyghe, Aghul, Ubykh labzd voiceless retroflex sibilant [ʂʷ]ⓘ Bzhedug labzd voiced retroflex sibilant [ʐʷ]ⓘ Bzhedug labzd voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant [ɕʷ]ⓘ Abkhaz, Ubykh labzd voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant [ʑʷ]ⓘ Abkhaz, Ubykh non-sibilant protruded voiceless bilabial fricative [ɸʷ] Okinawan, Taruma protruded voiced bilabial fricative [βʷ]ⓘ Tamambo, Soga (contrasts with the labiodental) labzd voiceless labiodental fricative [fʷ]ⓘ Hadza, Chaha, Gua, Soga labzd voiced labiodental fricative [vʷ]ⓘ Soga (contrasts with the bilabial), Chichewa[11] labzd voiceless dental fricative [θʷ]ⓘ Paha labzd voiced dental fricative [ðʷ]ⓘ Paha labzd voiceless palatal fricative [çʷ]ⓘ Akan labzd voiceless velar fricative [xʷ]ⓘ Abaza, Adyghe, Avestan, Chaha, Halkomelem, Kabardian, Oowekyala, Taos, Navajo, Tigrinya, Lillooet, Tlingit labzd voiced velar fricative [ɣʷ]ⓘ Abaza, Navajo, Lillooet, Gwichʼin, possibly Proto-Indo-European labzd voiceless uvular fricative [χʷ]ⓘ Abkhaz, Adyghe, Archi, Halkomelem, Kabardian, Lillooet, Tlingit, Wariʼ, Chipewyan, Oowekyala, Ossetic, Ubykh labzd pharyngealized voiceless uvular fricative [χˤʷ] Abkhaz, Archi, Ubykh labzd voiced uvular fricative [ʁʷ]ⓘ Abkhaz, Adyghe, Chipewyan, Kabardian, Ubykh labzd pharyngealized voiced uvular fricative [ʁˤʷ] Archi, Ubykh labzd voiceless pharyngeal fricative [ħʷ]ⓘ Abaza, Abkhaz labzd voiced pharyngeal fricative [ʕʷ]ⓘ Abaza, Lillooet pseudo-fricative labzd voiceless glottal fricative [hʷ]ⓘ Akan, Tlingit, Tsakhur, Gothic, Gua lateral labzd voiceless alveolar lateral fricative [ɬʷ]ⓘ Dahalo labzd voiceless velar lateral fricative [𝼄ʷ]ⓘ Archi prenasalized labzd voiced labiodental fricative [ᶬvʷ] Soga (marginal) labzd voiceless alveolar fricative [ⁿsʷ] Soga labzd voiced alveolar fricative [ⁿzʷ] Soga (marginal) Nasal plain protruded bilabial nasal [mʷ]ⓘ Adyghe, Chaha, Paha, Tamambo, Eastern Arrernte, Soga labzd dental nasal [n̪ʷ] Eastern Arrernte, Soga labzd alveolar nasal [nʷ] Eastern Arrernte, Soga labzd retroflex nasal [ɳʷ] Eastern Arrernte labzd alveolo-palatal nasal [ɲ᫈ʷ] Eastern Arrernte labzd palatal nasal [ɲʷ] Akan, North Teke labzd velar nasal [ŋʷ] Akan, Avestan, Lao, Hiw, Igala, Eastern Arrernte protruded labial-velar nasal [ŋ͡mʷ] Dorig, Gua, Mwotlap pre-stopped protruded bilabial nasal [ᵖmʷ] Eastern Arrernte labzd dental nasal [ᵗn̪ʷ] Eastern Arrernte labzd alveolar nasal [ᵗnʷ] Eastern Arrernte labzd retroflex nasal [𐞯ɳʷ] Eastern Arrernte labzd alveolo-palatal nasal [ᶜɲ᫈ʷ] Eastern Arrernte labzd velar nasal [ᵏŋʷ] Eastern Arrernte Flap/tap labzd alveolar tap [ɾʷ] Mishmi, Eastern Arrernte labzd alveolar lateral flap [ɺʷ] Soga Trill labzd alveolar trill [rʷ] Marshallese Approximant lateral labzd dental lateral approximant [l̪ʷ] Eastern Arrernte labzd alveolar lateral approximant [lʷ]ⓘ Lao, Eastern Arrernte, Gua labzd retroflex lateral approximant [ɭʷ] Eastern Arrernte labzd alveolo-palatal lateral approximant [ʎ̟ʷ] Eastern Arrernte median labzd labiodental approximant[clarification needed] [ʋʷ] Russian[12] labialized palatal approximant [ɥ], [jʷ]ⓘ Abkhaz, Akan, French, Mandarin, Paha, Eastern Arrernte compressed labio-velar approximant (voiced) [ɰᵝ] Japanese[citation needed] protruded labio-velar approximant (voiced) [w], [ɰʷ]ⓘ widespread; in nearly every above-mentioned language, as well as e.g. Arabic, English, Korean, Vietnamese voiceless labio-velar approximant [w̥] certain dialects of English nasalized labio-velar approximant [w̃] Polish, Portuguese nasalized voiceless labio-velar approximant [w̥̃] Nemi labzd postalveolar approximant [ɹ̠ʷ] many dialects of English Eastern Arrernte labzd retroflex approximant [ɻʷ]ⓘ Ejective protruded bilabial ejective [pʷʼ]ⓘ Adyghe labzd alveolar ejective [tʷʼ]ⓘ Abkhaz, Adyghe, Ubykh labzd velar ejective [kʷʼ]ⓘ Abaza, Abkhaz, Adyghe, Archi, Bearlake Slavey, Chipewyan, Halkomelem, Kabardian, Ossetic, Tlingit, Ubykh labzd postalveolar ejective fricative [ʃʷʼ]ⓘ Adyghe labzd uvular ejective [qʷʼ]ⓘ Abaza, Abkhaz, Archi, Halkomelem, Hakuchi, Tlingit, Ubykh labzd pharyngealized uvular ejective [qˤʷʼ] Archi, Ubykh labzd alveolar ejective affricate [t͡sʷʼ] Archi, Khwarshi labzd alveolar lateral ejective affricate [t͡ɬʷʼ] Khwarshi labzd postalveolar ejective affricate [t͡ʃʷʼ] Abaza, Archi, Khwarshi labzd retroflex ejective affricate [ʈ͡ʂʷʼ] allophonic in Adyghe labzd alveolo-palatal ejective affricate [t͡ɕʷʼ] Abkhaz, Ubykh labzd velar lateral ejective affricate [k͡𝼄ʷʼ] Archi labzd velar ejective fricative [xʷʼ] Tlingit labzd uvular ejective fricative [χʷʼ] Tlingit Click labzd tenuis dental click [kǀʷ] Xhosa (tenuis or ejective), Yeyi[13] labzd tenuis alveolar click [kǃʷ] Xhosa (tenuis or ejective), Yeyi labzd tenuis alveolar click [kǁʷ] Xhosa (tenuis or ejective) labzd aspirated dental click [kǀʰʷ] Xhosa, Yeyi labzd aspirated alveolar click [kǃʰʷ] Xhosa, Yeyi labzd aspirated lateral click [kǁʰʷ] Xhosa, Yeyi labzd nasal dental click [ŋǀʷ] Xhosa, Yeyi labzd nasal alveolar click [ŋǃʷ] Xhosa, Yeyi labzd nasal lateral click [ŋǁʷ] Xhosa, Yeyi labzd voiced dental click [ɡǀʷ] Xhosa (voiced aspirated) labzd voiced alveolar click [ɡǃʷ] Xhosa (voiced aspirated), Yeyi[14] labzd voiced lateral click [ɡǁʷ] Xhosa (voiced aspirated), Yeyi labzd glottalized nasal alveolar click [ŋǃˀʷ] Yeyi labzd breathy nasal dental click [ŋǀʱʷ] Xhosa labzd breathy nasal alveolar click [ŋǃʱʷ] Xhosa labzd breathy nasal lateral click [ŋǁʱʷ] Xhosa

Note that labialized [palatal clicks](/source/Palatal_click) are not attested in Yeyi and are not reconstructed for [Proto-Kxʼa](/source/Proto-Kx%CA%BCa). Xhosa also has prenasalized tenuis/ejective and aspirated clicks, which also occur labialized (*nkqw, nkxw, nchw, nqhw, nxhw*).

## See also

- [Labio-palatalization](/source/Labio-palatalization) (◌ᶣ)

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ARA_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ARA_1-1) Siegel, Bernard J. (1977). [*Annual Review of Anthropology*](https://books.google.com/books?id=ApzO7A7-xcUC&q=abkhaz+labialized). Annual Reviews Incorporated. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780824319069](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824319069).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** John Laver [1994: 321] *Principles of Phonetics*

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Thompson, Laurence C.; Thompson, M. Terry (1966). ["A Fresh Look at Tillamook Phonology"](https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/464920). *International Journal of American Linguistics*. **32** (4): 313–319. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1086/464920](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F464920). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0020-7071](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7071).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Jurgec, Peter (2007), *Novejše besedje s stališča fonologije Primer slovenščine* (in Slovenian), Tromsø, p. 95{{[citation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation)}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** As a mnemonic, the more-rounded diacritics resemble the rounded vowel ⟨ɔ⟩.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996148_6-0)** [Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996)](#CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996), p. 148.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** International Phonetic Association (1999). *Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet*. Cambridge University Press. pp. 17, 190. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-52163751-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52163751-0).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** This is not a subscript *w* but originally a subscript omega that "recalls the letter *w*" (Jespersen & Pedersen, 1926, *Phonetic Transcription and Transliteration: Proposals of the Copenhagen Conference, April 1925.* Oxford University Press).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** See [\[1\]](http://www.cefala.org/issp2006/cdrom/articles/shosted.pdf). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080516193747/http://www.cefala.org/issp2006/cdrom/articles/shosted.pdf) May 16, 2008, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** John Esling (2010) "Phonetic Notation", in Hardcastle, Laver & Gibbon (eds) *The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences*, 2nd ed.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** ["PBase"](https://pbase.phon.chass.ncsu.edu/language/417). *pbase.phon.chass.ncsu.edu*. Retrieved 2025-10-31.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-yb_12-0)** [Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015](#CITEREFYanushevskayaBunčić2015):223)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Inventory in Lukusa (2002) *Groundwork in Shiyeyi Grammar*, p. XXI *ff*

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Inventory in Donnelly (2002) *Yeeyi*

## Bibliography

- Crowley, Terry (1997). *An Introduction to Historical Linguistics* (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.

- [Ladefoged, Peter](/source/Peter_Ladefoged); [Maddieson, Ian](/source/Ian_Maddieson) (1996). [*The Sounds of the World's Languages*](/source/The_Sounds_of_the_World's_Languages). Oxford: Blackwell. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-631-19815-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19815-6).

- [Ruhlen, Merritt](/source/Merritt_Ruhlen) (1976). *A Guide to the Languages of the World*. Stanford University Press.

- Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015). ["Russian"](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100314000395). *Journal of the International Phonetic Association*. **45** (2): 221–228. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1017/S0025100314000395](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100314000395).

v t e Articulation Articulatory phonetics – Co-articulation – International Phonetic Alphabet Place Labial Bilabial Labiodental Dentolabial Coronal Linguolabial Interdental Dental Denti-alveolar Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Active place Apical Laminal Subapical Dorsal Alveolo-palatal Palatal Velar Uvular Laryngeal Pharyngeal/epiglottal Glottal Double articulation Labial–coronal Labial–alveolar Labial–retroflex Labial–palatal Labial–velar Labial–uvular Coronal–velar Uvular–epiglottal Pathological Velopharyngeal Other Bidental Manner Obstruent Plosive Pre-plosion Lateral release Nasal release Unreleased Affricate Trilled Fricative Sibilant Sonorant Nasal Prenasal Vowel Nasal Strident Approximant Semivowel Vibrant Tap/flap Trill Liquid Rhotic Lateral Occlusive Continuant Nonexplosive Airstream Egressive Pulmonic Ingressive Glottalic Ejective Implosive Click Pulmonic Ejective Nasal Glottalized Percussive Secondary articulation Labialization Roundedness Palatalization Labio-palatalization Velarization Uvularization Pharyngealization Related Nasalization Sulcalization Phonation (Voice) Glottal Voiceless Tenuis Whispery Aspirated Preaspirated Breathy Slack Modal Stiff Creaky Glottalized Supra-glottal Faucal Harsh Register Whistle Falsetto Vocal fry Transitional Vibrato Passaggio Resonance Onset time

v t e International Phonetic Alphabet (chart) IPA topics IPA International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA) Special topics Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects Encodings ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Usenet ASCII-IPA TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille Consonants Pulmonic consonants Place → Labial Coronal Dorsal Laryngeal Manner ↓ Bi­labial Labio­dental Linguo­labial Dental Alveolar Post­alveolar Retro­flex (Alve­olo-)​palatal Velar Uvular Pharyn­geal/epi­glottal Glottal Nasal m̥ m ɱ̊ ɱ n̼ n̪̊ n̪ n̥ n n̠̊ n̠ ɳ̊ ɳ ɲ̊ ɲ ŋ̊ ŋ ɴ̥ ɴ Plosive p b p̪ b̪ t̼ d̼ t̪ d̪ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ Sibilant affricate t̪s̪ d̪z̪ ts dz t̠ʃ d̠ʒ tʂ dʐ tɕ dʑ Non-sibilant affricate pɸ bβ p̪f b̪v t̪θ d̪ð tɹ̝̊ dɹ̝ t̠ɹ̠̊˔ d̠ɹ̠˔ cç ɟʝ kx ɡɣ qχ ɢʁ ʡʜ ʡʢ ʔh Sibilant fricative s̪ z̪ s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ɕ ʑ Non-sibilant fricative ɸ β f v θ̼ ð̼ θ ð θ̠ ð̠ ɹ̠̊˔ ɹ̠˔ ɻ̊˔ ɻ˔ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ h ɦ Approximant β̞ ʋ ð̞ ɹ ɹ̠ ɻ j ɰ ˷ Tap/flap ⱱ̟ ⱱ ɾ̥ ɾ ɽ̊ ɽ ɢ̆ ʡ̮ Trill ʙ̥ ʙ r̥ r r̠ ɽ̊r̥ ɽr ʀ̥ ʀ ʜ ʢ Lateral affricate tɬ dɮ tꞎ d𝼅 c𝼆 ɟʎ̝ k𝼄 ɡʟ̝ Lateral fricative ɬ̪ ɬ ɮ ꞎ 𝼅 𝼆 ʎ̝ 𝼄 ʟ̝ Lateral approximant l̪ l̥ l l̠ ɭ̊ ɭ ʎ̥ ʎ ʟ̥ ʟ ʟ̠ Lateral tap/flap ɺ̥ ɺ 𝼈̊ 𝼈 ʎ̮ ʟ̆ IPA help audio full chart template Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible. Non-pulmonic consonants BL LD D A PA RF P V U Implosive Voiced ɓ ɗ ᶑ ʄ ɠ ʛ Voiceless ɓ̥ ɗ̥ ᶑ̊ ʄ̊ ɠ̊ ʛ̥ Ejective Stop pʼ tʼ ʈʼ cʼ kʼ qʼ Affricate p̪fʼ t̪θʼ tsʼ t̠ʃʼ tʂʼ tɕʼ kxʼ qχʼ Fricative ɸʼ fʼ θʼ sʼ ʃʼ ʂʼ ɕʼ xʼ χʼ Lateral affricate tɬʼ c𝼆ʼ k𝼄ʼ q𝼄ʼ Lateral fricative ɬʼ Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular) Tenuis kʘ qʘ kǀ qǀ kǃ qǃ k𝼊 q𝼊 kǂ qǂ Voiced ɡʘ ɢʘ ɡǀ ɢǀ ɡǃ ɢǃ ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊 ɡǂ ɢǂ Nasal ŋʘ ɴʘ ŋǀ ɴǀ ŋǃ ɴǃ ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊 ŋǂ ɴǂ ʞ Tenuis lateral kǁ qǁ Voiced lateral ɡǁ ɢǁ Nasal lateral ŋǁ ɴǁ IPA help audio full chart template Co-articulated consonants Nasal n͡m Labial–alveolar ɳ͡m Labial–retroflex ŋ͡m Labial–velar Plosive t͡p d͡b Labial–alveolar ʈ͡p ɖ͡b Labial–retroflex k͡p ɡ͡b Labial–velar q͡ʡ Uvular–epiglottal q͡p Labial–uvular Fricative/approximant ɥ̊ ɥ Labialized palatal ʍ w Labialized velar ɧ Sj-sound (variable) Lateral approximant ɫ Velarized alveolar Implosive ɠ̊͜ɓ̥ ɠ͡ɓ Labial–velar Ejective t͡pʼ Labial–alveolar IPA help full chart template Other Voiceless bidental fricative [h̪͆] Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop [t̪ʙ̥] Voiceless upper-pharyngeal plosive [ʡ̟] Voiced upper-pharyngeal plosive [ʡ̟̬] Bilabial percussive [ʬ] Bidental percussive [ʭ] Sublaminal lower-alveolar percussive [¡] Vowels Front Central Back Close i y ɨ ʉ ɯ u Near-close ɪ ʏ ʊ Close-mid e ø ɘ ɵ ɤ o Mid e̞ ø̞ ə ɤ̞ o̞ Open-mid ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌ ɔ Near-open æ ɐ Open a ɶ ä ɑ ɒ IPA help audio full chart template Legend: unrounded • rounded

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Labialization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labialization) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labialization?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.