# Kurt Ubben

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German World War II flying ace (1911–1944)

Kurt Ubben Ubben as a Hauptmann Nickname "Kuddel" Born (1911-11-18)18 November 1911 Dorstadt, Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire Died 27 April 1944(1944-04-27) (aged 32) near Fère-en-Tardenois, German-occupied France Cause of death Killed in action Buried Saint-Désir-de-Lisieux German war cemetery, Normandy Allegiance Weimar Republic Nazi Germany Branch Reichsmarine (1931–35) Luftwaffe (1935–44) Service years 1931–1944 Rank Major (major) Unit SSS Gorch Fock JGr 186, JG 77, JG 53, JG 2 Commands 8./JG 77, III./JG 77, JG 53, JG 2 Conflicts See battles World War II Invasion of Poland Battle of Britain Eastern Front Operation Barbarossa North African campaign Defense of the Reich † Awards Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves

**Kurt "Kuddel" Ubben** (18 November 1911 – 27 April 1944) was a German [Luftwaffe](/source/Luftwaffe) [wing commander](/source/Wing_commander_(rank)) and [military aviator](/source/Military_aviation) during [World War II](/source/World_War_II), a [fighter ace](/source/Fighter_ace) listed with 110 aerial victories—that is, 111 aerial combat encounters resulting in the destruction of the enemy aircraft—claimed in approximately 500 combat missions.

Born in [Dorstadt](/source/Dorstadt), Ubben volunteered for military service with the *[Reichsmarine](/source/Reichsmarine)* in 1931. He transferred to the Luftwaffe of [Nazi Germany](/source/Nazi_Germany) in 1935. Following flight training, he was posted to *Jagdgruppe* 186 (JG 186—186 Fighter Group) and later to [*Jagdgeschwader* 77](/source/Jagdgeschwader_77) (JG 77—77th Fighter Wing). He claimed his first aerial victory during the [Battle of France](/source/Battle_of_France) on 10 May 1940. In July 1940, he was appointed *[Staffelkapitän](/source/Staffelkapit%C3%A4n)* (squadron leader) of 8. *[Staffel](/source/Organization_of_the_Luftwaffe_(1933%E2%80%931945)#Staffel)* (8th squadron) of JG 77. With this unit, Ubben then fought in the [Battle of Greece](/source/Battle_of_Greece) and [Operation Barbarossa](/source/Operation_Barbarossa), the German invasion of the Soviet Union. He was awarded the [Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross](/source/Knight's_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross) on 4 September 1941 and was given command of III. *[Gruppe](/source/Organization_of_the_Luftwaffe_(1933%E2%80%931945)#Gruppe)* (3rd group) of JG 77 two days later. His unit transferred to the [North African Theatre](/source/North_African_Campaign) of operations, taking part in the retreat from Tunisia to Sicily and Italy. He received the [Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves](/source/Knight's_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross_with_Oak_Leaves) on 23 July 1942 and claimed his 101st aerial victory in January 1943.

In March 1944, Ubben was appointed *[Geschwaderkommodore](/source/Geschwaderkommodore)* (wing commander) of [*Jagdgeschwader* 2](/source/Jagdgeschwader_2) "Richthofen" (JG 2—2nd Fighter Wing), tasked with [defense of the Reich](/source/Defense_of_the_Reich) missions. He was [killed in action](/source/Killed_in_action) in aerial combat with [United States Army Air Forces](/source/United_States_Army_Air_Forces) [356th Fighter Group](/source/356th_Fighter_Group) near [Fère-en-Tardenois](/source/F%C3%A8re-en-Tardenois), France on 27 April 1944.

## Early life and career

Ubben, the son of an officer in the [Imperial German Navy](/source/Imperial_German_Navy), was born on 18 November 1911 in [Dorstadt](/source/Dorstadt), at the time in the [Province of Hanover](/source/Province_of_Hanover) of the [Kingdom of Prussia](/source/Kingdom_of_Prussia), of the [German Empire](/source/German_Empire). On 1 October 1931, he joined the military service with the *[Reichsmarine](/source/Reichsmarine)*, the German Navy during the [Weimar Republic](/source/Weimar_Republic). During his service with the *Reichsmarine*, he went on a cruise on board the [school ship](/source/School_ship) [*Gorch Fock*](/source/Gorch_Fock_(1933)). On 1 April 1935, Ubben transferred to the newly emerging [Luftwaffe](/source/Luftwaffe) of [Nazi Germany](/source/Nazi_Germany) and was trained as a naval aviator in 1935/36.[1][Note 1]

On 1 September 1936, Ubben was transferred to 1. *[Staffel](/source/Organization_of_the_Luftwaffe_(1933%E2%80%931945)#Staffel)* (1st squadron) of [*Jagdgeschwader* 136](/source/Jagdgeschwader_136) (JG 136—136th Fighter Wing), and in November was posted to the newly created II. *[Gruppe](/source/Organization_of_the_Luftwaffe_(1933%E2%80%931945)#Gruppe)* (2nd group) of *Jagdggruppe* 186 (II./186—186th Fighter Group).[Note 2] This group, also known as the *Trägerjagdgruppe* (Carrier Fighter Group), was destined to be stationed on the aircraft carrier *[*Graf Zeppelin*](/source/German_aircraft_carrier_Graf_Zeppelin)* which was never completed.[1] II./186 (T) initially consisted of two squadrons, 4./186 (T) equipped with the [Junkers Ju 87](/source/Junkers_Ju_87) [dive bomber](/source/Dive_bomber),[Note 3] and 6./186 (T), a fighter squadron to which Ubben was assigned.[3] At the time, 6./186 (T) was equipped with the [Messerschmitt Bf 109](/source/Messerschmitt_Bf_109)B, the [carrier variant Bf 109 T-1](/source/Messerschmitt_Bf_109_variants#Bf_109T) was not available, and trained at [Travemünde](/source/Travem%C3%BCnde) on a mockup carrier landing deck. On 15 July 1939, II./186 (T) was augmented by a third squadron, designated 5./186 (T) to which Ubben was transferred.[4]

## World War II

World War II in Europe began on Friday, 1 September 1939, when German forces [invaded Poland](/source/Invasion_of_Poland). In preparation, 5./186 (T) had been moved to Brüsterort, near [Königsberg](/source/K%C3%B6nigsberg) on 22 August.[5] In the early morning hours of 1 September, 5./186 (T) flew its first combat missions, providing fighter protection for 4./186 (T) attacking the naval base of the [Polish Navy](/source/Polish_Navy) at [Hel](/source/Hel%2C_Poland) and for the old German battleship *[Schleswig-Holstein](/source/German_battleship_Schleswig-Holstein)* bombarding the Polish military transit depot at [Westerplatte](/source/Battle_of_Westerplatte) in the [Free City of Danzig](/source/Free_City_of_Danzig) on the [Baltic Sea](/source/Baltic_Sea).[6] The next, II./186 (T) flew further bomber escort missions and was withdrawn from this theater on 6 September, relocating to [Hage](/source/Hage), [East Frisia](/source/East_Frisia).[7]

JG 77 insignia

On 1 May 1940, Ubben was promoted to *[Leutnant](/source/Leutnant)* (second lieutenant) with a rank age dated back to 1 October 1936, and at the same time received the rank of *[Oberleutnant](/source/Oberleutnant)* (first lieutenant) of the [reserves](/source/Military_reserve_force) with a rank age dated back to 1 June 1939.[1] His first aerial victory was over a Dutch [Fokker D.XXI](/source/Fokker_D.XXI) fighter claimed over the Netherlands on 10 May 1940, the opening day of the [Battle of France](/source/Battle_of_France).[8] This earned him the [Iron Cross](/source/Iron_Cross) 2nd Class (*Eisernes Kreuz zweiter Klasse*) that day.[9] In support of [Operation Weserübung](/source/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung), the Germany assault on Denmark and Norway, II./186 (T) was ordered to relocate to Norway on 2 June. There it augmented II. *Gruppe* of [*Jagdgeschwader* 77](/source/Jagdgeschwader_77) (JG 77—77th Fighter Wing) and was based at Trondheim.[10]

Following the decision by [Adolf Hitler](/source/Adolf_Hitler) to halt work on the aircraft carrier *Graf Zeppelin*,[11] II./186 (T) was redesignated and became the III. *Gruppe* of JG 77.[12] In consequence, Ubben's *Staffel* 5./186 (T) became the 8. *Staffel* of JG 77 which was headed by *Oberleutnant* Lorenz Weber.[13] On 22 July 1940, Ubben was made *[Staffelkapitän](/source/Staffelkapit%C3%A4n)* (squadron leader) of 8. *Staffel* of JG 77 after his predecessor Weber was [killed in action](/source/Killed_in_action) the day before.[14] A week later, III. *Gruppe* was withdrawn from this theater of operations and relocated to [Döberitz](/source/Dallgow-D%C3%B6beritz) where it was tasked with fighter protection of [Berlin](/source/Berlin).[15] In November, JG 77 was ordered to the [English Channel](/source/English_Channel) to continue fighting the [Royal Air Force](/source/Royal_Air_Force) (RAF) in the aftermath of the [Battle of Britain](/source/Battle_of_Britain).[16] 8. *Staffel* moved to an airfield at [Cherbourg-en-Cotentin](/source/Cherbourg-en-Cotentin) on 30 November.[17]

### Balkan and Battle of Crete

In preparation for [Operation Marita](/source/German_invasion_of_Greece), the German invasion of Greece, III. *Gruppe* of JG 77 was moved to [Deta](/source/Deta%2C_Romania) in western Romania on 4 April 1941.[18] Ubben claimed a [No. 33 Squadron](/source/No._33_Squadron_RAF) [Hawker Hurricane](/source/Hawker_Hurricane) fighter near [Larissa](/source/Larissa) on 19 April, although his Bf 109 E-7 (*Werknummer* 5198—factory number) was badly damaged in the engagement and Ubben forced-landed behind Allied lines near Doblatan.[19] He was rescued by a [Fieseler Fi 156 Storch](/source/Fieseler_Fi_156) and flown back to his unit. No. 33 Squadron claimed four Bf 109s during the battle, though only three were brought down. Among the claimants was RAF ace [Marmaduke Pattle](/source/Marmaduke_Pattle), who claimed two Bf 109s shot down. Ubben may have been one of his victims.[20] III. *Gruppe* followed the German advance and relocated to [Almyros](/source/Almyros) on 22 April and to [Tanagra](/source/Tanagra) on 27 April.[21] The conquest of Greece was completed on 30 April and JG 77, starting a brief period of rest and maintenance for JG 77.[22]

In support of [Operation Merkur](/source/Battle_of_Crete), the German invasion of Crete, III. *Gruppe* was moved to an airfield at [Molaoi](/source/Molaoi) on 11 May.[23] During the battle, Ubben also carried out many ground-attack and fighter-bomber operations against Allied naval forces during mid-1941. On 22 May, Ubben and *Oberleutnant* [Wolf-Dietrich Huy](/source/Wolf-Dietrich_Huy) claimed hits on the [Royal Navy](/source/Royal_Navy) battleship [HMS *Warspite*](/source/HMS_Warspite_(03)).[24][25] A bomb damaged her starboard 4-inch and 6-inch batteries,[26] ripped open the ship's side and killed 38 men.[27] The following day, JG 77 sank five Royal Navy [motor torpedo boats](/source/Motor_torpedo_boat) (MTB).[28] *MTB 67*, *MTB 213*, *MTB 214*, *MTB 216*, and *MTB 217* were sunk in the [Souda Bay](/source/Souda_Bay), including one by Ubben.[29]

### Eastern Front

In preparation for [Operation Barbarossa](/source/Operation_Barbarossa), the German invasion of the Soviet Union, III. *Gruppe* was moved to [Bucharest](/source/Bucharest) and was located in the sector of [*Heeresgruppe Süd*](/source/Army_Group_South) (Army Group South). III. *Gruppe* arrived in Bucharest on 16 June.[30] Four days later, III. *Gruppe* moved to [Roman](/source/Roman%2C_Bulgaria).[31] That evening, the pilots and ground crews were briefed of the upcoming invasion of the Soviet Union, which opened the [Eastern Front](/source/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)).[32] On 22 June, the first day of the invasion, Ubben claimed a [Polikarpov I-16](/source/Polikarpov_I-16) fighter destroyed on a fighter escort mission for [Heinkel He 111](/source/Heinkel_He_111) bombers from III. *Gruppe* of [*Kampfgeschwader* 27](/source/Kampfgeschwader_27) (KG 27—27th Bomber Wing) attacking a Soviet airfield at [Bălți](/source/B%C4%83l%C8%9Bi).[33] On 26 June, he claimed four Soviet bombers shot down.[34] On 2 July in support of the German and Romanian [Operation München](/source/Operation_M%C3%BCnchen), III. *Gruppe* moved to an airfield at [Iași](/source/Ia%C8%99i).[35]

Ubben claimed his 21st aerial victory on 25 July. He was awarded the [Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross](/source/Knight's_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross) (*Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes*) in September for 32 aerial victories, 26 aircraft destroyed on the ground and some 15 armoured vehicles claimed destroyed. In September 1941, Ubben was appointed *[Gruppenkommandeur](/source/Gruppenkommandeur)* (group commander) of III. *Gruppe* of JG 77. He replaced *Oberleutnant* Huy who had temporarily led the *Gruppe* after its former commander, *Major* Akexander von Winterfeld, had been transferred on 2 August.[36][37] Ubben was credited with his 50th aerial victory on 19 October 1941 over a [Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-3](/source/Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov_LaGG-3) fighter.[38] On 9 December, he claimed four aerial victories over the [Mius-Front](/source/Mius-Front).[39]

On 1 February 1942, Ubben was promoted to *[Hauptmann](/source/Hauptmann)* (captain) and became an active officer.[9] He was awarded the [Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves](/source/Knight's_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross_with_Oak_Leaves) (*Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub*) on 12 March 1942 for 69 victories.[40] He was the 80th member of the German armed forces to be so honored.[9] On 20 March, III. *Gruppe* was withdrawn from the Eastern Front and sent to Germany for a period of rest and replenishment. All serviceable aircraft were handed over to II. *Gruppe*.[41] During this leave, Ubben was presented the Oak Leaves to his Knight's Cross on 5 April 1942 by Hitler at the [*Führer* Headquarter](/source/F%C3%BChrer_Headquarters) *[Wolfsschanze](/source/Wolf's_Lair)* in [Rastenburg](/source/K%C4%99trzyn) (now Kętrzyn in Poland). Also present at the award ceremony were the fighter pilots *Hauptmann* [Hans Philipp](/source/Hans_Philipp) who received the Swords and *Oberleutnant* [Max-Hellmuth Ostermann](/source/Max-Hellmuth_Ostermann) who also received the Oak Leaves to the Knight's Cross.[42] In mid-April, the *Gruppe* reunited again at [Wien-Aspern Airfield](/source/Wien-Aspern_Airport) where they received 40 factory new Bf 109 F4/R1 aircraft. On 5 May, the *Gruppe* began its relocation back to the Eastern Front to participate in Operation Fredericus, the [Second Battle of Kharkov](/source/Second_Battle_of_Kharkov).[43]

### Mediterranean Theater and Romania

On 23 October 1942, the British [Eighth Army](/source/Eighth_Army_(United_Kingdom)) launched the [Second Battle of El Alamein](/source/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein). Preceding this attack, the Luftwaffe had already planned to replace [*Jagdgeschwader* 27](/source/Jagdgeschwader_27) (JG 27—27th Fighter Wing), which had been fighting in [North African theater](/source/North_African_campaign), with JG 77.[44] In preparation for this rotation, III. *Gruppe* of JG 77 was moved to [Munich](/source/Munich) on 19 October where it was equipped with the Bf 109 G-2/trop. On 23 and 24 October, the *Gruppe* moved to [Bari](/source/Bari) in southern Italy.[45] The *Gruppe* then relocated to [Tobruk Airfield](/source/Tobruk_Airport) on 26 October.[46] The following day, the *Gruppe* moved to an airfield at Tanyet-Harun.[47] Ubben claimed his first aerial victory in this theater of operation on 3 November. According to Prien in 1994, Ubben claimed his 93rd aerial victory over a Hurricane fighter shot down on a fighter escort mission for Ju 87 dive bombers to [El Alamein](/source/El_Alamein) between 06:50 and 07:40.[48] A newer source written by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock in 2004 lists Ubben with a claim over a [Curtiss P-40 Warhawk](/source/Curtiss_P-40_Warhawk) fighter shot down at 14:10 southwest of [El Daba](/source/RAF_El_Daba).[49]

Ubben claimed his 100th victory on 14 January 1943.[50] That day, he claimed two P-40 fighters shot down.[51] He was the 33rd Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark.[52] In June, III. *Gruppe* moved to Chilivani on [Sardinia](/source/Sardinia).[53] On 1 October, Ubben claimed a [Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress](/source/Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress) shot down in the vicinity of [Livorno](/source/Livorno), Italy. According to Graham, the B-17 was an aircraft from the [301st Bombardment Group](/source/301st_Bombardment_Group), [352d Bombardment Squadron](/source/352d_Bombardment_Squadron), lost in the vicinity of [Lucca](/source/Lucca).[54] That day, he was promoted to *[Major](/source/Major_(Germany))* (major).[9] When the *[Geschwaderkommodore](/source/Geschwaderkommodore)* (wing commander) of JG 77, *Oberstleutnant* [Johannes Steinhoff](/source/Johannes_Steinhoff), went on vacation on 3 October, Ubben temporarily was put in command of JG 77, leading the *Geschwader* from the command post in [Albano](/source/Albano_Laziale).[55]

In October and November, in addition to his obligations as *Gruppenkommandeur*, Ubben also became the acting *Geschwaderkommodore* of [*Jagdgeschwader* 53](/source/Jagdgeschwader_53) (JG 53—53rd Fighter Wing) until he handed over command to *Oberstleutnant* [Helmut Bennemann](/source/Helmut_Bennemann).[56] On 24 October, Ubben received orders to move III. *Gruppe* to Romania. Leaving all aircraft in Italy, the *Gruppe* went to [Mizil](/source/Mizil) the next day by train.[55] There, it provided aerial protection over the [Ploiești](/source/Ploie%C8%99ti) oilfields. In Mizil, the Gruppe was equipped with the then outdated Bf 109 G-2, newer variants were unavailable. Training flight operations began on 12 November.[57] On 19 January 1944, *[General der Jagdflieger](/source/General_der_Jagdflieger)*, *Generalmajor* [Adolf Galland](/source/Adolf_Galland) visited Ubben at Mizil. Galland stressed the importance of the Ploiești fields to the German war effort. He requested the pilots of III. *Gruppe* to sign an order stating, in case of a last resort, they would have to perform [aerial ramming](/source/Aerial_ramming) in [defense of the oil fields](/source/Oil_campaign_of_World_War_II#Ploiești_oilfield).[58]

### Wing commander and death

His grave at the [Saint-Désir-de-Lisieux German war cemetery](/source/Saint-D%C3%A9sir-de-Lisieux_German_war_cemetery).

On 2 March 1944, *Oberstleutnant* [Egon Mayer](/source/Egon_Mayer), *Geschwaderkommodore* of [*Jagdgeschwader* 2](/source/Jagdgeschwader_2) "Richthofen" (JG 2—2nd Fighter Wing) was killed in action in aerial combat with [United States Army Air Forces](/source/United_States_Army_Air_Forces) (USAAF) fighter aircraft. In consequence, Ubben succeeded Mayer in this command position. JG 2 "Richthofen", named after World War I fighter ace [Manfred von Richthofen](/source/Manfred_von_Richthofen), was based in France and was engaged in [Defense of the Reich](/source/Defense_of_the_Reich). Ubben left his former III. *Gruppe* on 10 March, assuming his new command in March 1944.[59][60] Ubben left III. *Gruppe* of JG 77 on 10 March. Command of the *Gruppe* was handed to *Hauptmann* [Emil Omert](/source/Emil_Omert). Omert at the time was still with II. *Gruppe* of JG 77 and in consequence III. *Gruppe* was briefly led by *Hauptmann* Karl Bresoschek.[61][62]

On 27 April 1944, Ubben engaged American [Republic P-47 Thunderbolt](/source/Republic_P-47_Thunderbolt) fighters near [Fère-en-Tardenois](/source/F%C3%A8re-en-Tardenois). In the ensuing combat, Ubben was shot down in [Focke-Wulf Fw 190](/source/Focke-Wulf_Fw_190) A-8/R2. He bailed out but his parachute failed to open either due to insufficient altitude or because of an improperly fastened harness.[60] Ubben is interred at the [Saint-Désir-de-Lisieux German war cemetery](/source/Saint-D%C3%A9sir-de-Lisieux_German_war_cemetery).[9] He was succeeded by *Major* [Kurt Bühligen](/source/Kurt_B%C3%BChligen), later promoted to *Oberstleutnant*, as commander of JG 2.[63]

## Summary of career

### Aerial victory claims

According to US historian [David T. Zabecki](/source/David_T._Zabecki), Ubben was credited with 111 aerial victories.[64] Spick lists Ubben with 110 aerial victories, of which 90 were claimed over the Eastern Front and further 20 over the Western Front, North Africa and Mediterranean theater, claimed in an unknown number of combat missions.[65] Mathews and Foreman, authors of *Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims*, researched the [German Federal Archives](/source/German_Federal_Archives) and found documentation for 93 aerial victory claims, plus 13 further unconfirmed claims. This number includes 16 on the Western Front, including one four-engined bomber, and 77 on the Eastern Front.[66]

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = *Planquadrat*), for example "PQ 17692". The Luftwaffe grid map (*Jägermeldenetz*) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 [minutes](/source/Minute_of_arc) of [latitude](/source/Latitude) by 30 minutes of [longitude](/source/Longitude), an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.[67]

Chronicle of aerial victories This and the – (dash) indicates unconfirmed aerial victory claims for which Ubben did not receive credit. This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews and Foreman. This and the ! (exclamation mark) indicates those aerial victories listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock. This and the # (hash mark) indicates those aerial victories listed by Mathews and Foreman. Claim! Claim# Date Time Type Location Claim! Claim# Date Time Type Location – 5. Staffel of Jagdggruppe 186 (Trägergruppe) –[68] Battle of France — 10 May – 1 June 1940 1 1 10 May 1940 06:50 D.XXI De Kooy[69] 2 19 May 1940 05:05 Hudson – 8. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 77 –[68] Balkans and Crete — 1 April – 1 June 1941 2 3 19 April 1941 11:20 Hurricane 25 km (16 mi) north of Lamia[70] – 8. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 77 –[71] Operation Barbarossa — 22 June – 5 December 1941 3 4 22 June 1941 18:58 I-16[72] — — 27 July 1941 — I-16[73] 4 5 26 June 1941 10:45 DB-3[72] 22 23 31 July 1941 12:53 I-16[73] 5 6 26 June 1941 10:51 DB-3[72] 23 24 31 July 1941 17:00 Potez 25[73] 6 7 26 June 1941 11:02 DB-3[72] 24 25 5 August 1941 17:55 I-16[74] 7 8 26 June 1941 14:47 DB-3[72] 25 26 5 August 1941 18:03 I-16[74] 8 9 4 July 1941 16:08 SB-3[75] 26 27 11 August 1941 15:48 I-16[74] 9 10 4 July 1941 18:37 SB-3[75] 27 28 13 August 1941 08:48 I-5[74] 10 11 8 July 1941 18:23 DB-3[76] 28 29 17 August 1941 17:05 Seversky[74] 11 12 8 July 1941 18:25 DB-3[76] 29 30 22 August 1941 11:00 I-15 PQ 17692[77] 12 13 8 July 1941 18:27 DB-3[76] 30 31 29 August 1941 07:05 DB-3[77] 13 14 10 July 1941 11:13 I-153[76] 31 32 30 August 1941 18:45 I-153[77] 14 15 10 July 1941 11:16 I-153[76] 32 33 1 September 1941 17:41 DB-3[78] 15 16 10 July 1941 11:18 I-153[76] 33 34 1 September 1941 17:53 I-16[78] 16 17 11 July 1941 12:39 MiG-3[76] 34 35 2 September 1941 07:40 Pe-2[78] 17 18 21 July 1941 12:38 I-61 (MiG-3)[73] 35 36 4 September 1941 05:55 DB-3[78] 18 19 22 July 1941 12:32 I-61 (MiG-3)[73] 36 37 5 September 1941 05:35 I-16[78] 19 20 25 July 1941 19:40 I-153[73] 37 38 26 September 1941 16:00 I-153[79] 20 21 25 July 1941 19:43 I-153[73] 38 29 September 1941 11:02 R-10[79] 21 22 27 July 1941 15:42 I-153[73] – Stab III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 77 –[80] Operation Barbarossa — 22 June 1941 – 5 December 1941 — — 1 October 1941 — I-16[79] vicinity of Perekop 47 18 October 1941 — LaGG-3[81] 39 39 2 October 1941 11:52 MiG-3[79] 48 47 19 October 1941 12:52 LaGG-3[38] 40 40 3 October 1941 14:30 MiG-3[79] 49 48 19 October 1941 16:12 I-15[38] 41 41 9 October 1941 15:08 MiG-3[82] vicinity of Chaplynka 50 49 20 October 1941 16:08 LaGG-3[38] 42 42 9 October 1941 15:14 MiG-3[82] vicinity of Chaplynka 51 50 22 October 1941 09:10 Il-2[38] 43 43 9 October 1941 15:16 MiG-3 PQ 3642[82] vicinity of Chaplynka 52 — 23 October 1941 — I-15[38] 44 44 10 October 1941 06:15 Il-2 PQ 3784[82] 53 51 4 November 1941 15:08 I-153[83] 45 45 10 October 1941 06:30 MiG-3[82] 54 — 6 November 1941 — MiG-3[83] 46 46 11 October 1941 14:05 Pe-2 PQ 3622[82] 55 — 6 November 1941 — Il-2[83] – Stab III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 77 –[80] Eastern Front — 6 December 1941 – 20 March 1942 56 52 7 December 1941 14:10 I-15[84] 63 59 7 January 1942 09:10 Pe-2 PQ 5667[85] 57 53 9 December 1941 09:05 DB-3[84] 64 — 24 February 1942 — LaGG-3[85] 58 54 9 December 1941 12:30 I-15[84] 65 60 2 March 1942 09:30 Il-2 PQ 5684[85] 59 55 9 December 1941 12:32 I-15[84] 66 — 5 March 1942 — I-16[85] 60 56 9 December 1941 12:35 I-15[84] 67 61 9 March 1942 12:55 I-153[86] 61 57 11 December 1941 13:33 SB-2[84] 68 — 12 March 1942 — I-153[86] 62 58 31 December 1941 10:42 I-153[84] 69 62 17 March 1942 12:34 DB-3[86] – Stab III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 77 –[87] Eastern Front — 1 May – 16 October 1942 70 63 12 May 1942 17:10 Il-2[88] 78 71 6 July 1942 18:52 Yak-1 Kerch/Taman[89] 71 64 27 May 1942 15:22 Pe-2 PQ 6083[90] 79 72 9 July 1942 11:12 Yak-1 PQ 66561[89] 72 65 18 June 1942 04:00 LaGG-3 PQ 35392[90] 80 73 14 July 1942 17:28 I-16[89] 73 66 18 June 1942 15:08 I-153[90] 74 22 July 1942 09:52 Yak-1[89] 74 67 1 July 1942 17:10 Yak-1[90] 75 12 September 1942 14:01 Pe-2 PQ 10193[89] 65 km (40 mi) east-southeast of Sloboda 75 68 2 July 1942 14:44 Il-2[90] 76 15 September 1942 07:11 LaGG-3 PQ 20101[91] 90 km (56 mi) east of Vorenezh 76 69 5 July 1942 17:20?[Note 4] Il-2 Kerch[90] 77 16 September 1942 07:44 Yak-1 PQ 00254[91] 77 70 5 July 1942 17:23 Il-2 PQ 66823[90] According to Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock, Ubben claimed one additional victory in February/March, and three further victories in July/September.[91] 89 78 21 September 1942 11:15 Pe-2 PQ 10161[91] 60 km (37 mi) east-southeast of Sloboda 91 80 30 September 1942 11:30 Yak-1 PQ 0026[91] 90 79 26 September 1942 14:52 LaGG-3 PQ 00262[91] – Stab III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 77 –[92] North Africa — 26 October – 31 December 1942 92 — 3 November 1942 14:10 P-40 southwest of El Daba[49] 95 — 11 December 1942 09:40 P-40 west of Marsa al-Brega[49] 93 — 5 November 1942 14:10?[Note 5] Hurricane west of Fouka[49] 96 — 13 December 1942 13:00 P-40 east of Nofaliya/Merduma[49] 94 81 7 November 1942 16:20 Hurricane PQ 61664[49] 97 82 15 December 1942 10:55 P-40 PQ 03 Ost 8181[49] – Stab III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 77 –[92] North Africa — 1 January – May 1943 99 83 10 January 1943 11:00 P-38 west of Wadi Tamet[93] 103 87 4 February 1943 15:10 P-38 PQ 03 Ost 85682, southwest El Guettar[94] 100 84 14 January 1943 11:15 P-40 PQ 13 Ost 43593, southwest of Zliten[93] 104 88 8 February 1943 12:49 P-38 PQ 03 Ost 95673, west of Skhira[94] 101 85 14 January 1943 16:25 P-40 PQ 13 Ost 51181, south of Bir el Gheddahia[94] 105 89 8 February 1943 13:01 P-38 PQ 03 Ost 95751, south of Sened[94] 86 18 January 1943 14:22 P-38 PQ 52112 106 90 15 February 1943 12:01 Spitfire 30 km (19 mi) southwest of Sidi Bouzid[94] 102 28 January 1943 — P-40[94] — 6 May 1943 10:50 P-38[79] 10–15 km (6.2–9.3 mi) west of Cap Bon – Stab III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 77 –[92] Italy — June – 25 October 1943 107 91 24 June 1943 09:55 P-38 PQ 04 Ost 81593, west of Bosa[95] 109 93 1 October 1943 11:55 B-17 PQ 14 Ost 04195, vicinity of Livorno[95] 108 92 24 June 1943 10:15 P-38 PQ 04 Ost 7039[95] 110 21 October 1943 11:35 P-38 PQ 14 1347[95]

### Awards

- [Iron Cross](/source/Iron_Cross) (1939) - 2nd Class (10 May 1940)[96] - 1st Class (August 1940)[96]

- [German Cross](/source/German_Cross) in Gold on 9 December 1941 as *[Oberleutnant](/source/Oberleutnant)* in the 8./*Jagdgeschwader* 77[97]

- [Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves](/source/Knight's_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross_with_Oak_Leaves) - Knight's Cross on 4 September 1941 as *Oberleutnant* and *[Staffelkapitän](/source/Staffelkapit%C3%A4n)* of the 8./*Jagdgeschwader* 77[98][99] - 80th Oak Leaves on 12 March 1942 as *[Hauptmann](/source/Hauptmann)* and *[Gruppenkommandeur](/source/Gruppenkommandeur)* of the III./*Jagdgeschwader* 77[98][100]

### Promotions

1 May 1940: Leutnant (second lieutenant) with a rank age dated back to 1 October 1936[1] 1 May 1940: Oberleutnant (first lieutenant) of the reserves with a rank age dated back to 1 June 1939[1] 1 February 1942: Hauptmann (captain)[9] 1 October 1943: Major (major)[9]

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations. For pilots destined to fly multi-engine aircraft, the training was completed with the Luftwaffe Advanced Pilot's Certificate (*Erweiterter Luftwaffen-Flugzeugführerschein*), also known as the C-Certificate.[2]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** For an explanation of the meaning of Luftwaffe unit designation see [Organization of the Luftwaffe during World War II](/source/Organization_of_the_Luftwaffe_(1933%E2%80%931945)).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** The suffix 'T' denotes *Träger* (carrier) in German use.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-95)** According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 17:23.[80]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-97)** According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 14:30.[92]

## References

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1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockert2012379_12-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockert2012379_12-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockert2012379_12-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockert2012379_12-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockert2012379_12-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockert2012379_12-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockert2012379_12-6) [Stockert 2012](#CITEREFStockert2012), p. 379.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShoresCull2008263_23-0)** [Shores & Cull 2008](#CITEREFShoresCull2008), p. 263.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrien1992536,_547_24-0)** [Prien 1992](#CITEREFPrien1992), pp. 536, 547.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrien1993630_34-0)** [Prien 1993](#CITEREFPrien1993), p. 630.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrien1993632_35-0)** [Prien 1993](#CITEREFPrien1993), p. 632.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrien1993638_36-0)** [Prien 1993](#CITEREFPrien1993), p. 638.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeal200128_37-0)** [Weal 2001](#CITEREFWeal2001), p. 28.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrien1993660_38-0)** [Prien 1993](#CITEREFPrien1993), p. 660.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b358_39-0)** [Prien et al. 2003b](#CITEREFPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b), p. 358.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPage202070_40-0)** [Page 2020](#CITEREFPage2020), p. 70.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b373_41-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b373_41-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b373_41-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b373_41-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b373_41-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b373_41-5) [Prien et al. 2003b](#CITEREFPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b), p. 373.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeal200725_43-0)** [Weal 2007](#CITEREFWeal2007), p. 25.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrien1993946_44-0)** [Prien 1993](#CITEREFPrien1993), p. 946.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinecke201225_45-0)** [Steinecke 2012](#CITEREFSteinecke2012), p. 25.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2006326_46-0)** [Prien et al. 2006](#CITEREFPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2006), p. 326.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrien19941293_47-0)** [Prien 1994](#CITEREFPrien1994), p. 1293.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrien19941296_48-0)** [Prien 1994](#CITEREFPrien1994), p. 1296.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrien19941298_49-0)** [Prien 1994](#CITEREFPrien1994), p. 1298.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrien19941301_50-0)** [Prien 1994](#CITEREFPrien1994), p. 1301.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrien19941317_51-0)** [Prien 1994](#CITEREFPrien1994), p. 1317.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2004331_52-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2004331_52-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2004331_52-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2004331_52-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2004331_52-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2004331_52-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2004331_52-6) [Prien et al. 2004](#CITEREFPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2004), p. 331.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScutts199456_53-0)** [Scutts 1994](#CITEREFScutts1994), p. 56.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShoresMassimelloGuest2012496–500_54-0)** [Shores, Massimello & Guest 2012](#CITEREFShoresMassimelloGuest2012), pp. 496–500.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEObermaier1989244_55-0)** [Obermaier 1989](#CITEREFObermaier1989), p. 244.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolesworth201156_56-0)** [Molesworth 2011](#CITEREFMolesworth2011), p. 56.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham201185_57-0)** [Graham 2011](#CITEREFGraham2011), p. 85.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrien19941761_58-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrien19941761_58-1) [Prien 1994](#CITEREFPrien1994), p. 1761.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrien19911653_59-0)** [Prien 1991](#CITEREFPrien1991), p. 1653.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrien19952014_60-0)** [Prien 1995](#CITEREFPrien1995), p. 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrien19952026_61-0)** [Prien 1995](#CITEREFPrien1995), p. 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeal1996a56_62-0)** [Weal 1996a](#CITEREFWeal1996a), p. 56.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeal2000106_63-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeal2000106_63-1) [Weal 2000](#CITEREFWeal2000), p. 106.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrien19952035_64-0)** [Prien 1995](#CITEREFPrien1995), p. 2035.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerBockBalke2021430_65-0)** [Prien et al. 2021](#CITEREFPrienStemmerBockBalke2021), p. 430.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeal2000118_66-0)** [Weal 2000](#CITEREFWeal2000), p. 118.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZabecki2019330_67-0)** [Zabecki 2019](#CITEREFZabecki2019), p. 330.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpick1996232_68-0)** [Spick 1996](#CITEREFSpick1996), p. 232.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathewsForeman20151341–1343_69-0)** [Mathews & Foreman 2015](#CITEREFMathewsForeman2015), pp. 1341–1343.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Planquadrat''_70-0)** [*Planquadrat*](#CITEREFPlanquadrat).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathewsForeman20151341_71-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathewsForeman20151341_71-1) [Mathews & Foreman 2015](#CITEREFMathewsForeman2015), p. 1341.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2001396_72-0)** [Prien et al. 2001](#CITEREFPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2001), p. 396.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003a293_73-0)** [Prien et al. 2003a](#CITEREFPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003a), p. 293.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathewsForeman20151341–1342_74-0)** [Mathews & Foreman 2015](#CITEREFMathewsForeman2015), pp. 1341–1342.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b362_75-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b362_75-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b362_75-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b362_75-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b362_75-4) [Prien et al. 2003b](#CITEREFPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b), p. 362.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b365_76-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b365_76-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b365_76-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b365_76-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b365_76-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b365_76-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b365_76-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b365_76-7) [Prien et al. 2003b](#CITEREFPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b), p. 365.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b367_77-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b367_77-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b367_77-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b367_77-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b367_77-4) [Prien et al. 2003b](#CITEREFPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b), p. 367.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b363_78-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b363_78-1) [Prien et al. 2003b](#CITEREFPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b), p. 363.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b364_79-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b364_79-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b364_79-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b364_79-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b364_79-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b364_79-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b364_79-6) [Prien et al. 2003b](#CITEREFPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b), p. 364.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b368_80-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b368_80-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b368_80-2) [Prien et al. 2003b](#CITEREFPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b), p. 368.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b369_81-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b369_81-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b369_81-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b369_81-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b369_81-4) [Prien et al. 2003b](#CITEREFPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b), p. 369.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b371_82-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b371_82-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b371_82-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b371_82-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b371_82-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b371_82-5) [Prien et al. 2003b](#CITEREFPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b), p. 371.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathewsForeman20151342_83-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathewsForeman20151342_83-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathewsForeman20151342_83-2) [Mathews & Foreman 2015](#CITEREFMathewsForeman2015), p. 1342.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrien19952396_84-0)** [Prien 1995](#CITEREFPrien1995), p. 2396.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b372_85-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b372_85-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b372_85-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b372_85-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b372_85-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b372_85-5) [Prien et al. 2003b](#CITEREFPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b), p. 372.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b374_86-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b374_86-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b374_86-2) [Prien et al. 2003b](#CITEREFPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b), p. 374.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2005322_87-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2005322_87-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2005322_87-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2005322_87-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2005322_87-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2005322_87-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2005322_87-6) [Prien et al. 2005](#CITEREFPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2005), p. 322.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2005323_88-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2005323_88-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2005323_88-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2005323_88-3) [Prien et al. 2005](#CITEREFPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2005), p. 323.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2005324_89-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2005324_89-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2005324_89-2) [Prien et al. 2005](#CITEREFPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2005), p. 324.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathewsForeman20151342–1343_90-0)** [Mathews & Foreman 2015](#CITEREFMathewsForeman2015), pp. 1342–1343.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2006351_91-0)** [Prien et al. 2006](#CITEREFPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2006), p. 351.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2006353_92-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2006353_92-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2006353_92-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2006353_92-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2006353_92-4) [Prien et al. 2006](#CITEREFPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2006), p. 353.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2006352_93-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2006352_93-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2006352_93-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2006352_93-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2006352_93-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2006352_93-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2006352_93-6) [Prien et al. 2006](#CITEREFPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2006), p. 352.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2006354_94-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2006354_94-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2006354_94-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2006354_94-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2006354_94-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2006354_94-5) [Prien et al. 2006](#CITEREFPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2006), p. 354.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathewsForeman20151343_96-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathewsForeman20151343_96-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathewsForeman20151343_96-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathewsForeman20151343_96-3) [Mathews & Foreman 2015](#CITEREFMathewsForeman2015), p. 1343.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2011533_98-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2011533_98-1) [Prien et al. 2011](#CITEREFPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2011), p. 533.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2011534_99-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2011534_99-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2011534_99-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2011534_99-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2011534_99-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2011534_99-5) [Prien et al. 2011](#CITEREFPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2011), p. 534.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2011535_100-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2011535_100-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2011535_100-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2011535_100-3) [Prien et al. 2011](#CITEREFPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2011), p. 535.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1998395_101-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1998395_101-1) [Thomas 1998](#CITEREFThomas1998), p. 395.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatzwallScherzer2001482_102-0)** [Patzwall & Scherzer 2001](#CITEREFPatzwallScherzer2001), p. 482.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherzer2007753_103-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherzer2007753_103-1) [Scherzer 2007](#CITEREFScherzer2007), p. 753.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFellgiebel2000427_104-0)** [Fellgiebel 2000](#CITEREFFellgiebel2000), p. 427.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFellgiebel200059_105-0)** [Fellgiebel 2000](#CITEREFFellgiebel2000), p. 59.

### Bibliography

- Ballantyne, Iain (2013). [*Warspite, From Jutland Hero to Cold War Warrior*](https://books.google.com/books?id=5dNX612zp1gC). Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Maritime. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-84884-350-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84884-350-9).

- [Bergström, Christer](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christer_Bergstr%C3%B6m) [in Swedish]. ["Bergström Black Cross/Red Star website"](https://web.archive.org/web/20181222042030/http://www.bergstrombooks.elknet.pl/bc-rs/planquadrat.htm). *Identifying a Luftwaffe Planquadrat*. Archived from [the original](http://www.bergstrombooks.elknet.pl/bc-rs/planquadrat.htm) on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2018.

- [Bergström, Christer](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christer_Bergstr%C3%B6m) [in Swedish]; Mikhailov, Andrey (2001). *Black Cross / Red Star—The Air War Over the Eastern Front, Volume II, Resurgence January–June 1942*. Pacifica, California: Pacifica Military History. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-935553-51-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-935553-51-2).

- [Bergström, Christer](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christer_Bergstr%C3%B6m) [in Swedish]; Antipov, Vlad; Sundin, Claes (2003). *Graf & Grislawski – A Pair of Aces*. Hamilton MT: Eagle Editions. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-9721060-4-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9721060-4-7).

- Bertke, Donald A; Smith, Gordon; Kindell, Don (2009). *World War II Sea War, Volume 3: The Royal Navy is Bloodied in the Mediterranean*. Dayton, Ohio: Bertke Publisher. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-937470-01-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-937470-01-2).

- Churchill, Winston S. (1985). [*The Gathering Storm: The Second World War Volume I*](https://archive.org/details/gatheringstorm00chur_0). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-39541-055-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-39541-055-4).

- [Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther-Peer_Fellgiebel) [in German] (2000) [1986]. *Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile* [*The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches*] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-7909-0284-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7909-0284-6).

- Graham, Patti (2011). *Mission Reports*. [Lulu.com](/source/Lulu.com). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-257-98498-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-257-98498-5).

- Mathews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2015). *Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 4 S–Z*. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-906592-21-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906592-21-9).

- Molesworth, Carl (2011). *P-40 Warhawk vs Bf 109, MTO 1942–44*. Duel. Vol. 38. Oxford, UK: [Osprey Publishing](/source/Osprey_Publishing). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-84908-469-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-469-7).

- Obermaier, Ernst (1989). *Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945* [*The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945*] (in German). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-87341-065-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-87341-065-7).

- Page, Neil (2020). *Day Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe 1939–42*. Philadelphia, PA: [Casemate Publishers](/source/Casemate_Publishers). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-61200-849-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61200-849-3).

- Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001). *Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II* [*The German Cross 1941 – 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2*] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-931533-45-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-931533-45-8).

- Prien, Jochen (1991). *Pik-As: Geschichte des Jagdgeschwaders 53 — 3 — Das Ende in Italien 1944, Rumänien, Ungarn 1944/45, Einsatz zur Verteidigung des Reiches 1943–1945* [*Ace of Spades: History of the Fighter Wing 53 — 3 — The End in Italy 1944, Romania, Hungary 1944/45, Defense of the Reich 1943–1945*] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-923457-16-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-923457-16-8).

- Prien, Jochen (1992). *Geschichte des Jagdgeschwaders 77—Teil 1—1934–1941* [*History of Jagdgeschwader 77—Volume 1—1934–1941*] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-923457-19-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-923457-19-9).

- Prien, Jochen (1993). *Geschichte des Jagdgeschwaders 77—Teil 2—1941–1942* [*History of Jagdgeschwader 77—Volume 2—1941–1942*] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-923457-22-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-923457-22-9).

- Prien, Jochen (1994). *Geschichte des Jagdgeschwaders 77—Teil 3—1942–1943* [*History of Jagdgeschwader 77—Volume 3—1942–1943*] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-923457-26-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-923457-26-7).

- Prien, Jochen (1995). *Geschichte des Jagdgeschwaders 77—Teil 4—1944–1945* [*History of Jagdgeschwader 77—Volume 4—1944–1945*] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-923457-29-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-923457-29-8).

- Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2001). *Die Jagdfliegerverbände der deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945 Teil 3—Einsatz in Dänemark und Norwegen 9.4. bis 30.11.1940—Der Feldzug im Westen 10.5. bis 25.6.1940* [*Fighter Pilot Association of the German Luftwaffe 1934 to 1945 Part 3—Assignments in Denmark and Norway 9 April to 30 November 1940—The campaign in the West 10 May to 25 June 1940*] (in German). Struve-Druck. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-923457-61-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-923457-61-8).

- Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2003a). *Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 5—Heimatverteidigung—10. Mai 1940 bis 31 Dezember 1941—Einsatz im Mittelmeerraum—Oktober 1940 bis November 1941—Einsatz im Westen—22. Juni bis 31. Dezember 1941—Die Ergänzungsjagdgruppen—Einsatz 1941 bis zur Auflösung Anfang 1942* [*The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 5—Defense of the Reich—10 May 1940 to 31 December 1941—Action in the Mediterranean Theater—October 1940 to November 1941—Action in the West—22 June to 31 December 1941—The Supplementary Fighter Groups—Action from 1941 until their Breakup in Early 1942*] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-923457-68-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-923457-68-7).

- Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2003b). *Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 6/II—Unternehmen "BARBAROSSA"—Einsatz im Osten—22.6. bis 5.12.1941* [*The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 6/II—Operation "BARBAROSSA"—Action in the East—22 June to 5 December 1941*] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-923457-70-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-923457-70-0).

- Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2004). *Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 8/II—Einsatz im Mittelmeerraum—November 1941 bis Dezember 1942* [*The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 8/II—Action in the Mediterranean Theater—November 1941 to December 1942*] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-923457-74-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-923457-74-8).

- Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2005). *Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 9/I—Winterkampf im Osten—6.12.1941 bis 30.4.1942* [*The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 9/I—Winter War in the East—6 December 1941 to 30 April 1942*] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-923457-76-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-923457-76-2).

- Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2006). *Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 9/III—Vom Sommerfeldzug 1942 bis zur Niederlage von Stalingrad—1.5.1942 bis 3.2.1943* [*The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 9/III—From the 1942 Summer Campaign to the Defeat at Stalingrad—1 May 1942 to 3 February 1943*] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-923457-78-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-923457-78-6).

- Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2011). *Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 11/II—Einsatz im Mittelmeerraum—1.1. bis 31.12.1943* [*The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 11/II—Action in the Mediterranean Theater—1 January to 31 December 1943*] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-942943-00-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-942943-00-0).

- Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Bock, Winfried; Balke, Ulf (2021). *Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 14—Einsatz im Mittelmeerraum—1.1. bis 15.9.1944* [*The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 14—Action in the Mediterranean Theater—1 January to 15 September 1944*] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-942943-24-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-942943-24-6).

- Scherzer, Veit (2007). *Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives* [*The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives*] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-938845-17-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-938845-17-2).

- Scutts, Jerry (1994). *Bf 109 Aces of North Africa and the Mediterranean*. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 2. London, UK: [Osprey Publishing](/source/Osprey_Publishing). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-85532-448-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-448-0).

- Shores, Christopher F.; Cull, Brian (2008). *Air War for Yugoslavia, Greece, and Crete, 1940–41*. London, UK: Grub Street. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-948817-07-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-948817-07-6).

- Shores, Christopher F.; Massimello, Giovanni; Guest, Russell (2012). *A History of the Mediterranean Air War, 1940–1945, Volume Two: North African Desert, February 1942 – March 1943*. London, UK: Grub Street. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-909166-12-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-909166-12-7).

- Spick, Mike (1996). *Luftwaffe Fighter Aces*. New York: [Ivy Books](/source/Ivy_Books). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8041-1696-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8041-1696-1).

- Steinecke, Gerhard (2012). *Ritterkreuzträger Profile Nr. 11 Hans Philipp — Einer von Vielen* [*Knight's Cross Profiles Nr. 11 Hans Philipp — One of Many*] (in German). UNITEC-Medienvertrieb. [ASIN](/source/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number) [B008AIT9Z6](https://www.amazon.de/dp/B008AIT9Z6) (4 January 2013).

- Stockert, Peter (2012) [1996]. *Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 1* [*The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 1*] (in German) (4th ed.). Bad Friedrichshall, Germany: Friedrichshaller Rundblick. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-9802222-7-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9802222-7-3).

- Thomas, Franz (1998). *Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 2: L–Z* [*The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 2: L–Z*] (in German). Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio-Verlag. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-7648-2300-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7648-2300-9).

- Weal, John (1996a). *Focke-Wulf Fw 190 Aces of the Western Front*. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 9. Oxford, UK: [Osprey Publishing](/source/Osprey_Publishing). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-85532-595-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-595-1).

- Weal, John (1996b). *Bf 109D/E Aces 1939–41*. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 11. London, UK: [Osprey Publishing](/source/Osprey_Publishing). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-85532-487-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-487-9).

- Weal, John (2000). *Jagdgeschwader 2 "Richthofen"*. Aviation Elite Units. Vol. 1. Oxford, UK: [Osprey Publishing](/source/Osprey_Publishing). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-84176-046-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-046-9).

- Weal, John (2001). *Bf 109 Aces of the Russian Front*. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 37. Oxford, UK: [Osprey Publishing](/source/Osprey_Publishing). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-84176-084-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-084-1).

- Weal, John (2007). *More Bf 109 Aces of the Russian Front*. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 76. Oxford, UK: [Osprey Publishing](/source/Osprey_Publishing). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-84603-177-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-177-9).

- Whitley, M.J. (1985). *Warship 33: Graf Zeppelin, Part 2*. Vol. IX. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-87021-984-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-984-9).

- [Zabecki, David T.](/source/David_T._Zabecki), ed. (2019). *The German War Machine in World War II*. Santa Barbara, California: [ABC-Clio](/source/ABC-Clio). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-44-086918-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-44-086918-1).

Military offices Preceded by Major Friedrich-Karl Müller Acting commander of Jagdgeschwader 53 Pik As October 1943 – November 1943 Succeeded by Oberstleutnant Helmut Bennemann Preceded by Major Egon Mayer Commander of Jagdgeschwader 2 Richthofen 2 March 1944 – 27 April 1944 Succeeded by Oberstleutnant Kurt Bühligen

v t e German World War II flying aces with 100+ aerial victories 300+ Erich Hartmann (352) Gerhard Barkhorn (301) 250–299 Günther Rall (275) Otto Kittel (267) Walter Nowotny (258) 200–249 Wilhelm Batz (237) Erich Rudorffer (222) Heinrich Bär (220) Hermann Graf (212) Heinrich Ehrler (208) Theodor Weissenberger (208) Hans Philipp (206) Walter Schuck (206) Anton Hafner (204) Helmut Lipfert (203) 150–199 Walter Krupinski (197) Anton Hackl (192) Joachim Brendel (189) Max Stotz (189) Joachim Kirschner (188) Kurt Brändle (180) Günther Josten (178) Johannes Steinhoff (176) Ernst-Wilhelm Reinert (174) Günther Schack (174) Emil Lang (173) Heinz Schmidt (173) Horst Ademeit (166) Wolf-Dietrich Wilcke (162) Hans-Joachim Marseille (158) Heinrich Sturm (158) Gerhard Thyben (157) Hans Beißwenger (152) Peter Düttmann (152) Gordon Gollob (150) 100–149 Fritz Tegtmeier (146) Albin Wolf (144) Kurt Tanzer (143) Friedrich-Karl Müller (140) Friedrich Wachowiak (140)? Karl Gratz (138) Heinrich Setz (138) Rudolf Trenkel (138) Franz Schall (137) Walter Wolfrum (137) Horst-Günther von Fassong (136)? Otto Fönnekold (136) Karl-Heinz Weber (136) Joachim Müncheberg (135) Hans Waldmann (134) Alfred Grislawski (133) Johannes Wiese (133) Adolf Borchers (132) Erwin Clausen (132) Adolf Dickfeld (132) Wilhelm Lemke (131) Gerhard Hoffmann (130) Heinrich Sterr (130) Walther Dahl (129) Franz Eisenach (129) Franz Dörr (128) Rudolf Rademacher (126)? Josef Zwernemann (126) Dietrich Hrabak (125) Wolf-Udo Ettel (124) Herbert Ihlefeld (123) Wolfgang Tonne (122) Heinz Marquardt (121) Heinz-Wolfgang Schnaufer (121) Robert Weiß (121) Friedrich Obleser (120) Erich Leie (118) Franz-Josef Beerenbrock (117) Hans-Joachim Birkner (117) Jakob Norz (117) Walter Oesau (117) Heinz Wernicke (117) August Lambert (116) Wilhelm Crinius (114) Werner Schröer (114) Hans Dammers (113) Berthold Korts (113) Helmut Lent (113) Kurt Bühligen (112) Kurt Ubben (111) Franz Woidich (110) Emil Bitsch (108) Hans Hahn (108) Bernhard Vechtel (108) Viktor Bauer (106) Werner Lucas (106) Günther Lützow (105) Eberhard von Boremski (104) Adolf Galland (104) Heinz Sachsenberg (104) Hartmann Grasser (103) Siegfried Freytag (102) Friedrich Geißhardt (102) Egon Mayer (102) Max-Hellmuth Ostermann (102) Herbert Rollwage (102)? Josef Wurmheller (102) Rudolf Miethig (101) Werner Mölders (101) Josef Priller (101) Ulrich Wernitz (101) Paul-Heinrich Dähne (100) Reinhard Seiler (100) List of German World War II aces List of top World War II aces This along with the ? (question mark) indicates doubt regarding the veracity and formal correctness of the listing.

v t e Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross recipients of Jagdgeschwader 77 Johann Badum Heinz-Edgar Berres Walter Brandt Jürgen Brocke Lutz-Wilhelm Burckhardt Erwin Clausen (Oak Leaves) Siegfried Freytag Friedrich Geisshardt (Oak Leaves) Gordon Gollob1 (Oak Leaves, Swords & Diamonds) Anton Hackl2 (Oak Leaves & Swords) Heinz Hackler Günther Hannak Jürgen Harang Franz Hrdlicka Wolf-Dietrich Huy (Oak Leaves) Herbert Ihlefeld (Oak Leaves & Swords) Herbert Kaiser Armin Köhler Kurt Lasse Anton Mader Emil Omert Johann Pichler Alexander Preinfalk Ernst-Wilhelm Reinert3 (Oak Leaves & Swords) Rudolf Schmidt Franz Schulte Heinrich Setz (Oak Leaves) Johannes Steinhoff4 (Oak Leaves & Swords) Kurt Ubben (Oak Leaves) Alexander von Winterfeldt Bernhard Woldenga 1Knight's Cross and Oak Leaves with JG 3. 2Swords with JG 11. 3Swords with JG 27. 4Knight's Cross and Oak Leaves with JG 52

[Portals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals):
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