# Khongirad

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Major division of the Mongol tribes

"Red tasseled Mongols" redirects here. For the other ethnicity who were called "Red tasseled Mongols" by Khalkha Mongols, see [Manchu people](/source/Manchu_people).

[Mongol Empire](/source/Mongol_Empire) c. 1207, Khongirad and their neighbours

Part of a series on the History of Mongolia Prehistoric period Afanasievo culture 3300–2500 BC Chemurchek culture 2750–1900 BC Munkhkhairkhan culture 1800–1600 BC Sagsai culture 1500–1000 BC Ulaanzuukh culture 1450–1150 BC Deer stones culture 1400–700 BC Slab-grave culture 1100–300 BC Chandman culture 700–300 BC Pazyryk culture 600–300 BC Ancient period Xiongnu 209 BC–93 AD Xianbei state 93–234 Dai 310–376 Rouran Khaganate 330–555 Northern Wei 386–535 Northern Zhou 557–581 Göktürks (First, Eastern, and Second Turkic Khaganates) 555–630 682–744 Xueyantuo 628–646 Tang protectorate 647–682 Uyghur Khaganate 744–840 Liao dynasty 907–1125 Medieval period Mongol khanates 9th–12th century Khamag Mongol 1130–1206 Mongol Empire 1206–1271 Yuan dynasty 1271–1368 Northern Yuan 1368–1635 Oirat Confederation 1399–1634 Dzungar Khanate 1634–1757 Mongolia under Qing rule 1635–1911 Modern period National Liberation Revolution 1911 Bogd Khaganate 1911–1919 Chinese occupation 1919–1921 People's Revolution (Soviet intervention in Bogd Khanate) 1921 1921–1924 People's Republic 1924–1992 Democratic Revolution 1990 Modern Mongolia 1990–present By topics Culture Currency Economy Foreign relations Horse culture Geography Language Military Nobility People Politics Religion Buddhism Shamanism Rulers History Sports States History Timeline v t e

The **Khongirad**[a] ([/ˈkɒŋɡɪræd/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English); [Mongolian](/source/Mongolian_language): ᠬᠣᠩᠭᠢᠷᠠᠳ Хонгирад; [Kazakh](/source/Kazakh_language): Қоңырат, [romanized](/source/Romanization_of_Kazakh): *Qoñyrat*; [Chinese](/source/Chinese_language): 弘吉剌; [pinyin](/source/Pinyin): *Hóngjílá*) was one of the major divisions of the Mongol tribes. Their homeland was located in the vicinity of [Lake Hulun](/source/Hulun_Lake) in [Inner Mongolia](/source/Inner_Mongolia) and [Khalkha River](/source/Khalkha_River) in Mongolia,[3][4] where they maintained close ties with the ruling dynasties of northern China. Because the various Hongirad clans never united under a single leader, the tribe never rose to great military glory. Their greatest fame comes from being the primary consort clan of the ruling house of [Genghis Khan](/source/Genghis_Khan)'s [Mongol Empire](/source/Mongol_Empire). Genghis Khan's mother ([Hoelun](/source/Hoelun)), great grandmother, and first wife were all Khongirads, as were many subsequent Mongol Empress and princesses.

During the [Yuan dynasty](/source/Yuan_dynasty) they were given the title Lu Wang ("Prince of Lu"; [Chinese](/source/Chinese_language): 鲁王), and a few Khongirads migrated west into the territory of modern [Uzbekistan](/source/Uzbekistan) and [Turkistan Region](/source/Turkistan_Region) where they became governors of [Khwarazm](/source/Khwarazm) and were known as the [Sufi dynasty](/source/Sufi_dynasty). After a brief period as independent rulers, they were subjected by [Timur](/source/Timur).

## Etymology

According to [Mongolian](/source/Mongolia) historians, the name derives from the words "khun" (swan) and "ard" (people; lit. tribe of the swan). The swan is one of the totems of [Mongolian](/source/Mongols) peoples, such as the [Buryats](/source/Buryats). The name of this tribe first appeared in paragraph 61 of the [Secret History of the Mongols](/source/Secret_History_of_the_Mongols) in the form "ongirad". The ethnonym "Khonggirat (Hungirat)" shares a common origin with the [Buryat](/source/Buryats) ethnonym [Khongoduurs](/source/Khongodory). G. R. Galdanova identifies the ethnonym "khongodor" with the medieval "hungirat", due to the possible transposition of "-rat" and "-dor".[5] Later, A. Angarkhayev, agreeing with Ts. R. Tsydenzhapov's interpretation, suggested a simplified form from "khon (khong)" and "arad" → "khongarad" ~ "khongirad" ~ "khongodor".[6] S. P. Baldayev believed the ethnonym derived from *khon* — "noble bird" and "goodor" — "chicks of a noble bird"[7]. According to D. S. Dugarov, the basis were the Turkic "khun/khon (kun)" — "sun" and "khuba" — "swan", carried by remnants of the once powerful [Xiongnu](/source/Xiongnu).[8] Sh. R. Tsydenzhapov proposed that this ethnonym derived from the swan totem "khun" during the Xiongnu era, with its modern phonetic form developed from "khun" — "swan".[9]

[Uzbek](/source/Uzbeks) researchers believe the word "Qo'ng'irot" originated from the merger of the words "qo'ng'ir" and "ot". Kh. Daniyarov writes that, according to some sources, the word is actually Mongolian and means "qoraqarg'a" (black crow).[10]

B. Z. Nanzatov compares the [Mongolian](/source/Mongolic_languages) word "khongor" with the [Old Turkic](/source/Old_Turkic_language) "qoŋur". According to his theory, the ethnonyms "khonggirat, [Khongoduurs](/source/Khongodory), konyrat" all derive from the Turko-Mongolian term "khongor" ~ "qoŋur", denoting an animal's coat color — specifically reddish, chestnut, brown, or dun,[11] as well as buckskin and light reddish.[12] Another folk etymology suggests the tribal name derived from "Qoŋyr" and "At", meaning "brown horse" in [Turkic](/source/Turkic_languages).

According to Ayuudain Ochir, the ethnonym "khongirad, khonkhirad, khonkhereyed" derived, like the ethnonym [Kerait](/source/Keraites) (khereyed, khereid), from the name of the raven totem. [Mongols](/source/Mongols) call one species of large raven "khon kheree".

## Origin

The Khongirads are often identified as the descendants of the ancient Wuku/Wugu tribe in [Tang Dynasty](/source/Tang_dynasty) records. The tribe's own origin myth claims that they were descended from three brothers born of a golden vessel—Jurluq Mergen, Quba Shira, and Tusbu Da'u. The descendants of these brothers formed the Hongirad tribe, but feuds quickly splintered the tribe and gave rise to the offshoot tribes of the Ikires, [Olkhonud](/source/Olkhonud), Karanut, [Gorlos](/source/Gorlos), and Qongliyuts. Only the descendants of Jurluq Mergen retained the tribal name of Hongirad. One of the most famous Hongirad ancestors was Miser Ulug, an Onggirat Hercules who was super-humanly strong and often slept for days at a time.

Many names of the 12th century's Hongirads and their subtribes have Mongol origin:[4][13]

- Dei Setsen — tsetsen (wise)

- Jurluq Mergen — zörlög (path) mergen (wise). (See [Merkit](/source/Merkit))

- Quba Shira — goo (beautiful) shar (yellow). In the 1680s [Zasagt Khan](/source/Zasagt_Khan) of the [Khalkha](/source/Khalkha) Mongolia was [Shar](/source/Galdan_Boshugtu_Khan#Rivalry_with_Khalkha) (Shira). (See [Alan Gua](/source/Alan_Gua)).

### Subtribes

- Hongirad — khun (swan), khungiin (swan's), ard (person); swan person. Swan is one of Mongol totems. (See [Oirats](/source/Oirats)).

- Qongliyuts — Khonkhluud; khonkh (bell), "iud" or "uud" is plural suffix.

- Gorlos — Modern [Southern Mongol](/source/Southern_Mongol) subgroup

- Ikires — Ikhires: ikh (great), ikhes (chief, noble)

- Karanut — Kharnuud: khar (black), "iud" or "uud" is plural suffix

- Olkhunut — Olkhunuud, "uud" is plural suffix. They have three subgroups: - Alag aduutan: alag (piebald), aduutan (horse herder); piebald horse herder. - Shar khonit: shar (yellow), khoni (sheep); yellow sheep breeder. - Ulaan zalaat: ulaan (red), zalaa (tassel); person who wears hat with red tassel.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] Today, Mongols call themselves "red-tasseled Mongols" because Mongols wear hat with red tassel and they adore fire.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] Fire is a general symbol of eternal growth, wealth, and success and a figure of fire is used in Mongolian [flag](/source/Flag_of_Mongolia), [coat of arms](/source/Emblem_of_Mongolia) and [Soyombo symbol](/source/Soyombo_symbol). The three tongues of the flame represent the past, present, and future.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

Shamanic practices continue in present-day [Mongol](/source/Mongol) culture.[14][15]

## Relationship with the Mongols: The Legend of Ergune Khun

According to Mongol legend, two warriors named Kiyan ([Khiyad](/source/Khiyad)) and Negus (Mongolian: Nokhos, dog or wolf) were defeated in battle and forced to seek shelter in an enclosed valley called [Ergune khun](/source/Epic_of_Ergenekon) ("steep cliffs"). After several generations the descendants of these heroes became too numerous for the valley to support, but no one remembered the way out. A [blacksmith](/source/Blacksmith) came up with a solution—they would create their own way out by melting an exposed iron vein that existed in one of the encircling mountains. Building a massive fire and stoking it with 70 large bellows, the trapped clan did just that and succeeded in creating a passage to the outside world. Once free, the people of Kiyan and Negus went on to create several tribes, including the Mongols and the Hongirads (whose susceptibility to [gout](/source/Gout) was explained by the "fact" that their ancestors were the first to flee Ergene Qun, so they burned their feet on the hot iron).

## Consort tribe

Empress [Radnashiri](/source/Radnashiri) (died 1322) was from the Khunggirad

In addition to having a shared ancestry with the Mongols in general, the Hongirads also shared ancestors with the Mongol royal line, whose originator, Alan Qo'a, was a woman of the Kharlas clan, an offshoot of the Khongirads founded by the legendary Miser Ulug. Down to the 12th century, Mongol rulers such as [Khabul Khan](/source/Khabul_Khan) and his great-grandson [Genghis Khan](/source/Genghis_Khan) were still taking Khongirad wives. [Yesugei](/source/Yesugei) Ba'atur, the father of Genghis Khan, was not a high ranking Mongol leader, but even he secured himself an Onggirat wife by stealing one from another man. The wives of most rulers of the [Yuan Dynasty](/source/Yuan_Dynasty) and [Golden Horde](/source/Golden_Horde) were also from the Hongirad. That is why they held enormous powers behind the courts in both states. They forced the rulers of the [Golden Horde](/source/Golden_Horde) to make peace with [Kublai](/source/Kublai) in 1280s and convinced [Tokhta Khan](/source/Tokhta_Khan) to accept supremacy of the [Great Khan](/source/Great_Khan) in 1304. The Hongirad under queen Dagi and Temüder, the Minister of the Secretariat, reached their political peak in the Yuan Dynasty, the principal state of 4 khanates, during the reign of [Gegeen Khan Shidebala](/source/Gegeen_Khan%2C_Emperor_Yingzong_of_Yuan) (r.1321-1323). They built [Yingchang](/source/Yingchang) city in modern [Inner Mongolia](/source/Inner_Mongolia) in 1271.

After the death of the last Yuan emperor, [Toghan Temur](/source/Toghan_Temur), who lost his imperial status in [China](/source/China) and other Mongol khanates, a body of the Khongirat and [Olkhunut](/source/Olkhunut) (Borte's clan) surrendered to the [Ming Dynasty](/source/Ming_Dynasty) in 1371. Meanwhile, the Khongirad, belonged to the southern [Khalkha](/source/Khalkha) [tumen](/source/Tumen_(unit)) in modern [Inner Mongolia](/source/Inner_Mongolia) and Olkhunuts lived in modern [Khovd Province](/source/Khovd_Province).

## Transoxiana

Contemporary portrait of princess [Khanzade](/source/Sevin_Beg_Khanzada) (c. 1360 – 1411), daughter of Aq Sufi, founder of the [Sufi dynasty](/source/Sufi_dynasty), granddaughter of [Jani Beg](/source/Jani_Beg), and a direct descendant of [Genghis Khan](/source/Genghis_Khan). Timurid genealogy 1405-1409 (Topkapi Sarayi Müzesi, H2152)

During the 18th century, the basins of the [Amu Darya](/source/Amu_Darya) and [Syr Darya](/source/Syr_Darya) passed under the control of three [Uzbek khanates](/source/Uzbek_khanates) claiming legitimacy in their descent from Genghis Khan. These were, from west to east, the Khongirads based on Khiva in [Khwārezm](/source/Khw%C4%81rezm) (1717–1920), the [Manghud](/source/Manghud) in [Bukhara](/source/Bukhara) (1753–1920), and the Mings in [Kokand](/source/Kokand) (Qǔqon; c. 1710–1876). The [Sufi Dynasty](/source/Sufi_Dynasty) (1359–1388) which was founded by the Qongirat elites in Khwārezm ruled their own state under the [Jochids](/source/Jochids) and [Timur](/source/Timur).[16] The Qongirat Inaks became de facto rulers of the [Khanate of Khiva](/source/Khanate_of_Khiva) in 18th century and their descendants assumed the title of khan themselves in 1804. On 2 February 1920, [Khiva](/source/Khiva)'s last khan, [Sayid Abdullah](/source/Sayid_Abdullah), abdicated before its territory was finally incorporated into the [Soviet Union](/source/Soviet_Union) in 1924.

Descendants are found among the people in [Mongolia](/source/Mongolia) and the [Yugurs](/source/Yugur) in [Gansu](/source/Gansu), [China](/source/China), and little bit in the [Karakalpaks](/source/Karakalpaks) and the [Uzbegs](/source/Uzbegs).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

## Kazakhstan

Currently a [Kazakh](/source/Kazakhs) [tribe](/source/Middle_Juz) of the Middle Juz named Qoñyrat (or less commonly Qoñğyrat) are considered descendants of Khongirads (Ongrat, Kungrat in (Gumilev, n.d). Around the beginning of the 20th century CE, the Kazakh Qongyrats lived mainly in what is now [Turkistan Region](/source/Turkistan_Region) (formerly South Kazakhstan Region), especially in the vicinity of [the city of Turkistan](/source/Turkistan_(city)).[17] This region borders Uzbekistan, and a majority of the local population has at times been recorded as [Uzbek](/source/Uzbeks); the part of the region in which the Kazakh Qongırats were concentrated was located between the [Sır River](/source/Syr_Darya) and the lower reaches of the [Chu River](/source/Chu_River) where it disappears in the steppe. The Qongyrat tribe of Kazakhs are notable for the extremely high frequency among them (64/95 = 67.37%[18]) of Y-DNA that belongs to [haplogroup C-M407](/source/Haplogroup_C-M217), a clade that otherwise has been observed with greatest frequency among [Buryats](/source/Buryats) (117/217 = 53.9%,[19] 40/80 = 50.0%,[20] 86/298 = 28.9% (mostly northern and western)[21]) and other indigenous peoples of [Buryatia](/source/Buryatia) (15/28 = 53.6% [Sojots](/source/Soyot),[19] 27/51 = 52.9% [Hamnigans](/source/Hamnigan)[19]). Members of C-M407 also have been found with lower frequency among [Mongols](/source/Mongols) in Mongolia,[20][22] [Kalmyks](/source/Kalmyks) (especially [Dörwöds](/source/D%C3%B6rbet_Oirat)),[23][22] [Manchus](/source/Manchus) in China,[20] and [Yakuts](/source/Yakuts) in [Sakha Republic](/source/Sakha_Republic).[20]

## Rule of Khiva

They [ruled](/source/Khanate_of_Khiva#Qungrat_dynasty_(1804–1920)) the [Khiva khanate](/source/Khanate_of_Khiva) from 1763 to 1920.

### House of Qungrat of Khiva

House of Qungrat Khiva Khanate Ishim Muhammad-Amin Awad Iltuzar r. 1804–1806 Qutluq-Murad Muhammad-Rahim I r. 1806–1825 Ibadullah Allah-Quli r. 1825–1842 Muhammad r. 1855–1865 Abdullah II r. 1855–1855 Qutluq-Murad r. 1855–1855 Rahim-Quli r. 1842–1845 Muhammad-Amin r. 1845–1855 Muhammad-Rahim II r. 1865–1910 Isfandiyar II r. 1910–1918 Abdullah III r. 1918–1920

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Variations on the name include Onggirat, Ongirat,[1] Qongrat, Khungirat,[1] Kungrad,[2] Qunghrãt,[2] Wangjila (王紀剌),[1] Yongjilie (雍吉烈), Qungrat, and Guangjila (廣吉剌) in Chinese sources.

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-CSCSRV20p494_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-CSCSRV20p494_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-CSCSRV20p494_1-2) *The Chinese Social and Political Science Review*, Volume 20, pub Chinese Social and Political Science Association, 1937, p494.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-McChesneyp202_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-McChesneyp202_2-1) *Central Asia: Foundations of Change*, by R. D. McChesney, pub Darwin Press, 1996, p202.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** [Хонгирад аймаг mongol.undesten.mn](http://mongol.undesten.mn/wiki/show/name/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4+%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120533/http://mongol.undesten.mn/wiki/show/name/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4+%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3) 2016-03-04 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) **(Mongolian)**

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Volume_I_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Volume_I_5-1) M. Sanjdorj, History of the Mongolian People's Republic, Volume I, 1966

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Galdanova G. R. (1996). "Khongodors — Hungirats?". *Mongolo-Buryat Ethnonyms*. Ulan-Ude. pp. 83–93.{{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Angarkhayev, A. (1999). *Origins*. Ulan-Ude. p. 37.{{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Baldayev S. P. (1961). *Selected Works*. Ulan-Ude. p. 77.{{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Dugarov, D. S. (1993). "On the Problem of the Origin of the Khongodors". *Ethnic History of the Peoples of Southern Siberia and Central Asia*. Novosibirsk. pp. 218–231.{{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Tsydenzhapov Sh. R. (1992). *The Secret of Genghis Khan*. Ulan-Ude. pp. 32–33.{{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Daniyarov Kh. Op. cit. P. 86

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Nanzatov-Ethnogenesis_12-0)** Nanzatov, B. Z. (2005). [*Ethnogenesis of the Western Buryats (6th–19th centuries)*](https://web.archive.org/web/20210122102559/http://irkipedia.ru/content/etnogenez_zapadnyh_buryat_vi_xix_vv_nanzatov_b_z). Irkutsk. p. 160. Archived from [the original](http://irkipedia.ru/content/etnogenez_zapadnyh_buryat_vi_xix_vv_nanzatov_b_z) on 2021-01-22.{{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Kruchkin Yu. N. (2006). *Large Modern Russian–Mongolian — Mongolian–Russian Dictionary*. Moscow: AST: Vostok-Zapad. p. 925. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [5-17-039772-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-17-039772-0).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** The Secret History of the Mongols

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** [*Shamanism in China: bibliography*](https://web.archive.org/web/20170428023344/http://faculty.orinst.ox.ac.uk/terhaar/shamanism.htm), by Barend ter Haar, who teaches at the Institute for Chinese Studies. Mentions that a book called *Popular Religion and Shamanism* includes "as well as three studies of shamanism among non-Han cultures (Mongol, Tungusic and Daba)".

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** [*Local Belief Systems*](http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/bender4/eall131/EAHReadings/module03/local_beliefs.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121106035207/http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/bender4/eall131/EAHReadings/module03/local_beliefs.html) 2012-11-06 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), by Professor Mark Bender. Ohio State University.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-BOS1064_17-0)** [Bosworth 1978](#CITEREFBosworth1978), p. 1064 "Two or three decades after Ibn Battuta's visit, there arose in Khwarazm an independent minor dynasty, the Sufids, of a Kongrat Turkish tribe."

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Sobakin1999_18-0)** [1999 Copyright Agency BRIF Central Asia, Author A.I.SOBAKIN](https://my.nps.edu/documents/105988371/107571254/Kazakh_tribal_map.pdf)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Ashirbekov2017_19-0)** E. E. Ashirbekov, D. M. Botbaev, A. M. Belkozhaev, A. O. Abayldaev, A. S. Neupokoeva, J. E. Mukhataev, B. Alzhanuly, D. A. Sharafutdinova, D. D. Mukushkina, M. B. Rakhymgozhin, A. K. Khanseitova, S. A. Limborska, N. A. Aytkhozhina, "Distribution of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups of the Kazakh from the South Kazakhstan, Zhambyl, and Almaty Regions." *Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan*, ISSN 2224-5227, Volume 6, Number 316 (2017), 85 - 95.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Malyarchuk2010_20-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Malyarchuk2010_20-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Malyarchuk2010_20-2) Boris Malyarchuk, Miroslava Derenko, Galina Denisova, *et al.*, "Phylogeography of the Y-chromosome haplogroup C in northern Eurasia." *Annals of Human Genetics* (2010) 74, 539–546. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2010.00601.x

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Karafet2018_21-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Karafet2018_21-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Karafet2018_21-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Karafet2018_21-3) Tatiana M. Karafet, Ludmila P. Osipova, Olga V. Savina, Brian Hallmark, and Michael F. Hammer, "Siberian genetic diversity reveals complex origins of the Samoyedic‐speaking populations." *American Journal of Human Biology*, 08 November 2018. [https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23194](https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23194)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Kharkov2014_22-0)** V. N. Kharkov, K. V. Khamina, O. F. Medvedeva, *et al.*, "Gene Pool of Buryats: Clinal Variability and Territorial Subdivision Based on Data of Y-Chromosome Markers." ISSN 1022-7954, *Russian Journal of Genetics*, 2014, Vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 180–190. DOI: 10.1134/S1022795413110082

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Balinova2019_23-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Balinova2019_23-1) Natalia Balinova, Helen Post, Alena Kushniarevich, *et al.*, "Y-chromosomal analysis of clan structure of Kalmyks, the only European Mongol people, and their relationship to Oirat-Mongols of Inner Asia." *European Journal of Human Genetics* 11 April 2019. [https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-019-0399-0](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-019-0399-0)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Malyarchuk2013_24-0)** Boris Malyarchuk, Miroslava Derenko, Galina Denisova, *et al.*, "Y-chromosome diversity in the Kalmyks at the ethnical and tribal levels." *Journal of Human Genetics* (2013) 58, 804–811; doi:10.1038/jhg.2013.108; published online 17 October 2013.

## Sources

- Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1978). "Khwarazm". *The Encyclopedia of Islam*. Vol. IV. Leiden: E. J. Brill. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [90-04-05745-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-05745-5).

## External links

- [Onggirats at Chinaknowledge](http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Altera/onggirats.html)

- [Hongirad tribe of Kazakh people - from Wikipedia Hongirad introduction in Kazakh language](https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%BE%D2%A3%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82)

v t e Mongolic peoples History Timeline Mongolian Plateau Mongol heartland States Rulers Slab Grave culture Ordos culture Languages Proto-Mongolic Serbi–Mongolic Para-Mongolic Medieval tribes Modern clans Nomadic empire Mongol Empire Turco-Mongol Mongolian nobility Writing systems Soyombo symbol Religion Proto-Mongols Donghu Xianbei Wuhuan Rouran Yujiulü Duan Yuwen Kumo Xi Murong Tuyuhun Tuoba Qifu Tufa Shiwei Didouyu Khitan Yelü Zubu Medieval tribes Baarins Barga Barlas Bayads Borjigin Chonos Dughlats Eljigin Gorlos Jalairs Katagans Keraites Khamag Khongirad Manghud Merkit Naimans Oirats Olkhonud Ongud* Qara Khitai Qara'unas Sunud Taichiud Tatar Tumed Uriankhai Ethnic groups Mongols Darkhad Dariganga Eljigin Khalkha Khotogoid Sartuul in China Abaga Abaganar Aohans Asud* Baarin Chahar Eastern Dorbet Darkhan (Shar Darkhad) Gorlos Kharchin Khishigten Khorchin Khuuchid Jaruud Naiman Ordos Tumed Urad Üzemchin Oirats Altai Uriankhai Baatud Bayad Chantuu* Choros Dörbet Dzungar Khoid Khoshut Khoton* Kalmyk incl. Buzava Myangad Olot Sart Kalmyks Torghut Upper Mongols Zakhchin Buryats Barga Hamnigan* Soyot* Other Aimaq** Bonan Daur Dongxiangs Hazaras** Kangjia Khatso (Yunnan Mongol) Mughal** Moghol Monguor Sichuan Mongols Sogwo Arig Tuvans** Tozhu Tuvans Yugurs See also: Donghu and Xianbei · Turco-Mongol · Modern ethnic groups *Mongolized ethnic groups.**Ethnic groups of Mongolian origin or with a large Mongolian ethnic component.

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Khongirad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khongirad) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khongirad?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.