# Knights Hospitaller

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Catholic military order

"Order of Saint John" redirects here. For other uses, see [Order of Saint John (disambiguation)](/source/Order_of_Saint_John_(disambiguation)).

"Hospitaller" redirects here. For other uses, see [Hospitaller (disambiguation)](/source/Hospitaller_(disambiguation)).

Knights Hospitaller of Saint John of Jerusalem Fraternitas Hospitalaria Coat of arms and the eight-pointed cross used by Hospitallers during the Crusades. Active 15 February 1113–present (913 years, 138 days)[a] Allegiance The Pope Type Catholic military order Headquarters Jerusalem; Acre Rhodes Birgu Valletta Nickname The "Religion"[1] Patron Our Lady of Philermos John the Baptist Colors Black and white Red and white Engagements List The Crusades Siege of Damascus (1148) Siege of Ascalon (1153) Crusader invasions of Egypt (1163–9) Battle of Cresson (1187) Battle of Hattin (1187) Siege of Jerusalem (1187) Siege of Belvoir Castle (1187-9) Siege of Sahyun Castle (1188) Siege of Safed (1188) Siege of Acre (1189–1191) Battle of Arsuf (1191) Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212) Siege of Alcácer do Sal (1217) Siege of Mount Tabor (1217) Battle of Fariskur (1219) Battle of Mansurah (1221) Conquest of Majorca (1228) Siege of Burriana (1233) Siege of Ascalon (1247) Fall of Arsuf (1265) Fall of Haifa (1265) Siege of Safed (1266) Fall of Krak des Chevaliers (1271) Battle of Qaqun (1271) Second Battle of Homs (1281) Siege of Margat (1282) Fall of Tripoli (1289) Siege of Acre (1291) Hospitaller conquest of Rhodes Battle of Amorgos (1312) Battle of Chios (1319) Battle of Rhodes (1320) Battle of Adramyttion (1334) Battle of Pallene (1344) Battle of Imbros (1347) Battle of Megara (1359) Battle of Tripoli (1367) Battle of Kosovo (1389) Battle of Nicopolis (1396) Siege of Smyrna (1402) Boucicaut expedition to Levant (1403) Siege of Rhodes (1444) Ottoman conquest of Lesbos (1462) Attack on Antalya (1472) Siege of Rhodes (1480) Battle of Karpathos (1498) Siege of Rhodes (1522) Attack on Modon (1531) Attack on Sousse (1537) Battle of Preveza (1538) Algiers expedition (1541) Capture of Mahdia (1550) Invasion of Gozo (1551) Siege of Tripoli (1551) Attack on Zuwarah (1552) Battle of Djerba (1560) Battle of Verbia (1561) Great Siege of Malta (1565) Action of 1570 Battle of Lepanto (1571) Battle of Pantelleria (1586) Action of 1595 Attack on Monastir (1603) Battle of Hammamet (1605) Battle of Paphos (1609) Raid on Żejtun (1614) Attack on Sousse (1619) Battle of Chios (1621) Battle of Palermo (1624) Battle of the Gulf of Tunis Battle of the Dalmatian Coast Action of 26 June 1625 Action of 28 September 1644 Battle of the Dardanelles (1656) Battle of the Dardanelles (1657) Siege of Chania (1660) Action of 27 August 1661 Djidjelli expedition (1664) Siege of Candia (1668) Action of 15 February 1700 Battle of Matapan (1717) Battle of Damietta (1732) Bombardment of Algiers (1784) French invasion of Malta (1798) Other service in European navies. Website ordersofsaintjohn.org Commanders First Grand Master Gerardo Sasso Current Grand Master John T. Dunlap Notable commanders Garnier de Nablus Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam Jean Parisot de Valette

Military unit

The **Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem**,[2] commonly known as the **Knights Hospitaller** ([/ˈhɒspɪtələr/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English)),[b] is a [Catholic](/source/Catholic_Church) [military order](/source/Military_order_(religious_society)). It was founded in the [crusader](/source/Crusader_states) [Kingdom of Jerusalem](/source/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem) in the 12th century and had its headquarters there, in Jerusalem and [Acre](/source/Acre%2C_Israel), [until 1291](/source/Siege_of_Acre_(1291)), thereafter being based in [Kolossi Castle](/source/Kolossi_Castle) in Cyprus (1302–1310), the island of [Rhodes](/source/Hospitaller_Rhodes) (1310–1522), [Malta](/source/Hospitaller_Malta) (1530–1798), and [Saint Petersburg](/source/Saint_Petersburg) (1799–1801).

The Hospitallers arose in the early 12th century at the height of the [Cluniac movement](/source/Cluniac_Reform), a reformist movement within the [Benedictine monastic order](/source/Order_of_Saint_Benedict) that sought to strengthen religious devotion and charity for the poor. Earlier in the 11th century, merchants from [Amalfi](/source/Duchy_of_Amalfi) founded a [hospital](/source/Hospital) in [Jerusalem](/source/Jerusalem) dedicated to [John the Baptist](/source/John_the_Baptist) where Benedictine monks cared for sick, poor, or injured Christian [pilgrims](/source/Pilgrimage) to the [Holy Land](/source/Holy_Land). [Blessed Gerard](/source/Blessed_Gerard), a lay brother of the Benedictine order, became its head when it was established. After the Christian [conquest of Jerusalem in 1099](/source/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)) during the [First Crusade](/source/First_Crusade), the Hospitallers rose in prominence and were [recognized](/source/Pie_postulatio_voluntatis) as a distinct order by [Pope Paschal II](/source/Pope_Paschal_II) in 1113.

The Order of Saint John was militarized in the 1120s and 1130s, hiring knights that later became Hospitallers. The organization became a military religious order under its own papal charter, charged with the care and defence of the [Holy Land](/source/Holy_Land), and fought in the Crusades until the [Siege of Acre](/source/Siege_of_Acre_(1291)) in 1291. Following the [reconquest of the Holy Land by Islamic forces](/source/Fall_of_Outremer), the knights operated from Rhodes, over which they were [sovereign](/source/Sovereignty), and later from Malta, where they administered a [vassal state](/source/Vassal_state) under the [Spanish](/source/Habsburg_Spain) viceroy of [Sicily](/source/Kingdom_of_Sicily). The Hospitallers also [controlled](/source/Hospitaller_Tripoli) the North African city of [Tripoli](/source/Tripoli%2C_Libya) for two decades in the 16th century, and they were one of the smallest groups to have colonized parts of the Americas, briefly acquiring four [Caribbean](/source/Caribbean) islands in the mid-17th century, which they turned over to [France](/source/Kingdom_of_France) in the 1660s.

The knights became divided during the [Protestant Reformation](/source/Protestant_Reformation), when rich [commanderies of the order](/source/Commanderies_of_the_Order_of_Saint_John) in northern Germany and the Netherlands became Protestant and largely separated from the Catholic main stem, [remaining separate to this day](/source/Order_of_Saint_John_(Bailiwick_of_Brandenburg)); modern [ecumenical](/source/Ecumenical) relations between the descendant chivalric orders are amicable. The order was suppressed in England, Denmark, and other parts of northern Europe, and was further damaged by the [French occupation of Malta](/source/French_occupation_of_Malta) in 1798, after which it dispersed throughout Europe.[3]

Today, five organizations continue the traditions of the Knights Hospitaller and have mutually recognized each other: the [Sovereign Military Order of Malta](/source/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta), the [Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John](/source/Order_of_Saint_John_(chartered_1888)), the [Bailiwick of Brandenburg of the Chivalric Order of Saint John](/source/Order_of_Saint_John_(Bailiwick_of_Brandenburg)), the [Order of Saint John in the Netherlands](/source/Order_of_Saint_John_in_the_Netherlands), and the [Order of Saint John in Sweden](/source/Order_of_Saint_John_in_Sweden).

## History

### Foundation and early history

See also: [History of the Knights Hospitaller in the Levant](/source/History_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller_in_the_Levant)

*[Pie postulatio voluntatis](/source/Pie_postulatio_voluntatis)*. Bull issued by Pope Paschal II in 1113 in favour of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, which was to transform what was a community of pious men into an institution within the Church. By virtue of this document, the pope officially recognized the existence of the new organisation as an operative and militant part of the Roman Catholic Church, granting it papal protection and confirming its properties in Europe and Asia.

In 603, [Pope Gregory I](/source/Pope_Gregory_I) commissioned the [Ravennate](/source/Ravenna) Abbot Probus, who was previously Gregory's emissary at the Lombard court, to build [a hospital](/source/Muristan) in [Jerusalem](/source/History_of_Jerusalem_during_the_Middle_Ages#Byzantine_rule) to treat and care for Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land.[4] In 800, Emperor [Charlemagne](/source/Charlemagne) enlarged Probus's hospital and added a library to it. About 200 years later, in 1009, the [Fatimid](/source/Fatimid) caliph [al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah](/source/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah) destroyed the hospital and three thousand other buildings in Jerusalem.

[Merchants](/source/Merchant) from [Amalfi](/source/Amalfi) in southern Italy were given permission by the [Egyptian Fatimid](/source/Fatimid_Caliphate) Caliph [al-Mustansir Billah](/source/Al-Mustansir_Billah) (r. 1036–1094) to build a monastery in Jerusalem, near the [Church of the Holy Sepulchre](/source/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre). The monastery, known as the [abbey of St Mary of the Latins](/source/St_John_the_Baptist_Church%2C_Jerusalem) (to distinguish them from local [Syriac Orthodox Church](/source/Syriac_Orthodox_Church) hierarchy), was served by the [Order of Saint Benedict](/source/Order_of_Saint_Benedict) and took in Christian pilgrims travelling to visit the Christian holy sites. The increase in the number of pilgrims led the Benedictine monks to establish two hospitals in the late 1060s, [one for men](/source/Hospital_of_St._John_(Jerusalem)) and one for women, with the former known as the [Hospital of St John](/source/Hospital_of_Saint_John_(Jerusalem)). They did this with the support of a wealthy Amalfian named Mauro of Pantaleone. In the early 1070s the hospital was visited by Archbishop John of Amalfi during his pilgrimage. In later centuries, to help raise money in Europe, the Order of St John made claims that the hospital had been founded more than a century before Christ by the high priest [Menelaus](/source/Menelaus_(High_Priest)) and the Greek [King Antiochus](/source/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes) of Jerusalem, with financing from [Judas Maccabeus](/source/Judas_Maccabeus), and that it was first headed by [Saint Stephen](/source/Saint_Stephen) and had been visited by Christ and the Apostles. A historian of the Order in the 13th century wrote that this version was not true.[5][6] In any case, the Hospitallers rose to fame and prestige in a short amount of time.[7]

By the time of the success of the [First Crusade](/source/First_Crusade) in 1099, the Hospital of St John was already well known among pilgrims and was regarded as a separate organization from the monastery of St Mary. The monastic brothers at the hospital saw it as their duty to provide the best possible treatment to the poor. They were given an endowment by [Godfrey of Bouillon](/source/Godfrey_of_Bouillon), the leader of the First Crusade, before he died in 1100. The [Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem](/source/Latin_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem), [Ghibbelin of Arles](/source/Ghibbelin_of_Arles), formally recognized it as a separate entity from the monastery when he reformed the Catholic hierarchy in [Palestine](/source/Palestine_(region)), and a step towards this was taken by [Pope Paschal II](/source/Pope_Paschal_II) when he recognized the abbey of St Mary as a church of the [Holy See](/source/Holy_See), placing it under his protection and exempting it from paying tithes on its land, on 19 June 1112. The monastic Hospitaller Order was formally created when the Pope issued the [papal bull](/source/Papal_bull) *[Pie postulatio voluntatis](/source/Pie_postulatio_voluntatis)* on 15 February 1113 to the head of the Hospital of St John, [Blessed Gerardo Sasso](/source/Blessed_Gerard). The Pope subordinated the hospital to his own authority and exempted it from paying tithes on the lands it owned, and gave the right to its professed brothers to elect their master. He also placed several other hospitals and hospices in southern Italy under the governance of the Hospital of St John in Jerusalem, as they were located at port cities from which pilgrims traveled to the Holy Land.[7][8][9]

Knights Hospitaller in Jerusalem

Gerard acquired territory and revenues for his order throughout the [Kingdom of Jerusalem](/source/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem) and beyond. Under his successor, [Raymond du Puy](/source/Raymond_du_Puy), the original hospice was expanded to an [infirmary](/source/Hospital)[10] and by then was subordinated to the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Around this time the Hospital of St John became connected with that Church, and documents often referred to "the Holy Sepulchre and the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem."[11] Initially, the Hospitallers cared for pilgrims as well as others (including Muslims and Jews) in Jerusalem,[7] but the order soon extended to provide pilgrims with an armed escort before eventually becoming a significant military force. Thus, the Order of St. John imperceptibly became militaristic without losing its charitable character.[10]

It is possible that the Hospital of St John hired knights or foot soldiers after the First Crusade to provide security, before it formally established its own military organization. Knights in western Europe left their horses and weapons to the Hospitallers in their wills in the 1120s, and, in the early 1140s, [Pope Innocent II](/source/Pope_Innocent_II) mentioned that the Hospitallers had "servants" to protect pilgrims. An account from a Hospitaller priest in 16th century stated that, as the Order of St John became wealthier, it hired knights to defend its hospitals and pilgrims, and these knights eventually became Hospitallers themselves. It is known that secular knights and soldiers were hired by institutions in Jerusalem to provide protection after 1099, including churches, and some of them later joined military orders. The Order of [Knights Templar](/source/Knights_Templar) was founded around 1119-1120 and it is likely that the Hospitallers were inspired by them to have their own knights. A charter made for a gift to the Hospital of St John in a Christian army on 17 January 1126 recorded that a brother from the Order was present as a witness and that he held a military title.[12]

[Krak des Chevaliers](/source/Krak_des_Chevaliers), a castle acquired by the Hospitallers in [Syria](/source/Syria_(region))

[Raymond du Puy](/source/Raymond_du_Puy), who succeeded Gerard as master of the hospital in 1120,[11] is credited with establishing the military element of the Order.[13] Raymond decided some time before 1136 that Hospitallers could fight to defend the kingdom or to besiege a pagan city.[14] The Knights Hospitaller, like the other military orders, organized its fighting members into the ranks of [knight](/source/Knight) and [sergeant](/source/Sergeant).[15] In 1130, [Pope Innocent II](/source/Pope_Innocent_II) gave the order its [coat of arms](/source/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller), a plain silver cross in a field of red, to differentiate them from the Templars.[16] The other symbol of the Hospitallers, the "eight-pointed cross", is said to have originated in the [Byzantine Empire](/source/Byzantine_Empire) before reaching the [Duchy of Amalfi](/source/Duchy_of_Amalfi) in Italy, and it was later used in Jerusalem by the monks that founded the Hospital of St John. After the Hospitallers moved to Malta, it became known as the [Maltese cross](/source/Maltese_cross).[17]

[Maronite](/source/Maronite_Church) archer guiding a Knight Hospitaller and Northern Italian Crusader through [Wadi Numeira](/source/Wadi_Numeira) to the [Kerak plateau](/source/Al-Karak)

King [Fulk of Jerusalem](/source/Fulk_of_Jerusalem) constructed several [castles](/source/Castle) to defend the kingdom's southern border from attacks by the Fatimid garrison at [Ascalon](/source/Ascalon), and allowed the Hospitallers to manage one of them in 1136, the castle of [Bethgibelin](/source/Bayt_Jibrin).[14] This castle also allowed them to defend the pilgrim route between [Jaffa](/source/Jaffa) and Jerusalem.[18] Later in the century, the Hospitallers were given control over more castles in [Syria](/source/Syria_(region)) than they had in the Kingdom of Jerusalem.[19] In the next several decades after 1136 the Order was granted more castles and towns by nobles that needed assistance in defending them, especially in the [County of Tripoli](/source/County_of_Tripoli) and the [Principality of Antioch](/source/Principality_of_Antioch). Those notably included the [Krak des Chevaliers](/source/Krak_des_Chevaliers) in 1142, which they received from [Raymond II, Count of Tripoli](/source/Raymond_II%2C_Count_of_Tripoli).[14][19] According to one estimate the Hospitallers had 25 castles as of 1180.[19] In addition to defending them, the Hospitallers also undertook construction projects to build new castles or repair and expand existing ones, with an example of the latter being Krak des Chevaliers.[20]

One of the first battles that the Knights Hospitaller fought in was the [Siege of Ascalon](/source/Siege_of_Ascalon) in 1153. After a group of Knights Templar, led by their Grand Master, [Bernard de Tremelay](/source/Bernard_de_Tremelay), entered the besieged fortress and were all killed, King [Baldwin III of Jerusalem](/source/Baldwin_III_of_Jerusalem) wanted to withdraw, but Raymond du Puy convinced him to continue, and the fort surrendered to the Crusaders on 22 August 1153.[21][22] It is not clear if the role of the Hospitallers was only advisory or if they were involved in the fighting at Ascalon.[23]

The Hospitallers and the [Knights Templar](/source/Knights_Templar) became the most formidable military orders in the Holy Land. [Frederick Barbarossa](/source/Frederick_Barbarossa), the [Holy Roman Emperor](/source/Holy_Roman_Emperor), pledged his protection to the Knights of St. John in a charter of privileges granted in 1185.[24][25] In order to protect the road of the [Camino de Santiago](/source/Camino_de_Santiago), the Order of Saint John generously received the hospital, commandery and convent of San Juan de Acre in [Navarrete, La Rioja](/source/Navarrete%2C_La_Rioja), founded in 1185 by [María Ramírez de Medrano](/source/Mar%C3%ADa_Ram%C3%ADrez_de_Medrano), Lady of [Fuenmayor](/source/Fuenmayor), built by her son Martín de Baztán y Medrano, bishop of [Osma](/source/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Osma-Soria) in Soria.[26] Active in the [Kingdom of Toledo](/source/Kingdom_of_Toledo_(Crown_of_Castile)) (a border area with Islam from the 12th to the 13th centuries) since 1144, the order had their largest holding in the kingdom in the [Campo de San Juan](/source/Campo_de_San_Juan).[27]

A Hospitaller depicted in a church painting

The statutes of [Roger de Moulins](/source/Roger_de_Moulins) (1187) deal only with the service of the sick; the first mention of military service is in the statutes of the ninth grand master, [Fernando Afonso of Portugal](/source/Fernando_Afonso_of_Portugal) (about 1200). In the latter, a marked distinction is made between secular knights, externs to the order, who served only for a time, and the professed knights, attached to the order by a perpetual vow, and who alone enjoyed the same spiritual privileges as the other religious. The order numbered three distinct classes of membership: the military brothers, the brothers infirmarians, and the brothers chaplains, to whom was entrusted the divine service.[10]

In 1248, [Pope Innocent IV](/source/Pope_Innocent_IV) (1243–1254) approved a standard military dress for the Hospitallers to be worn during battle. Instead of a closed cape over their armour (which restricted their movements), they wore a red surcoat with a white cross emblazoned on it.[28]

Many of the more substantial Christian fortifications in the Holy Land were built by the Templars and the Hospitallers. At the height of the [Kingdom of Jerusalem](/source/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem), the Hospitallers held seven great forts and 140 other estates in the area. The two largest of these, their bases of power in the Kingdom and in the [Principality of Antioch](/source/Principality_of_Antioch), were the [Krak des Chevaliers](/source/Krak_des_Chevaliers) and [Margat](/source/Margat) in Syria.[8] The property of the Order was divided into [priories](/source/Priories), subdivided into [bailiwicks](/source/Bailiwick), which in turn were divided into [commanderies](/source/Commanderies_of_the_Order_of_Saint_John).

As early as the late 12th century, the order had begun to achieve recognition in the [Kingdom of England](/source/Kingdom_of_England) and [Duchy of Normandy](/source/Duchy_of_Normandy). As a result, buildings such as [St John's Jerusalem](/source/St_John's_Jerusalem) and the [Knights Gate, Quenington](/source/Quenington) in England were built on land donated to the order by local nobility.[29] An Irish house was established at [Kilmainham](/source/Kilmainham), near Dublin, and the Irish Prior was usually a key figure in Irish public life.

The Knights also received the "Land of Severin" (*Terra de Zeurino*), along with the nearby mountains, from [Béla IV of Hungary](/source/B%C3%A9la_IV_of_Hungary), as shown by a charter of grant issued on 2 June 1247. The [Banate of Severin](/source/Banate_of_Severin) was a [march](/source/March_(territorial_entity)), or border province, of the [Kingdom of Hungary](/source/Kingdom_of_Hungary) between the [Lower Danube](/source/Lower_Danube) and the [Olt River](/source/Olt_River), today part of Romania, and back then bordered across the Danube by a powerful [Bulgarian Empire](/source/Second_Bulgarian_Empire). The Hospitaller hold on the Banate was only brief.[30]

### Knights of Cyprus and Rhodes

Main article: [Hospitaller Rhodes](/source/Hospitaller_Rhodes)

After the fall of the [Kingdom of Jerusalem](/source/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem) in 1291 (the city of Jerusalem [had fallen in 1187](/source/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1187))), the Knights were confined to the [County of Tripoli](/source/County_of_Tripoli) and, when [Acre](/source/Acre%2C_Israel) was captured in 1291, the order sought refuge in the [Kingdom of Cyprus](/source/Kingdom_of_Cyprus). Finding themselves becoming enmeshed in Cypriot politics, their Master, [Guillaume de Villaret](/source/Guillaume_de_Villaret), created a plan of acquiring their own temporal domain, selecting [Rhodes](/source/Rhodes), then part of the Byzantine Empire. He also reorganised the order into eight [*langues*](/source/Langue_(Knights_Hospitaller)), or "tongues", corresponding to a geographic or ethno-linquistic area: [Aragon](/source/Crown_of_Aragon), [Auvergne](/source/Auvergne), [Castile](/source/Crown_of_Castile), England, [France](/source/Kingdom_of_France), the [Holy Roman Empire](/source/Holy_Roman_Empire), [Italy](/source/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages) and [Provence](/source/Provence). Each was administered by a [Prior](/source/Prior_(ecclesiastical)) or, if there was more than one priory in the langue, by a Grand Prior.

Grand Master Pierre d'Aubusson with senior knights, wearing the "Rhodian cross" on their habits [c] Street of Knights in Rhodes The Knights' castle at Rhodes

Guillaume's successor, [Foulques de Villaret](/source/Foulques_de_Villaret), executed the plan to take Rhodes, and on 15 August 1310, after more than [four years of campaigning](/source/Hospitaller_conquest_of_Rhodes), the [city of Rhodes](/source/City_of_Rhodes) surrendered to the knights. They also gained control of a number of neighbouring islands and the [Anatolian](/source/Anatolia) port of [Halicarnassus](/source/Halicarnassus) and the island of [Kastellorizo](/source/Kastellorizo). Not long after, in 1312, [Pope Clement V](/source/Pope_Clement_V) dissolved the Hospitallers' rival order, the [Knights Templar](/source/Knights_Templar), with a series of [papal bulls](/source/Papal_bull), including the *[Ad providam](/source/Ad_providam)* bull that turned over much of their property to the Hospitallers. At Rhodes, and later Malta, the resident knights of each langue were headed by a [bailiff](/source/Bailiff_(France)). The English Grand Prior at the time was [Philip De Thame](/source/List_of_the_priors_of_Saint_John_of_Jerusalem_in_England), who acquired the estates allocated to the English langue from 1330 to 1358.

On Rhodes, the Hospitallers,[31] by then also referred to as the **Knights of Rhodes**,[10] were forced to become a more militarized force. In 1334, they fought an attempted invasion by [Andronicus](/source/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos) and his Turkish auxiliaries,[32] and in 1374 they took over the defence of nearby [Smyrna](/source/Smyrna) on the Anatolian coast, which had been conquered by [a crusade in 1344](/source/Smyrniote_crusades);[33] the knights held the city until it was [besieged and taken by Timur](/source/Siege_of_Smyrna) in 1402.[33] On the peninsula of Halicarnassus (present-day [Bodrum](/source/Bodrum)), the knights reinforced their position with the construction of [Petronium Castle](/source/Bodrum_Castle), utilizing pieces of the partially destroyed [Mausoleum at Halicarnassus](/source/Mausoleum_at_Halicarnassus), one of the [Seven Wonders of the Ancient World](/source/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World), to strengthen their rampart.[34]

In the 15th century, the knights fought frequently with [Barbary pirates](/source/Barbary_pirates), also known as Ottoman corsairs. They withstood two invasions by ascendant Muslim forces, one by the [Sultan of Egypt](/source/Sultan_of_Egypt) in 1444 and another by [Ottoman](/source/Ottoman_Empire) Sultan [Mehmed the Conqueror](/source/Mehmed_the_Conqueror) in 1480, who, after [capturing Constantinople and defeating the Byzantine Empire in 1453](/source/Fall_of_Constantinople), made the Knights a priority target.

Rhodes and other possessions of the Knights Hospitallers of St. John.

In 1522, an entirely new sort of force arrived: 400 ships under the command of Sultan [Suleiman the Magnificent](/source/Suleiman_the_Magnificent) deployed as many as 100,000 men to the island,[35] and possibly up 200,000.[36] Under Grand Master [Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam](/source/Philippe_Villiers_de_L'Isle-Adam), the knights, though well-fortified, only had about 7,000 men-at-arms. The [siege](/source/Siege_of_Rhodes_(1522)) lasted six months, after which the defeated surviving Hospitallers were allowed to withdraw to [Sicily](/source/Sicily). Despite the defeat, both Christians and Muslims seem to have regarded Phillipe Villiers as extremely valiant, and the Grand Master was proclaimed a Defender of the Faith by [Pope Adrian VI](/source/Pope_Adrian_VI).

### Knights of Malta

Deed of Donation of [Malta](/source/Malta), [Gozo](/source/Gozo) and [Tripoli](/source/Tripoli%2C_Libya) to the Order of St John by Emperor [Charles V](/source/Charles_V%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor) in 1530.

Main articles: [Hospitaller Malta](/source/Hospitaller_Malta) and [Hospitaller Tripoli](/source/Hospitaller_Tripoli)

In 1530, after seven years of displacement from Rhodes, [Pope Clement VII](/source/Pope_Clement_VII) – himself a knight – reached an agreement with [Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor](/source/Charles_V%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor) and King of Spain and Sicily, to provide the knights permanent quarters: In exchange for providing Malta,[37][38] [Gozo](/source/Gozo), and the North African port of [Tripoli](/source/Tripoli%2C_Libya) in perpetual [fiefdom](/source/Fiefdom), Charles V would receive an annual fee of a single Maltese falcon (the [Tribute of the Maltese Falcon](/source/Tribute_of_the_Maltese_Falcon)), which they were to send on [All Souls' Day](/source/All_Souls'_Day) to the king's representative, the Viceroy of Sicily.[39][d] In 1548, Charles V raised [Heitersheim](/source/Heitersheim), the headquarters of the Hospitallers in Germany, into the [Principality of Heitersheim](/source/Principality_of_Heitersheim), making the Grand Prior of Germany a [prince of the Holy Roman Empire](/source/Prince_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire) with a seat and vote in the *[Reichstag](/source/Imperial_Diet_(Holy_Roman_Empire))*.[40]

The knights would stay in Malta for the next 268 years, transforming what they called "merely a rock of soft sandstone" into a flourishing island with mighty defences, whose capital city, [Valletta](/source/Valletta), would become known as *Superbissima*, "Most Proud", among the great powers of Europe. However, the [indigenous islanders](/source/Maltese_people) were initially apprehensive about the order's presence and viewed them as arrogant intruders; they were especially loathed for taking advantage of local women.[41] Most knights were French and excluded Maltese from serving in the order, even being generally dismissive of local nobility. However, the two groups coexisted peacefully, since the Knights boosted the economy, were charitable, and protected against Muslim attacks.[42]

[Auberge de Castille et Portugal](/source/Auberge_de_Castille) in [Valletta](/source/Valletta), an example of 18th-century Baroque architecture built by the Order.

Hospitals were among the first projects to be undertaken in Malta, where French soon supplanted Italian as the official language (though the native inhabitants continued to speak [Maltese](/source/Maltese_language) among themselves).[43] The knights also constructed fortresses, watch towers, and naturally, churches. Its acquisition of Malta signalled the beginning of the Order's renewed naval activity.

The Order may have played a direct part in supporting the Malta native [Iacob Heraclid](/source/Iacob_Heraclid) who, in 1561, [established a temporary foothold](/source/Battle_of_Verbia) in [Moldavia](/source/Moldavia).[44] The Hospitallers also continued their maritime actions against Muslims and especially the [Barbary pirates](/source/Barbary_pirates). Although they had only a few ships, they quickly drew the ire of the [Ottomans](/source/Ottoman_Empire), who were unhappy to see the order resettled. In 1565 Suleiman sent an invasion force of about 40,000 men to besiege the 700 knights and 8,000 soldiers and expel them from Malta and gain a new base from which to possibly launch another assault on Europe.[38] This is known as the [Great Siege of Malta](/source/Great_Siege_of_Malta).

At first the battle went as badly for the Hospitallers as Rhodes had: most of the cities were destroyed and about half the knights killed. On 18 August, the position of the besieged was becoming desperate: dwindling daily in numbers, they were becoming too feeble to hold the long line of fortifications. But when his council suggested the abandonment of [Birgu](/source/Birgu) and [Senglea](/source/Senglea) and withdrawal to [Fort St. Angelo](/source/Fort_St._Angelo), [Grand Master](/source/List_of_Princes_and_Grand_Masters_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta) [Jean Parisot de Valette](/source/Jean_Parisot_de_Valette) refused.[45]

The Viceroy of Sicily had not sent help; possibly the Viceroy's orders from [Philip II of Spain](/source/Philip_II_of_Spain) were so obscurely worded as to put on his own shoulders the burden of the decision whether to help the Order at the expense of his own defences. A wrong decision could mean defeat and exposing Sicily and Naples to the Ottomans. He had left his own son with La Valette, so he could hardly be indifferent to the fate of the fortress. Whatever may have been the cause of his delay, the Viceroy hesitated until the battle had almost been decided by the unaided efforts of the knights, before being forced to move by the indignation of his own officers.[45]

On 23 August came yet another grand assault, the last serious effort, as it proved, of the besiegers. It was thrown back with the greatest difficulty, even the wounded taking part in the defence. The plight of the Turkish forces was now desperate. With the exception of [Fort Saint Elmo](/source/Fort_Saint_Elmo), the fortifications were still intact.[46][45] Working night and day the garrison had repaired the breaches, and the capture of Malta seemed more and more impossible. Many of the Ottoman troops in crowded quarters had fallen ill over the terrible summer months. Ammunition and food were beginning to run short,[45] and the Ottoman troops were becoming increasingly dispirited by the failure of their attacks and their losses. The death on 23 June of skilled commander [Dragut](/source/Dragut), a corsair and admiral of the Ottoman fleet, was a serious blow.[47] The Turkish commanders, [Piali Pasha](/source/Piali_Pasha) and Mustafa Pasha, were careless. They had a huge fleet which they used with effect on only one occasion. They neglected their communications with the African coast and made no attempt to watch and intercept Sicilian reinforcements.

Ottoman attack on the post of the [Castilian knights](/source/Langue_(Knights_Hospitaller)) on 21 August 1565

On 1 September they made their last effort, but the morale of the Ottoman troops had deteriorated seriously and the attack was feeble, to the great encouragement of the besieged, who now began to see hopes of deliverance. The perplexed and indecisive Ottomans heard of the arrival of Sicilian reinforcements in Mellieħa Bay. Unaware that the force was very small, they broke off the siege and left on 8 September. The [Great Siege of Malta](/source/Great_Siege_of_Malta) may have been the last action in history in which a force of knights won a decisive victory against a numerically superior force that made use of firearms.[48][45] When the Ottomans departed, the Hospitallers had but 600 men able to bear arms. The most reliable estimate puts the number of the Ottoman army at its height at some 40,000 men, of whom 15,000 eventually returned to Constantinople.[45] The siege is portrayed vividly in the frescoes of [Matteo Pérez](/source/Matteo_P%C3%A9rez) in the Hall of St. Michael and St. George, also known as the Throne Room, in the [Grandmaster's Palace in Valletta](/source/Grandmaster's_Palace_in_Valletta); four of the original [modellos](/source/Modello), painted in oils by Perez d'Aleccio between 1576 and 1581, can be found in the Cube Room of the [Queen's House](/source/Queen's_House) at [Greenwich](/source/Greenwich), London. After the siege a new city had to be built: the present capital city of Malta, named Valletta in memory of the Grand Master who had withstood the siege.[49]

The building and fortification of Valletta, named for *Grand Master la Valette*, was begun in 1566, soon becoming the home port of one of the Mediterranean's most powerful navies. Valletta was designed by [Francesco Laparelli](/source/Francesco_Laparelli), a military engineer, and his work was then taken up by [Girolamo Cassar](/source/Girolamo_Cassar). The city was completed in 1571. The island's hospitals were expanded as well. The [Sacra Infermeria](/source/Sacra_Infermeria) could accommodate 500 patients and was famous as one of the finest in the world. In the vanguard of medicine, the Hospital of Malta included Schools of Anatomy, Surgery and Pharmacy. Valletta itself was renowned as a centre of art and culture. The [Conventual Church of St. John](/source/Conventual_Church_of_St._John), completed in 1577, contains works by [Caravaggio](/source/Caravaggio) and others.

In Europe, most of the Order's hospitals and chapels survived the Reformation, though not in Protestant or Evangelical countries. In Malta, meanwhile, the [Public Library](/source/National_Library_of_Malta) was established in 1761. The [University](/source/University_of_Malta) was founded seven years later, followed, in 1786, by a School of Mathematics and Nautical Sciences. Despite these developments, some of the Maltese grew to resent the Order, which they viewed as a privileged class. This even included some of the [local nobility](/source/Nobility_of_Malta), who were not admitted to the Order.

In Rhodes, the knights had been housed in *auberges* (inns) segregated by Langues. This structure was maintained in [Birgu](/source/Birgu) (1530–1571) and then Valletta (from 1571). The auberges in Birgu remain, mostly undistinguished 16th-century buildings. Valletta still has the auberges of [Castile and Portugal](/source/Auberge_de_Castille) (1574; renovated 1741 by Grand Master de Vilhena, now the Prime Minister's offices), [Italy](/source/Auberge_d'Italie) (renovated 1683 by Grand Master Carafa, now an art museum), [Aragon](/source/Auberge_d'Aragon) (1571, now a government ministry), [Bavaria](/source/Auberge_de_Bavi%C3%A8re) (former Palazzo Carnerio, purchased in 1784 for the newly formed Langue, now occupied by the Lands Authority) and [Provence](/source/Auberge_de_Provence) (now [National Museum of Archaeology](/source/National_Museum_of_Archaeology_(Malta))). In the Second World War, the [auberge d'Auvergne](/source/Auberge_d'Auvergne) was damaged (and later replaced by Law Courts) and the [auberge de France](/source/Auberge_de_France) was destroyed.

A 1742 [Tarì](/source/Tar%C3%AC) coin of the Knights Hospitaller, depicting the [head](/source/Beheading_of_St._John_the_Baptist) of [John the Baptist](/source/John_the_Baptist) on a platter.

Arms of the Knights Hospitallers, quartered with those of [Pierre d'Aubusson](/source/Pierre_d'Aubusson), on a [bombard](/source/Bombard_(weapon))

In 1604, each Langue was given a chapel in the conventual church of Saint John and the arms of the Langue appear in the decoration on the walls and ceiling:

- Provence: [Michael the Archangel](/source/Michael_the_Archangel), *Jerusalem*

- Auvergne: [Saint Sebastian](/source/Saint_Sebastian), *Azure a dolphin or*

- France: conversion of [Paul the Apostle](/source/Paul_the_Apostle), *France*

- Castile, León and Portugal: [James, brother of Jesus](/source/James%2C_brother_of_Jesus), *Quarterly Castile and León*

- Aragon: [Saint George](/source/Saint_George) [the church of the Langue is consecrated to [Our Lady of the Pillar](/source/Our_Lady_of_the_Pillar) *Per pale Aragon and Navarre*]

- Italy: [St Catherine](/source/Catherine_of_Siena), *Azure the word ITALIA in bend or*

- England: [Flagellation of Christ](/source/Flagellation_of_Christ), [*no arms visible; in Rhodes the Langue used the arms of England, quarterly France and England*]

- Germany: [Epiphany](/source/Epiphany_(holiday)), *Austria born by a double-headed eagle displayed sable*

### 17th century

In 1605, [Tomás Fernández de Medrano](/source/Tom%C3%A1s_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Medrano), Lord and Divisero of Valdeosera and a Knight of the Order of Saint John under the habit of Prince [Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy](/source/Emmanuel_Philibert_of_Savoy_(1588%E2%80%931624)), printed a [brief](/source/Brief_(law)) from [Pope Paul V](/source/Pope_Paul_V) in [Latin](/source/Latin) and [Spanish](/source/Spanish_language) for King [Philip III of Spain](/source/Philip_III_of_Spain) and the Order of Saint John, titled: *Brief of Our Most Holy Father Pope Paul V in Confirmation of the Privileges of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem by Tomás Fernández de Medrano at his own expense, secretary to the Serene Princes of Savoy and the Holy Chapters and Assemblies of Castile on behalf of his King and knights of the Order of Saint John. It is dedicated to the Duke of Lerma, as protector of all religions and in particular, the Order of Saint John.*[50]

In 1607, the Grand Master of the Hospitallers was granted the status of *Reichsfürst* ([Prince of the Holy Roman Empire](/source/Prince_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire)), even though the Order's territory was always south of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1630, he was awarded ecclesiastic equality with [cardinals](/source/Cardinal_(Catholicism)), and the unique hybrid style *His Most Eminent Highness*, reflecting both qualities qualifying him as a true [Prince of the Church](/source/Prince_of_the_Church).[51]

### *Reconquista* of the sea

See also: [Navy of the Order of Saint John](/source/Navy_of_the_Order_of_Saint_John)

Flag of the Maltese corsairs, as shown in various period reproductions in Liam Gauci's *In the Name of the Prince: Maltese Corsairs 1760–1798*

With their diminished strength and relocation to Malta in the central Mediterranean, the knights found themselves devoid of their founding mission: assisting and joining the crusades in the [Holy Land](/source/Holy_Land). Revenues subsequently dwindled as European sponsors were no longer willing to support a costly and seemingly redundant organization. The knights were forced to make do with their maritime location and turn to combating the increased threat of piracy, particularly from the [Ottoman](/source/Ottoman_Empire)-endorsed [Barbary pirates](/source/Barbary_pirates) operating out of North Africa. Boosted by an air of invincibility following the successful defence of their island in 1565, and compounded by the Christian victory over the Ottoman fleet in the [Battle of Lepanto](/source/Battle_of_Lepanto) in 1571, the knights set about protecting Christian merchant shipping to and from the [Levant](/source/Levant) and freeing the captured Christian slaves who formed the basis of the Barbary corsairs' piratical trading and navies. This campaign became known as the "[Corso](/source/Maltese_Corso)".[52]: 107

Hospitaller galleys capturing an Ottoman vessel in the [Malta Channel](/source/Malta_Channel) in 1652

Yet the Order soon struggled on a now reduced income. By policing the Mediterranean, they augmented the assumed responsibility of the traditional protectors of the Mediterranean, the naval city states of [Venice](/source/Venice) and [Genoa](/source/Genoa). Further compounding their financial woes; over the course of this period, the exchange rate of the local currencies against the 'scudo' that were established in the late 16th century gradually became outdated, meaning the knights were gradually receiving less at merchant factories.[53] Economically hindered by the barren island they now inhabited, many knights went beyond their call of duty by raiding Muslim ships.[52]: 109 More and more ships were plundered, from whose profits many knights lived idly and luxuriously, taking local women to be their wives and enrolling in the navies of France and Spain in search of adventure, experience, and yet more money.[52]: 97

The Knights' changing attitudes were coupled with the effects of the [Reformation](/source/Reformation) and [Counter-Reformation](/source/Counter-Reformation) and the lack of stability from the Roman Catholic Church. All this affected the knights strongly as the 16th and 17th centuries saw a gradual decline in the religious attitudes of many of the Christian peoples of Europe (and, concomitantly, the importance of a religious army), and thus in the Knights' regular tributes from European nations.[54][*[failed verification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability)*] That the knights, a chiefly Roman Catholic military order, pursued the readmittance of England as one of its member states – the Order there had been suppressed under King [Henry VIII](/source/Henry_VIII) of England during the [dissolution of the monasteries](/source/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries) – upon the succession of the Protestant queen [Elizabeth I](/source/Elizabeth_I) of England aptly demonstrates the new religious tolerance within the Order.[55]: 326 For a time, the Order even possessed a German *langue* which was part [Protestant or Evangelical](/source/Order_of_Saint_John_(Bailiwick_of_Brandenburg)) and part Roman Catholic.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

The moral decline that the knights underwent over the course of this period is best highlighted by the decision of many knights to serve in foreign navies and become "the mercenary sea-dogs of the 14th to 17th centuries", with the French Navy proving the most popular destination.[56]: 432 This decision went against the knights' cardinal reason for existence, in that by serving a European power directly they faced the very real possibility that they would be fighting against another Roman Catholic force, as in the few Franco-Spanish naval skirmishes that occurred in this period.[56]: 434 The biggest paradox is the fact that for many years the Kingdom of France remained on amicable terms with the Ottoman Empire, the Knights' greatest and bitterest foe and purported sole purpose for existence. Paris signed many trade agreements with the Ottomans and agreed to an informal (and ultimately ineffective) [cease-fire](/source/Cease-fire) between the two states during this period.[55]: 324 That the Knights associated themselves with the allies of their sworn enemies shows their moral ambivalence and the new commercial-minded nature of the Mediterranean in the 17th century. Serving in a foreign navy, in particular that of the French, gave the knights the chance to serve the Church and for many, their king, to increase their chances of promotion in either their adopted navy or in Malta, to receive far better pay, to stave off their boredom with frequent cruises, to embark on the highly preferable short cruises of the French navy over the long caravans preferred by the Maltese, and if the knight desired, to indulge in some of the pleasures of a traditional debauched seaport.[56]: 423–433 In return, the French gained and quickly assembled an experienced navy to stave off the threat of the Spanish and their Habsburg masters. The shift in attitudes of the Knights over this period is ably outlined by Paul Lacroix, who states:

Inflated with wealth, laden with privileges which gave them almost sovereign powers ... the order at last became so demoralised by luxury and idleness that it forgot the aim for which it was founded, and gave itself up for the love of gain and thirst for pleasure. Its covetousness and pride soon became boundless. The Knights pretended that they were above the reach of crowned heads: they seized and pillaged without concern of the property of both infidels and Christians."[57]

Hospitaller galley c. 1680

With the knights' exploits growing in fame and wealth, the European states became more complacent about the Order, and more unwilling to grant money to an institution that was perceived to be earning a healthy sum on the high seas. Thus, a vicious circle occurred, increasing the raids and reducing the grants received from the nation-states of Christendom to such an extent that the balance of payments on the island had become dependent on conquest.[52]: 97 The European powers lost interest in the knights as they focused their intentions largely on one another during the [Thirty Years' War](/source/Thirty_Years'_War). In February 1641 a letter was sent from an unknown dignitary in the Maltese capital of Valletta to the knights' most trustworthy ally and benefactor, [Louis XIV](/source/Louis_XIV) of France, stating the Order's troubles:

Italy provides us with nothing much; Bohemia and Germany hardly anything, and England and the Netherlands for a long time now nothing at all. We only have something to keep us going, Sire, in your own Kingdom and in Spain.[55]: 338

Maltese authorities did not mention the fact that they were making a substantial profit policing the seas and seizing infidel ships and cargoes. The authorities on Malta immediately recognised the importance of corsairing to their economy and set about encouraging it, as despite their vows of poverty, the Knights were granted the ability to keep a portion of the *spoglio*, which was the prize money and cargo gained from a captured ship, along with the ability to fit out their own galleys with their new wealth.[58]: 274

The great controversy that surrounded the knights' *Corso* was their insistence on their policy of 'vista'. This enabled the Order to stop and board all shipping suspected of carrying Turkish goods and confiscate the cargo to be re-sold at Valletta, along with the ship's crew, who were by far the most valuable commodity on the ship. Naturally, many nations claimed to be victims of the knights' over-eagerness to stop and confiscate any goods remotely connected to the Turks.[52]: 109 In an effort to regulate the growing problem, the authorities in Malta established a judicial court, the Consiglio del Mer, where captains who felt wronged could plead their case, often successfully. The practice of issuing privateering licenses and thus state endorsement, which had been in existence for a number of years, was tightly regulated as the island's government attempted to haul in the unscrupulous knights and appease the European powers and limited benefactors. Yet these efforts were not altogether successful, as the Consiglio del Mer received numerous complaints around the year 1700 of Maltese piracy in the region. Ultimately, the rampant over-indulgence in [privateering](/source/Privateer) in the Mediterranean was to be the knights' downfall in this particular period of their existence as they transformed from serving as the military outpost of a united Christendom to becoming another nation-state in a commercially oriented continent soon to be overtaken by the trading nations of the [North Sea](/source/North_Sea).[59]

### Turmoil in Europe

[Emperor Paul](/source/Paul_I_of_Russia) wearing the Crown of the Grand Master of the [Order of Malta](/source/Order_of_Malta) (1799).

Even as it survived in Malta, the Order lost many of its European holdings during the [Reformation](/source/Reformation). The property of the English branch was confiscated in 1540.[60] The German [Bailiwick of Brandenburg](/source/Bailiwick_of_Brandenburg) became [Lutheran](/source/Lutheran) in 1577, then more broadly Evangelical, but continued to pay its financial contribution to the Order until 1812, when the Protector of the Order in Prussia, King [Frederick William III](/source/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia), turned it into an order of merit;[60] in 1852, his son and successor as Protector, King [Frederick William IV](/source/Frederick_William_IV), restored the *Johanniterorden* to its continuing place as the chief non-Roman Catholic branch of the Knights Hospitaller.

The Knights of Malta had a strong presence within the [Imperial Russian Navy](/source/Imperial_Russian_Navy) and the pre-[revolutionary](/source/French_Revolution) [French Navy](/source/French_Navy). When [Phillippe de Longvilliers de Poincy](/source/Phillippe_de_Longvilliers_de_Poincy) was appointed governor of the French colony on [Saint Kitts](/source/Saint_Kitts) in 1639, he was a prominent Knight of St. John and dressed his retinue with the emblems of the Order. In 1651, the knights bought from the [Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique](/source/Compagnie_des_%C3%8Eles_de_l'Am%C3%A9rique) the islands of Sainte-Christophe, [Saint Martin](/source/Saint_Martin_(island)), and [Saint Barthélemy](/source/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy).[61] [The Order's presence in the Caribbean](/source/Hospitaller_colonization_of_the_Americas) was eclipsed with De Poincy's death in 1660. He had also bought the island of [Saint Croix](/source/Saint_Croix) as his personal estate and deeded it to the Knights of St. John. In 1665, the order sold their [Caribbean](/source/Caribbean) possessions to the [French West India Company](/source/French_West_India_Company), ending the Order's presence in that region.

The decree of the French National Assembly in 1789 abolishing [feudalism](/source/Feudalism) in France also abolished the Order in France:

V. Tithes of every description, as well as the dues which have been substituted for them, under whatever denomination they are known or collected (even when compounded for), possessed by secular or regular congregations, by holders of benefices, members of corporations (including the Order of Malta and other religious and military orders), as well as those devoted to the maintenance of churches, those impropriated to lay persons and those substituted for the portion congrue, are abolished ...[62]

The French Revolutionary Government seized the assets and properties of the Order in France in 1792.

### Loss of Malta and decline

Re-enactment of 16th-century military drills conducted by the Knights at [Fort Saint Elmo](/source/Fort_Saint_Elmo), 8 May 2005

In June 1798, a French fleet under [Napoleon](/source/Napoleon) [invaded](/source/French_invasion_of_Malta) and [occupied Malta](/source/French_occupation_of_Malta).[46] Upon arriving off Malta on 9 June, Napoleon demanded from [Grand Master](/source/List_of_grand_masters_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller) [Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim](/source/Ferdinand_von_Hompesch_zu_Bolheim) that his ships be allowed to enter the port and to take on water and supplies. The Grand Master replied that only two foreign ships could be allowed to enter the port at a time. In response, Napoleon ordered an invasion of Malta. On 10 June, French troops disembarked in Malta at seven points on the morning of 11 June and attacked. After several hours of fierce fighting, the Maltese forces in the west were forced to surrender.[63] Napoleon opened negotiations with the fortress capital of Valletta on 11 June. Faced with vastly superior French forces and the loss of western Malta, the Grand Master negotiated a surrender to the invasion on 12 June.[63] Hompesch left Malta for Trieste on 18 June.[64] He resigned as Grand Master on 6 July 1799.

The knights were dispersed, though the order continued to exist in a diminished form and negotiated with European governments for a return to power. The Russian Emperor, [Paul I](/source/Paul_I_of_Russia), gave the largest number of knights shelter in [Saint Petersburg](/source/Saint_Petersburg), an action which gave rise to the [Russian tradition of the Knights Hospitaller](/source/Russian_tradition_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller) and the Order's recognition among the Russian Imperial Orders.[65] The refugee knights in Saint Petersburg proceeded to elect Tsar Paul as their Grand Master – a rival to Grand Master von Hompesch until the latter's abdication left Paul as the sole Grand Master. Grand Master Paul I created, in addition to the Roman Catholic Grand Priory, a "Russian Grand Priory" of no fewer than 118 Commanderies, dwarfing the rest of the Order and open to all Christians. Paul's election as Grand Master was never ratified under Roman Catholic canon law, and he was the *de facto* rather than *[de jure](/source/De_jure)* Grand Master of the Order.

View from [Valletta](/source/Valletta), Malta, showing [Fort Saint Angelo](/source/Fort_Saint_Angelo), belonging to the [Sovereign Military Order of Malta](/source/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta).

By the early 19th century, the order had been severely weakened by the loss of its priories throughout Europe. Only 10% of the order's income came from traditional sources in Europe, with the remaining 90% being generated by the Russian Grand Priory until 1810. This was partly reflected in the government of the Order being under Lieutenants, rather than Grand Masters, in the period 1805 to 1879, when [Pope Leo XIII](/source/Pope_Leo_XIII) restored a Grand Master to the order. This signalled the renewal of the order's fortunes as a humanitarian and religious organization.

The 150,000 square feet (14,000 m2) Hospital of Saint John, built between 1099 and 1291, was rediscovered in the Christian Quarter of the [Old City of Jerusalem](/source/Old_City_of_Jerusalem). From 2000 to 2013, it was excavated by the [Israel Antiquities Authority](/source/Israel_Antiquities_Authority). It had been able to accommodate up to 2,000 patients, who came from all religious groups, and Jewish patients received [kosher](/source/Kosher) food. It also served as an orphanage, with these children often becoming Hospitallers when adults. The remaining vaulted area was discovered during excavations for a restaurant, and the preserved building will be incorporated in the project.[66]

## Successors of the Knights Hospitaller

Further information: [Alliance of the Orders of Saint John of Jerusalem § The mutually-recognised Orders of Saint John](/source/Alliance_of_the_Orders_of_Saint_John_of_Jerusalem#The_mutually-recognised_Orders_of_Saint_John)

The entities generally considered to maintain historical continuity with the Knights are the [Sovereign Military Order of Malta](/source/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta), based in Rome and recognized by over 100 countries worldwide, as well as the chivalric orders in the [Alliance of the Orders of Saint John of Jerusalem](/source/Alliance_of_the_Orders_of_Saint_John_of_Jerusalem): the [Bailiwick of Brandenburg of the Chivalric Order of Saint John of the hospital at Jerusalem](/source/Order_of_Saint_John_(Bailiwick_of_Brandenburg)), [Johanniter Orde in Nederland](/source/Order_of_Saint_John_(Bailiwick_of_Brandenburg)#Order_of_Saint_John_in_the_Netherlands), [Order of Saint John in Sweden](/source/Order_of_Saint_John_in_Sweden), and the [Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem](/source/Most_Venerable_Order_of_the_Hospital_of_St._John_of_Jerusalem).[e]

### Sovereign Military Order of Malta

Main article: [Sovereign Military Order of Malta](/source/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta)

In 1834, the order settled in Rome.[68] Hospital work, the original work of the order, became once again its main concern. The Order's hospital and welfare activities, undertaken on a considerable scale in World War I, were greatly intensified and expanded in World War II under the Grand Master Fra' [Ludovico Chigi Albani della Rovere](/source/Ludovico_Chigi_Albani_della_Rovere) (Grand Master 1931–1951).

Coat of arms of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta

The Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta, better known as the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (SMOM), is a Roman Catholic lay [religious order](/source/Religious_order) and the world's oldest surviving order of chivalry.[69] Its sovereign status is recognised by membership in numerous international bodies and [observer status](/source/United_Nations_General_Assembly_observers) at the [United Nations](/source/United_Nations) and others.[70] Of all the orders affiliated with Saint John, i.e., members of the [Alliance of the Orders of St John](/source/Alliance_of_the_Orders_of_Saint_John_of_Jerusalem), the Sovereign Military Order of Malta is the most senior since it possesses the ability to trace its history and line of [Prince and Grand Masters](/source/List_of_grand_masters_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller) directly back to the Knights Hospitaller.[71][72]

The Order maintains diplomatic relations with 112 countries, official relations with 6 others and with the European Union, permanent observer missions to the United Nations and its specialised agencies, and delegations or representations to many other international organizations.[73][74] It issues its own [passports](/source/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta_passport), [currency](/source/Maltese_scudo), [stamps](/source/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta) and even vehicle registration plates.[75] The [Sovereign Military Order of Malta](/source/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta) has a permanent presence in 120 countries, with 12 Grand Priories and Sub-Priories and 48 national Associations, as well as numerous hospitals, medical centres, daycare centres, first aid corps, and specialist foundations, which operate in 120 countries. Its 13,500 members and 95,000 volunteers and over 52,000 medical personnel – doctors, nurses and paramedics – are dedicated to the care of the poor, the sick, the elderly, the disabled, the homeless, terminal patients, lepers, and all those who suffer. The Order is especially involved in helping victims of armed conflicts and natural disasters by providing medical assistance, caring for refugees, and distributing medicines and basic equipment for survival.

The Sovereign Military Order of Malta established a mission in Malta, after signing an agreement with the Maltese Government which granted the Order the exclusive use of [Fort St. Angelo](/source/Fort_St._Angelo) for a term of 99 years.[76] Today, after restoration, the Fort hosts historical and cultural activities related to the Order of Malta.[77]

### Order of Saint John

[Prince Oskar of Prussia](/source/Prince_Oskar_of_Prussia_(b._1959)), [Bailiwick of Brandenburg of the Chivalric Order of Saint John of the hospital at Jerusalem](/source/Order_of_Saint_John_(Bailiwick_of_Brandenburg)) *Herrenmeister* since 1999

Main articles: [Order of Saint John (Bailiwick of Brandenburg)](/source/Order_of_Saint_John_(Bailiwick_of_Brandenburg)), [Order of Saint John in Sweden](/source/Order_of_Saint_John_in_Sweden), and [Order of Saint John in the Netherlands](/source/Order_of_Saint_John_in_the_Netherlands)

During the [Reformation](/source/Reformation), German [commanderies](/source/Commanderies) of the Bailiwick of Brandenburg (located chiefly in the [Margraviate of Brandenburg](/source/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg)) declared their continued adherence to the Order of Saint John even as their knights [converted](/source/Religious_conversion) to [evangelical Christianity](/source/Protestantism). Continuing to the present day as the [Order of Saint John of the Bailiwick of Brandenburg](/source/Order_of_Saint_John_(Bailiwick_of_Brandenburg)), this forms an [order of chivalry](/source/Order_of_chivalry) under the protection of the Federal Republic and with its *Herrenmeister* ("Lord of the Knights") almost always a scion of the House of Hohenzollern (currently, [Prince Oscar of Prussia](/source/Oskar_Prinz_von_Preussen)). From Germany, this Protestant branch has spread by membership into other countries in Europe (including Belgium, Hungary, Poland, Finland, Denmark, Switzerland, France, Austria, the United Kingdom, and Italy), North America (the United States, Canada, and Mexico), South America (Colombia, Venezuela, Chile), Africa (Namibia, South Africa), Asia, and Australia.[78]

The commanderies of the Bailiwick of Brandenburg in the Netherlands (which originated in the Middle Ages) and Sweden became independent of the Bailiwick after the Second World War and now are independent orders under the protection of their respective monarchs; King [Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands](/source/Willem-Alexander_of_the_Netherlands) is an Honorary [Commander](/source/Commander_(order)) of the [Order of Saint John in the Netherlands](/source/Order_of_Saint_John_in_the_Netherlands), and the [Order of St John in Sweden](/source/Order_of_St_John_in_Sweden) is protected by King [Carl XVI Gustaf](/source/Carl_XVI_Gustaf) of Sweden.

All three Protestant orders, the German, Dutch, and Swedish, are in formalised co-operation as members of the [Alliance of the Orders of Saint John of Jerusalem](/source/Alliance_of_the_Orders_of_Saint_John_of_Jerusalem), founded in 1961 by the Order of Saint John of the Bailiwick of Brandenburg. (As well as originating with the mediaeval Knights Hospitaller, these three orders meet the traditional conditions for dynastic orders of chivalry under the legitimate [fount of honour](/source/Fount_of_honour) of each nation, and thus enjoy recognition by the privately operated and funded [International Commission on Orders of Chivalry](/source/International_Commission_on_Orders_of_Chivalry) as of 2016.) The Protestant orders remain independent of, though cooperative with, the Roman Catholic [Sovereign Military Order of Malta](/source/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta).

### Most Venerable Order of Saint John

Main article: [Order of Saint John (chartered 1888)](/source/Order_of_Saint_John_(chartered_1888))

In [England](/source/England), almost all the property of the Knights Hospitaller was confiscated by Henry VIII during the dissolution of the monasteries of the English Reformation. Though not formally [suppressed](/source/Religious_intolerance), this effectively caused the activities of the English [Langue](/source/Langue_(Knights_Hospitaller)) of the order to come to an end.

In 1831, a British order was recreated by European aristocrats claiming to be acting on behalf of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.[58]: 270–85 This order in time became known as the [Most Venerable Order of Saint John](/source/Most_Venerable_Order_of_Saint_John), receiving a [royal charter](/source/Royal_charter) from [Queen Victoria](/source/Queen_Victoria) in 1888, before expanding throughout the [British Empire](/source/British_Empire) and [United States](/source/United_States). Today, the best-known activities of this order are the [St John Ambulance](/source/St_John_Ambulance) Brigade in Britain and the Commonwealth and the [Saint John Eye Hospital](/source/Saint_John_Eye_Hospital_Group) in [Jerusalem](/source/Jerusalem).[79] The Most Venerable Order of Saint John has maintained a presence in [Malta](/source/History_of_Malta#British_Malta_in_the_19th_and_early_20th_centuries) since the late 19th century. In contrast with the orders originating with the medieval Knights Hospitaller, the British organisation no longer limits its membership to Christians.

### Self-styled orders

Further information: [Self-styled order](/source/Self-styled_order)

Several other organizations claim with their own sources to have evolved from the Knights Hospitaller, but all are subject to international dispute and lack recognition. The [Russian tradition of the Knights Hospitaller](/source/Russian_tradition_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller) was recognized by the Pope with [Tsar Paul I](/source/Tsar_Paul_I) becoming Grand Master. The British resented this decision as it could have given Russia access to the Mediterranean through a claim over Malta. Britain said that the decision of the Pope was not official. The Holy See later retracted its decision stating a number of conflicts with Tsar Paul I, since he did not follow the precepts binding the Grand Master: he was married and not celibate; he had never been to Malta and declined to live there; and he was not a Roman Catholic. Several other orders have made claims over the Order of St John since the 19th century. Each order, including the Russian Tradition, generally uses its interpretation of sources to present and claim a particular history of events. No independent sources support any superseding order of the Knights Hospitaller, all of which use either non-primary or self-published, non-peer-reviewed sources in support of their claims of legitimacy. The Order came to an end either shortly after the 1798 expulsion of the knights from Malta, or soon after the Russian Revolution in the early 20th century.[80]

The large passage fees collected by the American Association of SMOM in the early 1950s may well have tempted Charles Pichel to create his own "Sovereign Order of St John of Jerusalem, Knights Hospitaller" in 1956.[28] Pichel avoided the problems of being an imitation of SMOM by giving his organization a mythical history, claiming that the American organisation he led had been founded within the Russian tradition of the Knights Hospitaller in 1908: a spurious claim, but which nevertheless misled many including some academics. In truth, the foundation of his organisation had no connection to the Russian tradition of the Knights Hospitaller. Once created, the attraction of Russian Nobles into membership of Pichel's 'Order' lent some plausibility to his claims.

These organisations have led to scores of other [self-styled orders](/source/Self-styled_order).[28] Another self-styled Order, based in the US, gained a substantial following under the leadership of the late Robert Formhals, who for some years, and with the support of historical organisations such as The Augustan Society, claimed to be a Polish prince of the [House of Sanguszko](/source/House_of_Sanguszko).[28]

## Hierarchy

### Headquarters

The first in the hierarchy of command was the *Grand Master*, or commander-in-chief, followed by the *Grand Commander*, who after 1304 came from the Grand Priory of St Gilles and who took the place of the Grand Master in case of his absence or death.[81] The third-highest rank was that of the *Marshal* of the hospital, whose main duty was to prepare the order for war.[81] This included the procurement of armour, weapons, mounts with all the required equine equipment, and artillery with all it entails (ordnance, powder, ammunitions).[81] The Marshal could on occasion be given command by the Grand Master or the Grand Commander.[81]

The headquarters of the Hospitallers was known as the [convent](/source/Convent), and its senior officials included, along with the Grand Master, the [seneschal](/source/Seneschal), who was the Order's second-in-command; the marshal, in charge of military affairs; the [preceptor](/source/Preceptor), who managed the administration and provisions; the hospitaller, who managed the main hospital of the Order; the [prior](/source/Prior_(ecclesiastical)), who was responsible for the church at the convent; the [draper](/source/Draper), in charge of uniforms; and the treasurer, responsible for finance. Later, from the 13th century, there were also the positions of [turcopolier](/source/Turcopole), who was in charge of local auxiliary forces known as turcopoles, and the [admiral](/source/Admiral), who commanded the [navy of the Order of Saint John](/source/Navy_of_the_Order_of_Saint_John).[82]

### Ranks

The earliest title used by Hospitallers was brother (*frater* in Latin), which they most likely used since the creation of the Hospital of Saint John in the late 11th century. They also were referred to as Hospitallers (*hospitalarii*) by the time of the First Crusade. A charter from King Baldwin I of Jerusalem dating to 1112 refers to the "poor brothers" of the hospital. Over the next century, members of the Order were organized between chaplains and lay-brothers, with the latter being those that took monastic vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience, and the brothers-at-arms eventually consisted of two ranks – knight brothers and sergeant brothers. The Rule of Raymond du Puy, which was confirmed in the 1140s, did not mention brothers-at-arms, but they were in the statues of the early 1180s. Thus the Order developed three main ranks, those of priest brothers, knight brothers, and sergeant brothers.[83]

Knights were part of the Order of Saint John as brothers by the 1140s, but sergeants were not brothers initially, being hired as mercenaries by the Order to defend pilgrims. Sergeants were not codified as brothers of the Order until the statues of 1204, which listed both knight brothers and sergeant brothers. The statues formally acknowledged developments that had already taken place.[83]

## Princes and Grand Masters

Main article: [List of grand masters of the Knights Hospitaller](/source/List_of_grand_masters_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller)

## See also

### Personalities of the Hospital

- [Caterina Vitale](/source/Caterina_Vitale), the first female pharmacist of the Knights Hospitaller, and the first female pharmacist and chemist in Malta

- [List of the priors of Saint John of Jerusalem in England](/source/List_of_the_priors_of_Saint_John_of_Jerusalem_in_England)

- [Pierre Jean Louis Ovide Doublet](/source/Pierre_Jean_Louis_Ovide_Doublet), a leadership member of the French Secretariat of the Knights

### Fortifications and locales of the Hospital

- [List of Knights Hospitaller sites](/source/List_of_Knights_Hospitaller_sites)

- [Fortifications of Malta](/source/Fortifications_of_Malta#Hospitaller_fortifications_(1530–1798))

- [Fortifications of Rhodes](/source/Fortifications_of_Rhodes)

- [Kolossi Castle](/source/Kolossi_Castle)

- [Mailberg](/source/Mailberg)

- [Castle of La Muela](/source/Castle_of_La_Muela)

- [Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes](/source/Palace_of_the_Grand_Master_of_the_Knights_of_Rhodes)

- [Torphichen Preceptory](/source/Torphichen_Preceptory)

- [Krak des Chevaliers](/source/Krak_des_Chevaliers)

### Related topics

- [History of the Knights Hospitaller in the Levant](/source/History_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller_in_the_Levant)

- [Knights Templar](/source/Knights_Templar)

- [Teutonic Order](/source/Teutonic_Order)

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** The order lost all territorial influence with the [French invasion of Malta](/source/French_invasion_of_Malta) in 1798. In the aftermath of 1798, several Protestant orders were split off, with the remaining Catholic order being re-established, as the [Sovereign Military Order of Malta](/source/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta), in 1822.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Less commonly known as the **Order of Saint John**, the **Knights of St. John** or the **Ioannites**, the **Knights of Rhodes** (due to being based there between 1310–1522), and the **Knights of Malta** (based there between 1530–1798)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** Dedicatory miniature in *Gestorum Rhodie obsidionis commentarii* (account of the [Siege of Rhodes of 1480](/source/Siege_of_Rhodes_(1480))), BNF Lat 6067 fol. 3v, dated 1483/4.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-43)** This historical fact was used as the [plot hook](/source/Narrative_hook) in [Dashiell Hammett](/source/Dashiell_Hammett)'s famous novel *[The Maltese Falcon](/source/The_Maltese_Falcon_(novel))*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-72)** The Canadian historian [Christopher McCreery](/source/Christopher_McCreery) commented in 2008: "there are only five legitimate and mutually recognized Orders of St. John that continue to carry on the historic work of the Knights Hospitaller. These are the Sovereign Military and Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta (The Order of Malta), Die Balley Brandenburg des Ritterlichen Ordens Sankt Johannis vom Spital zu Jerusalem, commonly known as the Johanniter Orden (Germany), Johanniter Orde in Nederland (Netherland), Johanniterorden i Sverige (Sweden), and the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem (Order of St. John, sometimes referred to as the Most Venerable Order). In 1961 an alliance was formed between the Most Venerable Order, the Johanniter Orden, Johanniter Orde in Nederland, and Johanniterorden i Sverige; these four orders compromise the Alliance of the Orders of St. John".[67]

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** ["Names of the Order"](https://www.orderofmalta.int/history/names-of-the-order/).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ([Latin](/source/Latin_language): *Ordo Fratrum Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani*)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Eiland, Murray (2013). ["A Snapshot of Malta"](https://www.academia.edu/8013398). *The Armiger's News*. **35** (1): 2, 11. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025425/https://www.academia.edu/8013398) from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2022 – via academia.edu.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Boas, Adrian J. (2001). *Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades: Society, Landscape and Art in the Holy City under Frankish Rule*. Routledge. p. 26. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-134-58272-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-58272-3).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith201216–17_7-0)** [Riley-Smith 2012](#CITEREFRiley-Smith2012), pp. 16–17.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson20012–5_8-0)** [Nicholson 2001](#CITEREFNicholson2001), pp. 2–5.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith201220–22_9-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith201220–22_9-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith201220–22_9-2) [Riley-Smith 2012](#CITEREFRiley-Smith2012), pp. 20–22.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-autogenerated1_10-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-autogenerated1_10-1) ["History of the Knights of Malta"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180827113117/http://www.knightsofmalta.com/history/history.html). *Knights of Malta*. Archived from [the original](http://www.knightsofmalta.com/history/history.html) on 27 August 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** ["Hospital, Order of the"](https://erenow.org/postclassical/crusades/447.php). *erenow.org*.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-moeller_12-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-moeller_12-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-moeller_12-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-moeller_12-3) One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the [public domain](/source/Public_domain): Moeller, Charles (1913). "[Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Hospitallers_of_St._John_of_Jerusalem)". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). *[Catholic Encyclopedia](/source/Catholic_Encyclopedia)*. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson20015_13-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson20015_13-1) [Nicholson 2001](#CITEREFNicholson2001), p. 5.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith201227–28_14-0)** [Riley-Smith 2012](#CITEREFRiley-Smith2012), pp. 27–28.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith201223–24_15-0)** [Riley-Smith 2012](#CITEREFRiley-Smith2012), pp. 23–24.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith201229–30_16-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith201229–30_16-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith201229–30_16-2) [Riley-Smith 2012](#CITEREFRiley-Smith2012), pp. 29–30.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForeyLuttrell1995186_17-0)** [Forey & Luttrell 1995](#CITEREFForeyLuttrell1995), p. 186.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerthod201017_18-0)** [Berthod 2010](#CITEREFBerthod2010), p. 17.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** ["The eight-pointed cross"](https://www.orderofmalta.int/history/the-eight-pointed-cross/). Sovereign Military Order of Malta. Retrieved 14 June 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwinSetton1969444_20-0)** [Baldwin & Setton 1969](#CITEREFBaldwinSetton1969), p. 444.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForeyLuttrell1995190–191_21-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForeyLuttrell1995190–191_21-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForeyLuttrell1995190–191_21-2) [Forey & Luttrell 1995](#CITEREFForeyLuttrell1995), pp. 190–191.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForeyLuttrell1995192_22-0)** [Forey & Luttrell 1995](#CITEREFForeyLuttrell1995), p. 192.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1951339_23-0)** [Runciman 1951](#CITEREFRunciman1951), p. 339.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwinSetton1969537–538_24-0)** [Baldwin & Setton 1969](#CITEREFBaldwinSetton1969), pp. 537–538.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson200121_25-0)** [Nicholson 2001](#CITEREFNicholson2001), p. 21.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** King, Colonel E. J. (1931). [*The Knights Hospitallers in the Holy Land*](https://www.forgottenbooks.com/en/download/TheKnightsHospitallersintheHolyLand_10860621.pdf) (PDF). London: Methuen & Co. Ltd. pp. 59–60. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230517181438/https://www.forgottenbooks.com/en/download/TheKnightsHospitallersintheHolyLand_10860621.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 17 May 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** Cartulaire – General, Vol. I, No. 27

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** *María Ramírez de Medrano and the Hospital and Convent of San Juan de Acre* [https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/8373680.pdf](https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/8373680.pdf)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** Barquero Goñi, Carlos (2023). ["La Orden de San Juan en el Reino de Toledo durante los siglos XII y XIII: bienes patrimoniales y encomiendas"](https://revistas.uned.es/index.php/ETFIII/article/view/35963/27514) [The Order of Saint John in the Kingdom of Toledo during the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries: Properties and Commanderies]. *Espacio, Tiempo y Forma. Serie III, Historia Medieval* (in Spanish) (36). Madrid: [Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia](/source/Universidad_Nacional_de_Educaci%C3%B3n_a_Distancia): 211–213. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.5944/etfiii.36.2023.35963](https://doi.org/10.5944%2Fetfiii.36.2023.35963). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0214-9745](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0214-9745).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-autogenerated3_30-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-autogenerated3_30-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-autogenerated3_30-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-autogenerated3_30-3) le Roulx, Joseph Delaville, ed. (1894–1906). *Cartulaire general de l'ordre des hospitaliers de St Jean de Jerusalem (1100–1310)*. Paris: Imprimerie Durand. no. 78, no. 2479.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** Lydia Greaves (2008). *Houses of the National Trust: Outstanding Buildings of Britain*. London: National Trust Books. p. 325. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-905400-66-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905400-66-9).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** Rady, Martyn (2000). [*Nobility, Land and Service in Medieval Hungary*](https://books.google.com/books?id=LS-BDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92). Palgrave. p. 92. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-333-98534-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-98534-2). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231230122534/https://books.google.com/books?id=LS-BDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92#v=onepage&q&f=false) from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** Artemi, Eirini (January 2011). ["Diasporic Communities in Rhodes 1350–1450"](https://www.academia.edu/1130115). *Εκκλησιαστικός Φάρος, Τ. Πβ΄ (2011), 237–247*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221127113149/https://www.academia.edu/1130115) from the original on 27 November 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** Graham, J. J. (1858). [*Elementary History of the Progress of the Art of War*](https://books.google.com/books?id=AcRCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA299). R. Bentley. p. 299.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson200154_36-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson200154_36-1) [Nicholson 2001](#CITEREFNicholson2001), p. 54.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** ["Castle of St Peter"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131124142611/http://www.bodrum-bodrum.com/v2/History/Bodrum-s-Castle-of-St.Peter.html). *Bodrum Guide*. Archived from [the original](http://www.bodrum-bodrum.com/v2/History/Bodrum-s-Castle-of-St.Peter.html) on 24 November 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Kinross176_38-0)** Balfour, Baron Kinross, Patrick (1979). [*The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire*](https://archive.org/details/ottomancenturies00kinr/page/176). Harper Collins. p. [176](https://archive.org/details/ottomancenturies00kinr/page/176). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-688-08093-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-08093-8).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-39)** Veinstein, G. "Süleymān". *Encyclopaedia of Islam* (2nd ed.). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1114](https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_1114).

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1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-autogenerated2_41-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-autogenerated2_41-1) Diamond, Jim. ["Malta History"](http://www.jimdiamondmd.com/malta_history.htm). *Jimdiamondmd.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120308000224/http://www.jimdiamondmd.com/malta_history.htm) from the original on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-autogenerated6_42-0)** ["History: Knights of Malta to Present"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120204113517/http://www.carnaval.com/malta/history/knights/). *Malta Visitor Guide*. Archived from [the original](http://www.carnaval.com/malta/history/knights/) on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-44)** Gerhard Köbler (2007). *Historisches Lexikon der Deutschen Länder: die deutschen Territorien vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart* (7th rev. ed.). Munich: C. H. Beck. p. 264.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-45)** Sugden, John (2014). *Nelson: The Sword of Albion* (illustrated ed.). Random House. p. 122. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-84792-276-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84792-276-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-46)** Prata, Nicholas C. (2004). *Angels in Iron* (illustrated, reprint ed.). Arx. pp. 10–11. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-889758-56-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-889758-56-5).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-47)** Cassar, Mario. ["L-Istorja tal-Ilsien Malti"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150923054701/http://www.akkademjatalmalti.com/page.asp?p=9023) [History of the Maltese Language]. *L-Akkademja tal-Malti* (in Maltese). Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 29 October 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-48)** [Pippidi, Andrei](/source/Andrei_Pippidi) (2000). "Două portrete românești în Malta". *Studii și Materiale de Istorie Medie*. **XVIII**: 177–180, 182.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Cohen_49-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Cohen_49-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Cohen_49-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Cohen_49-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Cohen_49-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-Cohen_49-5) One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the [public domain](/source/Public_domain): Cohen, Reuben (15 April 2004) [1920]. Julie Barkley, Bill Hershey and PG Distributed Proofreaders (ed.). [*Knights of Malta, 1523–1798*](https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12034). [Project Gutenberg](/source/Project_Gutenberg). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201015095809/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12034) from the original on 15 October 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2006.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-autogenerated5_50-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-autogenerated5_50-1) ["History of the Order"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080705062625/http://www.knightshospitallers.org/history.htm). *Knights of Malta*. Archived from [the original](http://www.knightshospitallers.org/history.htm) on 5 July 2008. Retrieved 12 October 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-51)** Balbi, Francesco (2005). [*The Siege of Malta, 1565*](https://books.google.com/books?id=l8luF8lm3DgC&pg=PA94). Woodbridge: Boydell Press. p. 94. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-84383-140-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-140-2). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231230122615/https://books.google.com/books?id=l8luF8lm3DgC&pg=PA94#v=onepage&q&f=false) from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-52)** ["Ottoman Siege of Malta, 1565"](http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/16cen/malta1565.htm). *World History at KMLA*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231230122535/http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/16cen/malta1565.html) from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2007.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-53)** History, Aaron Schuck (12 May 2024). ["Jean Parisot de la Valette, the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller"](https://medium.com/@aaronrschuck/jean-parisot-de-la-valette-the-grand-master-of-the-knights-hospitaller-7e3796bce17c). *Medium*. Retrieved 13 March 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-54)** *Breve de Nuestro Santísimo Padre Paulo PP. V. en confirmación de los privilegios de la Orden de San Juan de Jerusalén, Roma*, 1605, Biblioteca Nacional de España, VE/54/67, Sala Cervantes, Fondo Antiguo.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-55)** ["History"](https://theknightsofmalta.com/history/). *The Knights of Malta*. Retrieved 13 March 2025.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-57)** Hoppen, Alison (April 1973). "The Finances of the Order of St John of Jerusalem in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries". *European Studies Review*. **3** (2): 106. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1177/026569147300300201](https://doi.org/10.1177%2F026569147300300201). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [145115837](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145115837).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-58)** Kamen, Henry (2000). *Early Modern European Society*. London: Routledge. p. 17. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-415-15865-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15865-7).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-allen_59-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-allen_59-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-allen_59-2) Allen, D.F. (April 2016). "Charles II, Louis XIV and the Order of Malta". *European History Quarterly*. **20** (3): 323–340. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1177/026569149002000301](https://doi.org/10.1177%2F026569149002000301). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [145141602](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145141602).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-bamford_60-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-bamford_60-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-bamford_60-2) Bamford, Paul Walden (Autumn 1964). "The Knights of Malta and the King of France, 1665–1700". *French Historical Studies*. **3** (4): 429–453. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/286150](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F286150). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [286150](https://www.jstor.org/stable/286150).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-61)** Lacroix, Paul (1964). *Military and Religious Life in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance*. New York: Frederick Ungar. p. 188.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-seward_62-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-seward_62-1) Seward, Desmond (1972). *The Monks of War*. London: Penguin.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-63)** Greene, Molly (February 2002). ["Beyond the Northern Invasion: The Mediterranean in the Seventeenth Century"](https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar//handle/123456789/10794). *Past & Present* (174): 46. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/past/174.1.42](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpast%2F174.1.42). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200803010627/https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar//handle/123456789/10794) from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2019.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-autogenerated4_64-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-autogenerated4_64-1) ["History of the Order 1066–1999"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080724182811/http://www.orderofmalta.org.uk/history.htm). *Order of Malta UK*. Archived from [the original](http://www.orderofmalta.org.uk/history.htm) on 24 July 2008. Retrieved 12 October 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-65)** Bonnassieux, Louis Jean Pierre Marie (1892). [*Les grandes compagnies de commerce: étude pour servir à l'histoire de la colonisation*](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9692870s.texteImage) (in French). Paris: Plon. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181127234530/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9692870s.texteImage) from the original on 27 November 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Robinson_66-0)** Robinson, J.H., ed. (1906). "The Decree Abolishing the Feudal System". *Readings in European History 2 Vols*. **2**. Boston: Ginn: 404–409.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-cole_67-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-cole_67-1) Cole, Juan (2007). *Napoleon's Egypt: Invading the Middle East*. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 8–10.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-68)** [Porter, Whitworth](/source/Whitworth_Porter) (1858). [*A History of the Knights of Malta*](https://archive.org/details/ahistoryknights05portgoog). London: Longman, Brown, Green. p. [457](https://archive.org/details/ahistoryknights05portgoog/page/n474).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-69)** ["The Knights of Malta"](http://www.focusmm.com/malta/ma_hist3.htm). *Focus on Malta*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120304043839/http://www.focusmm.com/malta/ma_hist3.htm) from the original on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-70)** Mairav, Zonszein (5 August 2013). ["Mideast's Largest Crusader-Era Hospital Unveiled"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130808051440/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/13/130805-archaeology-israel-jerusalem-crusader-middle-east-excavation/). National Geographic Society. Archived from [the original](https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/13/130805-archaeology-israel-jerusalem-crusader-middle-east-excavation/) on 8 August 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-McCreery2008_71-0)** [McCreery, Christopher](/source/Christopher_McCreery) (2008). *The Maple Leaf and the White Cross: A History of St. John Ambulance and the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem in Canada*. Dundurn. p. 187. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-77070-280-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77070-280-6).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-73)** ["Sovereign Order of Malta – official site"](https://www.orderofmalta.int/history/). Orderofmalta.int. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161120150353/https://www.orderofmalta.int/history/) from the original on 20 November 2016. Retrieved 12 September 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-74)** Stair Sainty, Guy; Heydel-Mankoo, Rafal, eds. (2006). *World Orders of Knighthood and Merit*. Wilmington: Burke's Peerage & Gentry. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-9711966-7-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9711966-7-4).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-75)** ["Organisations granted Observer Status in the General Assembly"](https://web.archive.org/web/20121201004149/http://www.un.org/en/members/intergovorg.shtml). United Nations. Archived from [the original](https://www.un.org/en/members/intergovorg.shtml) on 1 December 2012.{}

1. **[^](#cite_ref-76)** ["Knights of Malta Catholic order celebrates 900 years"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-21388516). *BBC News*. 9 February 2013. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220831112820/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-21388516) from the original on 31 August 2022. Retrieved 31 August 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-77)** ["Origins of the Order"](http://www.allianceofstjohn.org/). *The Alliance of the Orders of St John*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100501093718/http://www.allianceofstjohn.org/) from the original on 1 May 2010. Retrieved 10 July 2007.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-78)** ["Bilateral Relations"](https://www.orderofmalta.int/diplomatic-activities/bilateral-relations/). *Order of Malta*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170625205913/https://www.orderofmalta.int/diplomatic-activities/bilateral-relations/) from the original on 25 June 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-79)** ["Multilateral Relations"](https://www.orderofmalta.int/diplomatic-activities/multilateral-relations/). *Order of Malta*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20111009093650/http://www.orderofmalta.int/diplomatic-relations/755/multilateral-relations/?lang=en) from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 15 August 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-80)** ["The Order of Malta clarifies press reported figure on passports issued: currently 500 passports in circulation"](https://www.orderofmalta.int/press-releases/the-order-of-malta-clarifies-press-reported-figure-on-passports-issued-currently-500-passports-in-circulation/). *Sovereign Order of Malta*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220831112823/https://www.orderofmalta.int/press-releases/the-order-of-malta-clarifies-press-reported-figure-on-passports-issued-currently-500-passports-in-circulation/) from the original on 31 August 2022. Retrieved 31 August 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-81)** ["Agreement between the Government of Malta and the Government of the Sovereign Hospitalier Order of Saint John"](https://foreignaffairs.gov.mt/en/Treaties%20Series/Pages/Treaties%20Documents/SMOM---Agreement-between-the-Government-of-Malta-and-the-Government-of-the-Sovereign-Hospitaller-Order-of-Saint-John-of-Jer.aspx). *Maltese Ministry of Foreign Affairs*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181204101847/https://foreignaffairs.gov.mt/en/Treaties%20Series/Pages/Treaties%20Documents/SMOM---Agreement-between-the-Government-of-Malta-and-the-Government-of-the-Sovereign-Hospitaller-Order-of-Saint-John-of-Jer.aspx) from the original on 4 December 2018. Retrieved 13 November 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-82)** ["Historical Legacy, Migration and Fort St. Angelo discussed during the Grand Master's State Visit to the Republic of Malta"](https://www.orderofmalta.int/news/historical-legacy-migration-and-fort-st-angelo-discussed-during-the-grand-masters-state-visit-to-the-republic-of-malta/). *Order of Malta*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220815085611/https://www.orderofmalta.int/news/historical-legacy-migration-and-fort-st-angelo-discussed-during-the-grand-masters-state-visit-to-the-republic-of-malta/) from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-83)** ["Home Page"](http://www.orderofstjohn.org/). *St John International*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210426092810/http://www.orderofstjohn.org/) from the original on 26 April 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-84)** ["History of the Order of St John"](https://www.stjohneyehospital.org/resources/history-of-the-order-of-st-john). *St John of Jerusalem Eye Hospital Group*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181204005738/https://www.stjohneyehospital.org/resources/history-of-the-order-of-st-john) from the original on 4 December 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Dijkhof_85-0)** Dijkhof, Hans J. Hoegen; Dijkhof, Hendrik Johannes Hoegen (2006). [*The Legitimacy of Orders of St. John: A Historical and Legal Analysis and Case Study of a Para-religious Phenomenon*](https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/4576/thesis.pdf;jsessionid=A63B392DA31855CB35A997EB3DEE5C51?sequence=4). Hoegen Dijkhof Advocaten. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-90-6550-954-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6550-954-3). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170414190235/https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/4576/thesis.pdf;jsessionid=A63B392DA31855CB35A997EB3DEE5C51?sequence=4) from the original on 14 April 2017. Retrieved 12 June 2018.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Fitz_86-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Fitz_86-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Fitz_86-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Fitz_86-3) Kennedy, John Joseph Fitzpatrick (Spring 2008). ["Some External Insignia of Office for Dignitaries of the Order of St John of Jerusalem, Cyprus, Rhodes and Malta"](https://www.theheraldrysociety.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/CoA-215-Kennedy-paper.pdf) (PDF). *The Coat of Arms* (Third series, Volume IV, Part 1, Number 215 in the original series started in 1952). [Burnham](/source/Burnham%2C_Buckinghamshire), [Slough](/source/Slough): The Heraldry Society: 7–15 [8]. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0010-003X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-003X). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211103022120/https://www.theheraldrysociety.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/CoA-215-Kennedy-paper.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgtorf20083–4,_19_87-0)** [Burgtorf 2008](#CITEREFBurgtorf2008), pp. 3–4, 19.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgtorf200834–36_88-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgtorf200834–36_88-1) [Burgtorf 2008](#CITEREFBurgtorf2008), pp. 34–36.

## Further reading

- Baldwin, Marshal W.; [Setton, Kenneth M.](/source/Kenneth_Setton), eds. (1969). *A History of the Crusades, Volume I: The First Hundred Years*. Madison: [University of Wisconsin Press](/source/University_of_Wisconsin_Press).

- [Ball, David](/source/David_W._Ball) (2004). [*Ironfire*](https://archive.org/details/ironfirenoveloft00ball). Bantam Dell. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-385-33601-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-33601-2).

- [Berthod, Bernard](/source/Bernard_Berthod) (2010). *Grandes figures de l'Ordre de Malte* (in French). Artège Group. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-2-36040-405-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-36040-405-6).

- Bosio, Giacomo; Boissat, Pierre de (1643). [*Histoire des Chevaliers de l’Ordre de St. Jean de Hierusalem*](http://cdm.csbsju.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/SJRareBooks/id/13118/rec/30) (in French) (Édition augmentée ed.). Paris. [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [715038258](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/715038258).

- [Bradford, Ernle](/source/Ernle_Bradford) (1972). *The Shield and the Sword*. London: Harper Collins.

- Burgtorf, Jochen (2008). *The Central Convent of Hospitallers and Templars: History, Organization, and Personnel (1099/1120-1310)*. Leiden: Brill Publishers. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-90-04-16660-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16660-8).

- Carr, John (2016). *The Knights Hospitaller*. Pen & Sword Books. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-47385-888-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-47385-888-6).

- Crowley, Roger (2008). *Empires of the Sea: The Siege of Malta, the Battle of Lepanto, and the Contest for the Center of the World*. Random House. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4000-6624-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6624-7).

- Fenech, Marthese (2011). *Eight Pointed Cross*. BDL. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-99957-33-08-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99957-33-08-7).

- Fenech, Marthese (2020). *Falcon's Shadow*. BDL. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-99182-10-44-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99182-10-44-2).

- Fenech, Marthese (2022). *Ash Fall*. BDL. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-99182-11-60-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99182-11-60-9).

- [Forey, Alan](/source/Alan_Forey); [Luttrell, Anthony](/source/Anthony_Luttrell) (1995). Riley-Smith, Jonathan (ed.). *The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades*. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-285428-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285428-5).

- Gauci, Liam (2016). *In the Name of the Prince: Maltese Corsairs 1760–1798*. Malta: Heritage Malta Publishing. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-99932-57-37-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99932-57-37-0).

- Hoegen Dijkhof, Hans J. (2006). *The Legitimacy of Orders of St. John: a historical and legal analysis and case study of a para-religious phenomenon*. Doctoral thesis. Leiden: University of Leiden. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [90-6550-954-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6550-954-2).

- [Levaye, Patrick](/source/Patrick_Levaye) (2007). *Géopolitique du Catholicisme*. Éditions Ellipses. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-2-7298-3523-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7298-3523-1).

- Lindgren, Carl Edwin (September–October 1999). "Some Notes About the Sovereign Military Order of Malta in the U.S.A". *Nobilita (Rivista di Araldica, Genealogia, Ordini Cavallereschi)*. **7** (32). Istituto Araldico Genealogico Italiano.

- [Nicholson, Helen J.](/source/Helen_J._Nicholson) (2001). *The Knights Hospitaller*. Boydell Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-84383-038-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84383-038-8).

- Noonan, James-Charles Jr. (1996). [*The Church Visible: The Ceremonial Life and Protocol of the Roman Catholic Church*](https://archive.org/details/churchvisiblecer0000noon/page/196). Viking. p. [196](https://archive.org/details/churchvisiblecer0000noon/page/196). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-670-86745-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-86745-4).

- Peyrefitte, Roger (1960). *Knights of Malta*. Translated from the French by Edward Hyams. London: Secker & Warburg.

- [Phillips, Walter Alison](/source/Walter_Alison_Phillips) (1911). ["St John of Jerusalem, Knights of the Order of the Hospital of"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/St_John_of_Jerusalem,_Knights_of_the_Order_of_the_Hospital_of). In [Chisholm, Hugh](/source/Hugh_Chisholm) (ed.). *[Encyclopædia Britannica](/source/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition)*. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 12–19.

- Porter, Whitworth (2013). *A History of the Knights of Malta (reprint of original edition 1883)*. Cambridge University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-108-06622-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-06622-8).

- Read, Piers Paul (1999). *The Templars*. Imago. p. 118. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [85-312-0735-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/85-312-0735-5).

- [Riley-Smith, Jonathan](/source/Jonathan_Riley-Smith) (2012). *The Knights Hospitaller in the Levant, c.1070–1309*. Palgrave Macmillian. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-230-29083-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-29083-9).

- [Runciman, Steven](/source/Steven_Runciman) (1951). *A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100–1187*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-521-06162-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-06162-8). {{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#invalid_isbn_date))

- [Sire, H.J.A.](/source/Henry_Sire) (1996). *The Knights of Malta*. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-03000-68-85-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-03000-68-85-6).

- [Tyerman, Christopher](/source/Christopher_Tyerman) (2006). *God's War: A New History of the Crusades*. Allen Lane. p. 253. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-7139-9220-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7139-9220-4).

- White, Joshua M. (2017). *Piracy and Law in the Ottoman Mediterranean*. Stanford University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-503-60252-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-503-60252-6).

- Bom, Myra Miranda (2012). *Women in the military orders of the crusades*. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-137-08830-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-08830-7). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [1058540900](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1058540900).

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Order of Saint John of Jerusalem](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Order_of_Saint_John_of_Jerusalem).

Latin [Wikisource](/source/Wikisource) has original text related to this article:

**[Charter for the settlement of Bethgibelin, 1168](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Carta_fratrum_hospitalis_Sancti_Johannis_burgensibus_Gibelini)**

- ["Sovereign Military Order of Malta – Official Website"](https://www.orderofmalta.int/). *Sovereign Military Order of Malta*.

- ["Houses of Knights Hospitallers"](http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=36282). *British History Online*.

- ["Knights Hospitaller of the Order of St John of Jerusalem in Scotland"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170606084033/http://www.armadale.org.uk/preceptory.htm). *Armadale.org.uk*. Archived from [the original](http://www.armadale.org.uk/preceptory.htm) on 6 June 2017.

- ["History of the Order of St John in Scotland"](https://web.archive.org/web/20161111060633/http://www.stjohnscotland.org.uk/index.php/2012-12-16-12-49-29/96-history-of-the-order). *St John Scotland*. Archived from [the original](http://www.stjohnscotland.org.uk/index.php/2012-12-16-12-49-29/96-history-of-the-order) on 11 November 2016.

- Winfield, Nicole (9 February 2013). ["Vatican celebrates Knights of Malta's 900 years"](https://news.yahoo.com/vatican-celebrates-knights-maltas-900-years-102612935.html). *Yahoo! News*. Associated Press.

- ["Museum of the Order of St John"](http://museumstjohn.org.uk/). *Museum of the Order of St John*.

v t e Crusader states List of Crusader states Levant Kingdom of Jerusalem vassals Principality of Antioch Antioch County of Edessa Marash County of Tripoli Gibeletto Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia Kingdom of Cyprus Greece Latin Empire of Constantinople Duchy of Philippopolis Kingdom of Thessalonica Principality of Achaea Duchy of Athens Duchy of Neopatras Duchy of the Archipelago Triarchy of Negroponte County Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos Lordship of Argos and Nauplia Venetian Stato da Màr Knights Hospitaller Hospitaller Rhodes Genoese colonies Prussia and Livonia State of the Teutonic Order* Teutonic Order Livonian Order Livonian Brothers of the Sword* Archbishopric of Riga Bishopric of Courland Bishopric of Dorpat Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek Bishopric of Reval Dobrzyń Land Order of Dobrzyń Free City of Riga Military orders Crusading movement Crusades

v t e Crusader sites Sorted by modern states, with crusader names in parentheses () Cyprus More Egypt More Greece More Israel Abu Ghosh (Fontenoid) Achziv (Casal Imbertia) Acre (Saint Jean d'Acre) Apollonia–Arsuf (Arsur) Ascalon Ateret Fortress (siege) Yazur Bayt 'Ittab (Bethaatap) Bayt Jibrin (Beth Gibelin) Beit She'an (Bethsan) Belvoir Fortress Burgata Caesarea Maritima Cafarlet Château Pèlerin Destroit Castle Arnold Ein Hemed Jerusalem Haifa (Caypha) Jaffa Latrun (Toron) Hunin (Château Neuf) Mi'ilya (Castellum Regis) Migdal Afek (Mirabel) Montfort Qalansawe (Calanson) Qaqun (Caco) Qastal (Beauverium) Qula Safed (Saphet) Taibe Tel Afek Tel Hanaton Tell es-Safi (Blanche Garde) Tel Tanninim (Torin Selin) Suba (Belmont) Tel Yokneam (Caymont) Yavne (Ibelin) Tiberias Sepphoris (La Sephorie) Umm Khalid Khirbat Jiddin (Judin) Jordan Kerak Castle Montreal Tafilah Vaux Moise Lebanon Arqa Batroun Beaufort Castle Beirut Castle Belhacem Byblos Castle Citadel of Tripoli Dubay Castle Gibelacar Coliath Deir Kifa Castle Hasbaya Castle Moinetre Puy du Connétable, Castrum Constabularii Nephin Saint Louis Castle Scandelion Castle Sidon Sea Castle Smar Jbeil Citadel Toron Syria More Turkey More Associations Kingdom of Jerusalem County of Tripoli Knights Hospitaller Order of the Holy Sepulchre Knights Templar Order of Saint Lazarus Teutonic Order Catholicism portal

v t e Sovereign Military Order of Malta topics Catholic order of chivalry and sovereign subject of international law, founded in 1099 in Jerusalem, Kingdom of Jerusalem Organisation Grand Master Governance Sovereign Council Chapter General Grand Priories, Bailiwicks, Commanderies, Associations Langues Foreign relations Diplomatic missions of Diplomatic missions to European Union United Nations Auxiliaries Malteser International Order of Malta Ambulance Corps Military Corps Historically: Air Force Navy Ships of the line Society and culture Maltese cross Flag and coat of arms Anthem Orders, decorations, and medals Passports Currency Postal system Historically: Slavery History, including major sites, commanderies, premises, and battles Rome Palazzo Malta (capital) (1869) Villa del Priorato di Malta (1869) Malta Fortifications Birgu ( Fort St Angelo (2001)) Senglea (Fort St Michael)^ Mdina Valletta (Fort St Elmo) Cittadella Floriana Lines Santa Margherita Lines Cottonera Lines Fort Ricasoli Fort Manoel Fort Chambray Fort Tigné others Palaces Grand Master's Palace Vilhena Palace Verdala Palace San Anton Palace Churches St John (Conventual Church) Our Lady of Liesse Our Lady of Pilar Our Lady of Victory St Barbara St Catherine St Lawrence Auberges Birgu Allemagne^ Angleterre Aragon Auvergne et Provence Castille et Portugal France Italie^ Valletta Allemagne^ Aragon Auvergne^ Bavière Castille et Portugal France^ Italie Provence Rhodes Fortifications Palace of the Grand Master Anatolia: Bodrum Castle Holy Land Saint John d'Acre Arqa Abu Ghosh Belvoir Fortress Chastel Rouge Church of Saint John the Baptist Church of Saint Mary of the Germans Coliath^ Gibelacar Krak des Chevaliers Margat Mount Tabor^ Other regions Tripoli Principality of Heitersheim Colonization of the Americas Military history Crusades 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th Battles Siege of Jerusalem (1187) Battle of Arsuf (1191) Siege of Acre (1291) Conquest of Rhodes (1306–1310) Sieges of Rhodes 1444 1480 1522 Capture of Mahdia (1550) Invasion of Gozo (1551) Siege of Tripoli (1551) Great Siege of Malta (1565) Battle of Lepanto (1571) Raid on the Kerkennah Islands (1611) Raid on Żejtun (1614) Battle of Chios (1621) Battle of Palermo (1624) Battle of the Gulf of Tunis (1624) Battle of the Dalmatian Coast (1624) Battle of Damietta (1732) Loss of Malta (1798) Extant extraterritoriality (with year of proclamation) World Heritage Site, UNESCO ^ Demolished or sparse remains Catholicism portal

Authority control databases International ISNI GND National United States Czech Republic Greece Sweden Israel Catalonia Other IdRef Historical Dictionary of Switzerland Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine Yale LUX

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Knights Hospitaller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.