# Khutor
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{{Short description|Large homesteads in Eastern European agrarian societies}}
[[File:KonstantinKryzhitsky HutorVMalorossii 1884.jpg|thumb|300px|[Konstantin Kryzhitsky](/source/Konstantin_Kryzhitsky). ''A Khutir in [Little Russia](/source/Little_Russia)'', 1884]]
A '''khutor''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|x|uː|t|ər}} {{respell|KHOO|tər}}; {{lang-rus|хутор|p=ˈxutər}}) or '''khutir''' ({{langx|uk|хутiр|link=no}}, {{IPA|uk|ˈxut⁽ʲ⁾ir|IPA}}) is a type of rural locality in some countries of [Eastern Europe](/source/Eastern_Europe); in the past the term mostly referred to a single-[homestead](/source/Homestead_(buildings)) settlement.[[https://archive.today/20130504135127/http://slovari.yandex.ru/%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1/%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%AD/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80/ Khutor] from the [Great Soviet Encyclopedia](/source/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia) {{in lang|ru}}][[http://www.vehi.net/brokgauz/all/111/111286.shtml Khutor] from the [Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary](/source/Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary) {{in lang|ru}}] The term can be translated as "[hamlet](/source/hamlet_(place))".[[http://www.lingvo.ua/uk/Translate/uk-en/%D1%85%D1%83%D1%82%D1%96%D1%80 Українсько-англійський переклад «хутір» - ABBYY Lingvo-Online]][[http://www.lingvo.ua/uk/Translate/ru-en/%D1%85%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80 Російсько-англійський переклад «хутор» - ABBYY Lingvo-Online]]
They existed in [Cossack](/source/Cossack)-settled lands that encompassed today's [Ukraine](/source/Ukraine), [Kuban](/source/Kuban), and the lower [Don River](/source/Don_River_(Russia)) basin while in [Kuban](/source/Kuban) and Don region the word ''khutor'' was also used to describe new settlements (irrespective of the number of homesteads) which had detached themselves from [stanitsa](/source/stanitsa)s.[[http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CH%5CKhutirIT.htm Khutir] at the [Encyclopedia of Ukraine](/source/Encyclopedia_of_Ukraine)] In some [Cossack](/source/Cossack) communities, these types of settlements were referred to as ''posyolok'' ({{langx|ru|посёлок|link=no}}) or ''selyshche'' ({{langx|uk|селище|link=no}}). In [Russia](/source/Russia) the term "{{lang|ru|выселки}}" (''vyselki'', literally, "those who moved away") was also used. Khutor remains the official designation of many Russian villages in these regions.
During the [Stolypin reform](/source/Stolypin_reform)s in the [Russian empire](/source/Russian_Empire), [Peter Stolypin](/source/Peter_Stolypin) envisaged rich [peasant](/source/peasant)s "privatising" their share of the community (''[obshchina](/source/obshchina)'' ({{langx|ru|община|link=no}}) or ''tovarystvo'' ({{langx|uk|товариство|link=no}})) lands, leaving the obshchinas, and settling in khutors on their now individually owned land. A less radical concept was that of an ''otrub'' ({{langx|ru|отруб|link=no}}) or ''vidrub'' ({{langx|uk|відруб|link=no}}): a section of formerly ''obshchina'' land, whose owner has left the ''obshchina'' but still continued to live in the village and to "commute" to his land.[[https://archive.today/20120715021326/http://slovari.yandex.ru/%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1/%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%AD/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1/ Otrub] from the [Great Soviet Encyclopedia](/source/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia) {{in lang|ru}}] By 1910 the share of khutors and otrubs among all rural households in the European part of Russia was estimated at 10.5%. These were practically eliminated during the [collectivisation in the USSR](/source/collectivisation_in_the_USSR).[
== Linguistic origin ==
The origin of the word is not entirely clear. Assumed are borrowings from [Hungarian](/source/Hungarian_language) határ ({{lit.}} "border"), to which the Slavs are reduced, or határ ("border, edge") — from [Serbo-Croatian](/source/Serbo-Croatian); also from [Proto-Iranic](/source/Proto-Iranic) khȁtȃr ({{lit.}} "land belonging to the village") to [Ukrainian](/source/Ukrainian_language) as ''khotar''.][[https://goroh.pp.ua/Етимологія/хутір Хутір] // [Етимологічний словник української мови](/source/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8) : в 7 т. / редкол.: [О. С. Мельничук](/source/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87) (гол. ред.) та ін. — Київ: [Наукова думка](/source/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0), 2012. — Т. 6: У — Я. — С. 224. — ISBN 978-966-00-0197-8.]
According to [Max Vasmer](/source/Max_Vasmer), the word entered the East Slavic languages from Old [Upper German](/source/Upper_German).{{cn|date=May 2024}}
==In literature==
thumb|300px|Number of khutors by region in Russia
[Nikolai Gogol](/source/Nikolai_Gogol)'s first major work is called ''[Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka](/source/Evenings_on_a_Farm_Near_Dikanka)'', where "farm" is a translation of "khutor" ({{langx|ru|Вечера на хуторе близ Диканьки|link=no}}, ''Vechera na khutore bliz Dikanki'').{{cn|date=May 2024}}
==See also==
*[Obște](/source/Ob%C8%99te)
*[Ranch](/source/Ranch)
==References==
{{Reflist}}
Category:Economic history of Russia
Category:Economic history of Ukraine
Category:Social history of Ukraine
Category:Rural geography
Category:Human habitats
Category:Types of administrative division
Category:Russian-language designations of territorial entities
Category:Types of populated places
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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Khutor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khutor) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khutor?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.