# Kinetoplastid

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Class of flagellated protozoa

Kinetoplastid Trypanosoma cruzi parasites Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Clade: Discoba Phylum: Euglenozoa Subphylum: Glycomonada Class: Kinetoplastea Honigberg, 1963 emend. Cavalier-Smith, 1981[1][2] Subdivisions ?Bordnamonadidae ?Trypanophididae Prokinetoplastina Prokinetoplastida Metakinetoplastina Neobodonida Parabodonida Bodonida Trypanosomatida Synonyms Kinetoplastida Honigberg 1963 emend. Margulis 1974

**Kinetoplastida** (or **Kinetoplastea**, as a [class](/source/Class_(biology))) is a group of [flagellated](/source/Flagellated) [protists](/source/Protists) belonging to the [phylum](/source/Phylum) [Euglenozoa](/source/Euglenozoa),[3][4] and characterised by the presence of a distinctive [organelle](/source/Organelle) called the [kinetoplast](/source/Kinetoplast) (hence the name), a granule containing a large mass of [DNA](/source/DNA). The group includes a number of [parasites](/source/Parasite) responsible for serious diseases in humans and other animals, as well as various forms found in soil and aquatic environments. The organisms are commonly referred to as "kinetoplastids" or "kinetoplasts".[5]

The kinetoplastids were first defined by [Bronislaw M. Honigberg](/source/Bronislaw_M._Honigberg) in 1963 as the members of the flagellated protozoans.[1] They are traditionally divided into the biflagellate [Bodonidae](/source/Bodonidae) and uniflagellate [Trypanosomatidae](/source/Trypanosomatidae); the former appears to be [paraphyletic](/source/Paraphyletic) to the latter. One family of kinetoplastids, the trypanosomatids, is notable as it includes several genera which are exclusively parasitic. *[Bodo](/source/Bodo_(genus))* is a typical genus within kinetoplastida, which also includes various common free-living species which feed on [bacteria](/source/Bacteria). Others include *[Cryptobia](/source/Cryptobia)* and the parasitic *[Leishmania](/source/Leishmania)*.

## Taxonomy

### History

Honigberg created the taxonomic names Kinetoplastida and Kinetoplastea in 1963.[1] Since then there is no consensus on the use of either of the two as a definite [taxon](/source/Taxon). Kinetoplastea is more widely used as the class,[6][7][8][9][10] while Kinetoplastida is mostly used to designate the [order](/source/Order_(biology)),[4][11][12][13] but is also used as a class.[3][14] [Lynn Margulis](/source/Lynn_Margulis), who initially accepted Kinetoplastida as an order in 1974, later placed it as a class.[15] Use of Kinetoplastida as an order also creates confusion as there is already an older name Trypanosomatida Kent, 1880, under which the kinetoplastids are most often placed.[16]

### Classification

Kinetoplastida is divided into two subclasses - [Metakinetoplastina](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metakinetoplastina&action=edit&redlink=1) and [Prokinetoplastina](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prokinetoplastina&action=edit&redlink=1).[17][18]

- Family ?[Bordnamonadidae](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bordnamonadidae&action=edit&redlink=1) Cavalier-Smith 2013

- Family ?[Trypanophididae](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trypanophididae&action=edit&redlink=1) Poche 1911

- Subclass [Prokinetoplastina](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prokinetoplastina&action=edit&redlink=1) Vickerman 2004 - Order [Prokinetoplastida](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prokinetoplastida&action=edit&redlink=1) Vickerman 2004 - Family [Ichthyobodonidae](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ichthyobodonidae&action=edit&redlink=1) Isaksen et al. 2007

- Subclass [Metakinetoplastina](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metakinetoplastina&action=edit&redlink=1) Vickerman 2004 - Order [Neobodonida](/source/Neobodonida) Vickerman 2004 - Family [Rhynchomonadidae](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhynchomonadidae&action=edit&redlink=1) Cavalier-Smith 2016 - Family [Neobodonidae](/source/Neobodonidae) Cavalier-Smith 2016 - Order [Parabodonida](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parabodonida&action=edit&redlink=1) Vickerman 2004 - Family [Parabodonidae](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parabodonidae&action=edit&redlink=1) Cavalier-Smith 2016 [Cryptobiaceae Poche 1911; Cryptobiidae Vickerman 1976; Trypanoplasmatidae Hartmann & Chagas 1910] - Order [Bodonida](/source/Bodonida) Hollande 1952 [emend](/source/Emendation_(zoology)). Vickerman 1976 - Family [Bodonidae](/source/Bodo_(excavate)) Bütschli 1883 - Order Trypanosomatida Kent 1880 stat. n. Hollande 1952 [emend](/source/Emendation_(zoology)). Vickerman 2004 - Family Trypanosomatidae Doflein 1901 [Trypanomorphidae Woodcock 1906]

## Morphology

Kinetoplastids are [eukaryotic](/source/Eukaryotic) and possess normal eukaryotic organelles, for example the [nucleus](/source/Cell_nucleus), mitochondrion, [golgi apparatus](/source/Golgi_apparatus) and flagellum. Along with these universal structures, kinetoplastids have several distinguishing morphological features such as the kinetoplast, sub-pellicular microtubule array and paraflagellar rod.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

### Mitochondrion and kinetoplast DNA

Main article: [Kinetoplast](/source/Kinetoplast)

The kinetoplast, after which the class is named, is a dense DNA-containing granule within the cell's single mitochondrion, containing many copies of the mitochondrial [genome](/source/Genome). The structure is made up of a network of concatenated circular DNA molecules and their related structural proteins along with [DNA](/source/DNA_polymerase) and [RNA polymerases](/source/RNA_polymerase). The kinetoplast is found at the base of a cell's flagella and is associated to the flagellum [basal body](/source/Basal_body) by a [cytoskeletal](/source/Cytoskeleton) structure.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

### Cytoskeleton

The cytoskeleton of kinetoplastids is primarily made up of [microtubules](/source/Microtubules). These make a highly regular array, the sub-pellicular array, which runs parallel just under the cell surface along the long axis of the cell. Other microtubules with more specialised roles, such as the [rootlet microtubules](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rootlet_microtubules&action=edit&redlink=1), are also present. Kinetoplastids are capable of forming [actin](/source/Actin) [microfilaments](/source/Microfilaments) but their role in the cytoskeleton is not clear. Other cytoskeletal structures include the specialised attachment between the flagellum and the kinetoplast.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

### Flagella

All kinetoplastids possess at least one flagellum; species in the order trypanosomatida have one and [bodonida](/source/Bodonida) have two. In kinetoplastids with two flagella most forms have a leading and trailing flagellum, the latter of which may be attached to the side of the cell. The flagella are used for locomotion and attachment to surfaces. The bases of the flagella are found in a specialised pocket structure which is also the location of the [cytostome](/source/Cytostome).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

**Representation of a kinetoplastid**

1. [Flagellum](/source/Flagellum)
1. Flagellar membrane
1. Flagellar axoneme
1. Paraflagellar rod
1. Flagellar attachment zone
1. Flagellar-associated [ER](/source/Endoplasmic_reticulum)
1. Pelicular microtubules
1. [Endosome](/source/Endosome), sorts material
1. Glycosome
1. [Acidocalcisome](/source/Acidocalcisome)
1. [Mitochondrion](/source/Mitochondria), creates [ATP](/source/Adenosine_triphosphate) (energy) for the cell (discoid cristae)
1. [Nucleus](/source/Cell_nucleus)
1. [Golgi apparatus](/source/Golgi_apparatus), modifies [proteins](/source/Protein) and sends them out of the cell
1. Flagellar pocket collar
1. Flagellar pocket
1. [Basal bodies](/source/Basal_body)
1. Connecting fibres
1. [Kinetoplast](/source/Kinetoplast), DNA-containing granule
1. Antipodal site

## Life cycle

Kinetoplastids may be free-living or parasitic. The order trypanosomatida is notable as it includes many genera which are exclusively parasitic. Trypanosomatids may have simple life cycles in a single host or more complex ones which progress through multiple differentiation stages in two hosts. Dramatic morphological changes are possible between lifecycle stages. Diseases caused by members of the order trypanosomatida include [sleeping sickness](/source/African_trypanosomiasis) and [Chagas disease](/source/Chagas_disease), caused by species of *[Trypanosoma](/source/Trypanosoma)*, and [leishmaniasis](/source/Leishmaniasis), caused by species of *[Leishmania](/source/Leishmania)*.[19]

*[Trypanosoma brucei](/source/Trypanosoma_brucei)* can undergo [meiosis](/source/Meiosis) as a likely part of a sexual cycle.[20][21] *[Leishmania major](/source/Leishmania_major)* is also capable of a meiotic process that is likely part of a sexual cycle.[22]

## Gallery

		- *[Cryptobia](/source/Cryptobia)* sp.

		- *[Bodo](/source/Bodo_(genus))* sp.

		- *[Trypanosoma](/source/Trypanosoma)* sp.

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Honigberg_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Honigberg_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Honigberg_1-2) Honigberg, B. M. (1963). "A contribution to systematics of the non-pigmented flagellates.". In Ludvík, J.; Lom, J.; Vávra J. (eds.). *Progress in Protozoology: proceedings of the first International Congress on protozoology held at Prague*. Academic Press.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Cavalier-Smith, T. (1981). Eukaryote kingdoms: seven or nine? Biosystems 14, 461–481.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-berman_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-berman_3-1) Berman, Jules J. (2012). [*Taxonomic Guide to Infectious Diseases: Understanding the Biologic Classes of Pathogenic Organisms*](https://books.google.com/books?id=m7vT6i3xmC4C). London: Elsevier/Academic Press. p. 96. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-12415-895-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12415-895-5).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-uniprot_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-uniprot_4-1) ["Kinetoplastida (kinetoplasts)"](https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/5653). UniProt Consortium. Retrieved 22 January 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-tolweb_5-0)** Lukes, Julius (2009). ["Kinetoplastida"](http://tolweb.org/Kinetoplastida/98013). The Tree of Life Web Project. Retrieved 10 September 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** ["Kinetoplastea"](http://eol.org/pages/2910504/overview). *EOL*. Retrieved 22 January 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** ["Kinetoplastea"](http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=562565). World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 22 January 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** ["Kinetoplastea"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150122171006/http://zipcodezoo.com/key/protozoa/Kinetoplastea_Class.asp). ZipcodeZoo. Archived from [the original](http://zipcodezoo.com/key/protozoa/Kinetoplastea_Class.asp) on 22 January 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** ["Taxon: Class Kinetoplastea"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150122151926/http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonName.aspx?id=198775&src=0). The Taxonomicon. Archived from [the original](http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonName.aspx?id=198775&src=0) on 22 January 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Moreira, D. (2004). ["An updated view of kinetoplastid phylogeny using environmental sequences and a closer outgroup: proposal for a new classification of the class Kinetoplastea"](https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fijs.0.63081-0). *International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology*. **54** (5): 1861–1875. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1099/ijs.0.63081-0](https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fijs.0.63081-0). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [15388756](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15388756).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** ["Kinetoplastida"](http://eol.org/pages/5002/names?all=1). *EOL*. Retrieved 22 January 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** ["Kinetoplastida"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150122153154/http://www.metalife.com/NCBI%20Taxonomy/5653). *Metalife*. Archived from [the original](http://www.metalife.com/NCBI%20Taxonomy/5653) on 22 January 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** ["Kinetoplastida"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?lvl=0&id=5653). NCBI Taxonomy. Retrieved 22 January 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Gutierrez, Yezid (2000). *Diagnostic Pathology of Parasitic Infections with Clinical Correlations* (2 ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 63. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-1951214-38](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1951214-38).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Margulis, Lynn; Chapman, Michael J. (2009). [*Kingdoms & Domains : An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth*](https://archive.org/details/fivekingdomsillu00marg_711) (4 ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press/Elsevier. p. [158](https://archive.org/details/fivekingdomsillu00marg_711/page/n213). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-12-373621-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-373621-5).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Deschamps, P.; Lara, E.; Marande, W.; Lopez-Garcia, P.; Ekelund, F.; Moreira, D. (2010). ["Phylogenomic analysis of kinetoplastids supports that trypanosomatids arose from within bodonids"](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsq289). *Molecular Biology and Evolution*. **28** (1): 53–58. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/molbev/msq289](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsq289). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [21030427](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21030427).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Moreira, D; López-García, P; Vickerman, K (2004). ["An updated view of kinetoplastid phylogeny using environmental sequences and a closer outgroup: proposal for a new classification of the class Kinetoplastea"](https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fijs.0.63081-0). *International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology*. **54** (Pt 5): 1861–1875. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1099/ijs.0.63081-0](https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fijs.0.63081-0). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [15388756](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15388756).

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid21321215_20-0)** Peacock L, Ferris V, Sharma R, Sunter J, Bailey M, Carrington M, Gibson W (2011). ["Identification of the meiotic life cycle stage of Trypanosoma brucei in the tsetse fly"](http://psasir.upm.edu.my/25359/1/Identification%20of%20the%20meiotic%20life%20cycle%20stage%20of%20Trypanosoma%20brucei%20in%20the%20tsetse%20fly.pdf) (PDF). *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A*. **108** (9): 3671–6. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2011PNAS..108.3671P](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PNAS..108.3671P). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1073/pnas.1019423108](https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1019423108). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [3048101](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3048101). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [21321215](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21321215).

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## Bibliography

- Lumsden, W.H.R. & D.A. Evans (eds.). 1976-1979. *Biology of the Kinetoplastida*, 2 vols. London: Academic Press.

## External links

- [Tree of Life: Kinetoplastida](http://tolweb.org/Kinetoplastida/98013)

- [KBD -- Kinetoplastid Biology and Disease](http://www.kinetoplastids.com/)

v t e Discoba classification Domain Archaea Bacteria Eukaryota (major groups Metamonada Discoba Diaphoretickes Hacrobia Cryptista Rhizaria Alveolata Stramenopiles Plants Amorphea Amoebozoa Opisthokonta Animalia Fungi Mesomycetozoea) Eolouka* Tsukubea Tsukubamonadidae Tsukubamonas Jakobea Ophirinina Agogonidae Agogonia Ophirinidae Ophirina Andalucina Andaluciidae Andalucia Stygiellidae Stygiella Velundella Histionina Histionidae Histiona Reclinomonas Jakobidae Jakoba Moramonadidae Moramonas Seculamonas Discicristata Euglenozoa Euglenida Petalomonadida Scytomonadidae Atraktomonas Biundula Calycimonas Dolium Dylakosoma Notosolenus Pentamonas Petalomonas Scytomonas Tropidoscyphus Sphenomonadidae Sphenomonas Ploeotiida* Entosiphonidae Entosiphon Gaulosia Chelandium Olkasia Alistosa Ploeotiidae Ploeotia Serpenomonas Decastava Keelungia Lentomonas Karavia Hemiolia Liburna Spirocuta Anisonemia Anisonemida Anisonemidae Anisonema Dinema Heteronema Natomonadida Metanemina Neometanemidae Neometanema Aphagea Astasiidae Astasia Rhabdomonas Gyropaigne Menoidium Parmidium Distigma Peranemida Peranemidae Chasmostoma Jenningsia Peranema Teloprocta Urceolus Euglenophyceae Rapazida Rapazidae Rapaza Eutreptiales Eutreptiaceae Eutreptia Eutreptiella Euglenales Euglenaceae Colacium Cryptoglena Euglena Euglenaformis Euglenaria Monomorphina Strombomonas Trachelomonas Phacaceae Discoplastis Flexiglena Lepocinclis Phacus incertae sedis Ascoglena Euglenamorpha Euglenopsis Glenoclosterium Hegneria Klebsina Euglenocapsa incertae sedis Peranemopsis Tropidoscyphus Michajlowastasia Parastasiella Dinemula Paradinemula Mononema Ovicola Naupliicola Embryocola Copromonas Symbiontida Bihospites Calkinsia Postgaardi Glycomonada Diplonemea Diplonemidae Diplonema Rhynchopus Lacrimia Sulcionema Flectonema Hemistasiidae Hemistasia Eupelagonemidae Eupelagonema Kinetoplastea Prokinetoplastina Ichthyobodonidae Ichthyobodo Perkinsela Metakinetoplastina Allobodonidae Allobodo Novijibodo Neobodonida Neobodonidae Actuariola Avlakibodo Azumiobodo Cruzella Cryptaulaxella Klosteria Neobodo Phanerobia Rhynchobodo Rhynchomonadidae Rhynchomonas Dimastigella Parabodonida Cryptobiidae Cryptobia Jarrellia Procryptobia Trypanoplasma Parabodonidae Parabodo Eubodonida Bodonidae Bodo Trypanosomatida Trypanosomatinae Trypanosoma Leishmaniinae Borovskyia Crithidia Leptomonas Lotmaria Novymonas Porcisia Zelonia Endotrypanum Leishmania Herpetomonadinae Herpetomonas Lafontella Phytomonas Strigomonadinae Angomonas Kentomonas Strigomonas Blastocrithidiinae Blastocrithidia Obscuromonas Blechomonadinae Blechomonas Paratrypanosomatinae Paratrypanosoma Jaenimonas Vickermania Sergeia Wallacemonas Cercoplasma Malacozoomonas Nematodomonas Rhynchoidomonas incertae sedis Bordnamonas Cephalothamnium Rhynchoidomonas Heterolobosea Pharyngomonada Pharyngomonadea Pharyngomonadida Pharyngomonadidae Pharyngomonas Tetramitia Orodruinidae? Orodruina Gruberella Stachyamoeba Selenaionea Selenaionida Selenaionidae Selenaion Neovahlkampfiida Neovahlkampfiidae Neovahlkampfia Eutetramitea Euplaesiobystra Fumarolamoeba Heteramoeba Parafumarolamoeba Paravahlkampfia Oramoeba Vrihiamoeba Naegleriida Aurem Marinamoeba Acrasidae Acrasis Allovahlkampfia Pocheina Naegleriidae Naegleria Willaertia Trimastigamoeba? Tulamoebidae Pleurostomum Tulamoeba Vahlkampfiidae Tetramitus Vahlkampfia Pseudovahlkampfia? Tetramastigamoeba? Percolomonadida Barbeliidae Barbelia Nonamonas Lulaidae Lula Percolomonadidae Percolomonas Pseudociliatida Stephanopogonidae Stephanopogon Creneida Creneidae Creneis Lyromonadida Psalteriomonadidae Harpagon Psalteriomonas Monopylocystis Pseudoharpagon Sawyeria Lyromonas *paraphyletic or polyphyletic groups ?uncertain position

Taxon identifiers Kinetoplastea Wikidata: Q131630 Wikispecies: Kinetoplastea AFD: Kinetoplastea AlgaeBase: 141996 CoL: DB EoL: 2910504 EPPO: 1KINEC GBIF: 7687234 iNaturalist: 942252 IRMNG: 1043 NZOR: 4c73e715-542e-46ce-987f-657a396ecfa1 Open Tree of Life: 192260 WoRMS: 562565 Kinetoplastida Wikidata: Q21446856 Wikispecies: Kinetoplastida iNaturalist: 342761 ITIS: 43814 Paleobiology Database: 228307

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Kinetoplastid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetoplastid) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetoplastid?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.