# Khingala

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**Khingala**,[1] also transliterated **Khinkhil**, **Khinjil** or **Khinjal**, ([Sharada script](/source/Sharada_script): *khiṃ-gā-la*, ruled circa 775–785 CE) was a ruler of the [Turk Shahis](/source/Turk_Shahis). He is only known in name from the accounts of the Muslim historian [Ya'qubi](/source/Ya'qubi) and from an epigraphical source, the *[Gardez Ganesha](/source/Gardez_Ganesha)*. The identification of his coinage remains conjectural.

## Arabic accounts

The Muslim historian [Ya'qubi](/source/Ya'qubi) (died 897/8) in his *Ta'rikh* ("History"), recounts that the third [Abbasid](/source/Abbasid) [Caliph](/source/Caliph) [Al-Mahdi](/source/Al-Mahdi) (ruled 775–785 CE) asked for, and apparently obtained, the submission of various [Central Asian](/source/Central_Asia) rulers, including that of the Kabul Shah.[2] Al-yaqubi seems to give the name of the Kabul Shah as "Ḥanḥal", but the reading is uncertain.[3][4] But a later handwritten copy of the book is known to transcribe the name as "Khanjal".[4] The original account by Ya'qubi reads:

Al-Mahdī sent messengers to the kings, calling on them to submit, and most of them submitted to him. Among them were the king of [Kābul Shāh](/source/Turk_Shahis), whose name was Ḥanḥal; the king of [Ṭabaristān](/source/Tabaristan), the [Iṣbahbadh](/source/Ispahbadh); the king of [Soghdia](/source/Soghdia), the [Ikhshīd](/source/Ikhshid); the king of [Tukhāristān](/source/Tokharistan), [Sharwin](/source/Sharwin_I); the king of [Bamiyan](/source/Bamiyan), the Shīr; the king of [Farghana](/source/Ferghana), ------ ; the king of [Usrūshana](/source/Principality_of_Ushrusana), [Afshīn](/source/Afshin); the king of the [Kharlukhiyya](/source/Karluks), Jabghūya; the king of [Sijistān](/source/Sijist%C4%81n), [Zunbīl](/source/Zunbils); the king of Turks, [Tarkhan](/source/Tarkhan); the king of [Tibet](/source/Tibet), Ḥ-h-w-r-n; the king of [Sind](/source/Sind), al-Rāy; the king of [China](/source/China), [Baghbür](/source/Son_of_Heaven); the king of India and Atrāḥ, Wahūfūr; and the king of the [Tughuz-ghuz](/source/Toquz_Oghuz), Khāqān.

— [Ya'qubi](/source/Ya'qubi) (died 897/8), *Ta'rikh* ("History")[3][5]

The name "Khanjal" has been variously reconstructed as "Khinkhil", "Khinjil" or "Khinjal", and is very similar to the name of an earlier [Alchon Hun](/source/Alchon_Hun) ruler named [Khingila](/source/Khingila) (5th century CE).[4][6] According to historian [Rezakhani](/source/Khodadad_Rezakhani), the name mentioned by Ya'qubi is "obviously a namesake" of [Khingila](/source/Khingila).[7]

## Epigraphy

Main article: [Gardez Ganesha](/source/Gardez_Ganesha)

The *[Gardez Ganesha](/source/Gardez_Ganesha)* is a statue of the [Hindu](/source/Hinduism) god [Ganesha](/source/Ganesha), discovered in [Gardez](/source/Gardez), near [Kabul](/source/Kabul) in [Afghanistan](/source/Afghanistan). It is considered as "a typical product of the Indo-Afghan school".[8] A dedicatory inscription appears on the base of the statue. It is written in the [Siddhamatrika](/source/Siddhamatrika) script, a development of the [Brahmi script](/source/Brahmi_script).[9] An analysis of the writing suggests a date from the 6th or 8th century CE.[10]

1. *sarṃvatsare aṣṭatame saṃ 8 jyeṣṭha-māsa-śukla-pakṣa-tithau ttrayodaśyāṃ śu di 10-3 rikṣe viśākhe śubhe siṃhe[citra-]* 2. *[-ke] mahat pratiṣṭhāpitam idaṃ māha-vināyaka paramabhaṭṭeraka mahārājādhirāja-śri-ṣāhi-khiṃgālauḍyāna-ṣāhi-pādaiḥ.*

On the thirteenth day of the bright half of the month of yestha, the [lunar] mansion being the Visakha, at the auspicious time when the zodiacal sign Lion was bright on the horizon (lagna), in the year eight, this great [image] of the Mahavinayaka was consecrated by the supreme lord, the great king, the king of the kings, the Sri Shahi Khiṃgāla, the king of [Odyana](/source/Oddiyana)..

— Inscription of the Ganesh Ganesha (Translation: Hideaki Nakatani).[11][8][9]

The identity of this Khingala is uncertain.[8] A famous [Khingila](/source/Khingila_I) is known from the dynasty of the [Alchon Huns](/source/Alchon_Huns), and one of his coins has the legend "*Deva Shahi Khingila*" ( "God-King Khingila"), but he is dated quite earlier, to the 5th century CE.[8]

Given the stylistically probable mid-8th century date for the Ganesha, the *Śrī Ṣāhi Khiṃgāla* of the inscription may have been identical with the Turk Shahi ruler of Kabul known in Arab sources as Khinkhil or Khinjil, who, according to [Ya'qubi](/source/Ya'qubi), gave his submission to [Al-Mahdi](/source/Al-Mahdi) in 775–785.[2]

## Relation with Bo Fuzhun

There is a possibility that the Khinkhil of the Arabs is identical with the Turk Shahi Bo Fuzhun (勃匐準) of the Chinese sources, which mention that he was the son of [Fromo Kesaro](/source/Fromo_Kesaro) and acceded to the throne precisely in 745 CE.[2][12][13][14][15]

## References

1. Alram, Michael (1 February 2021). [*Sasanian Iran in the Context of Late Antiquity: The Bahari Lecture Series at the University of Oxford*](https://books.google.com/books?id=H5AcEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA19). BRILL. p. 19. ISBN 978-90-04-46066-9.

1. Kuwayama, Shoshin (1999). ["Historical Notes on Kapisi and Kabul in the Sixth-Eighth Centuries"](https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/48769/1/34%281%29_25.pdf). *ZINBUN*. **34**: 44.

1. Gordon, Mathew S. and al. (2018). [*The Works Of Ibn Wāḍiḥ Al Yaʿqūbī*](https://archive.org/details/the-works-of-ibn-wadih-al-yaqubi/The%20Works%20of%20Ibn%20W%C4%81%E1%B8%8Di%E1%B8%A5%20al-Ya%CA%BFq%C5%ABb%C4%AB%20volume%203/page/1138/mode/2up?). Brill. pp. 1138–1139, note 2959. ISBN 9789004364165.

1. Habibi, Abdul Hai (1971). ["Afghanistan at the end of the Koshan period"](https://content.library.arizona.edu/digital/api/collection/p16127coll6/id/27745/download). *Afghanistan Magazine*. **1971** (4): 51-56, reproduced in the Kabul Times. Retrieved 29 November 2021.

1. Rahman, A. (2002). ["New Light on the Khingal, Turk and the Hindu Sahis"](http://journals.uop.edu.pk/papers/AP_v15_37to42.pdf). *Ancient Pakistan*

1. Rahman, A. (2002). ["New Light on the Khingal, Turk and the Hindu Sahis"](http://journals.uop.edu.pk/papers/AP_v15_37to42.pdf). *Ancient Pakistan*

1. Rezakhani, Khodadad (15 March 2017). [*ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity*](https://books.google.com/books?id=bjRWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA109). Edinburgh University Press. p. 109, note 9. ISBN 978-1-4744-0030-5.

1. Dhavalikar, M. K. (1971). ["A Note on Two Gaṇeśa Statues from Afghanistan"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/29755703.pdf). *East and West*. **21** (3/4): 331–336. [ISSN 0012-8376](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0012-8376). [JSTOR 29755703](https://www.jstor.org/stable/29755703)

1. Sircar, D.C. (1966). [*Epigraphia-indica 35*](https://archive.org/details/epigraphia-indica/epigraphia-indica-vol-35/page/n85/mode/2up). Archeological Survey of India. pp. 44–60.

1. KUWAYAMA, Shoshin (1999). ["Historical Notes on Kapisa and Kabul in the Sixth-Eighth Centuries"](https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/48769/1/34%281%29_25.pdf). *ZINBUN*. **34**: 69-72.

1. KUWAYAMA, Shoshin (1999). ["Historical Notes on Kapisa and Kabul in the Sixth-Eighth Centuries"](https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/48769/1/34%281%29_25.pdf). *ZINBUN*. **34**: 71.

1. ["The Countenance of the other (The Coins of the Huns and Western Turks in Central Asia and India) 2012-2013 exhibit: 15. The Rutbils of Zabulistan and the "Emperor of Rome""](https://web.archive.org/web/20170802204758/http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/showcases/showcase15?language=en). *Pro.geo.univie.ac.at*. Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna. Archived from [the original](http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/showcases/showcase15?language=en) on August 2, 2017. Retrieved July 22, 2017.

1. Inaba, Minoru. ["From Kesar the Kābulšāh and Central Asia"](https://www.academia.edu/7838558). p. 446.

1. 天寶四年,又冊其子勃匐準為襲罽賓及烏萇國王,仍授左驍衞將軍。"Kesar's son Bo Fuzhun succeed him on the throne as the king of [Jibin](/source/Jibin) and [Oddiyana](/source/Oddiyana). He was conferred the title General of the Left Stalwart Guard" in Balogh, Dániel (12 March 2020). [*Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History*](https://books.google.com/books?id=frnVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA104). Barkhuis. p. 104. ISBN 978-94-93194-01-4.

1. Rezakhani, Khodadad (15 March 2017). [*ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity*](https://books.google.com/books?id=VjVYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT234). Edinburgh University Press. p. 171. ISBN 978-1-4744-0031-2.

## Sources

- Alram, Michael; Filigenzi, Anna; Kinberger, Michaela; Nell, Daniel; Pfisterer, Matthias; Vondrovec, Klaus (2012–2013). ["The Countenance of the other (The Coins of the Huns and Western Turks in Central Asia and India) 2012-2013 exhibit"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210217071007/http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/?language=en). Vienna, Austria: Kunsthistorisches Museum, Coin Cabinet. Archived from [the original](http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/?language=en) on 17 February 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
- Alram, Michael (2014). "From the Sasanians to the Huns New Numismatic Evidence from the Hindu Kush". *The Numismatic Chronicle*. **174**: 261–291. [JSTOR 44710198](https://www.jstor.org/stable/44710198) (registration required)
- Grenet, Frantz (2002). ["Nēzak"](https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nezak). *Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition*
- Kuwayama, Shōshin (桑山正進) (1976s). ["The Turki Śāhis and Relevant Brahmanical Sculptures in Afghanistan"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/29756318). *East and West*. **26** (3/4): 375–407. [ISSN 0012-8376](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0012-8376). [JSTOR 29756318](https://www.jstor.org/stable/29756318)
- Kuwayama, Shōshin (桑山正進) (1993s). ["6-8 世紀 Kapisi-Kabul-Zabul の貨幣と發行者"](https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/66741/1/jic065_430.pdf) (in Japanese). *東方學報*. **65**: 371-430.
- Martin, Dan (2011). ["Greek and Islamic Medicines' Historical Contact with Tibet"](https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfWXIfbynwYC&pg=PA117). *Islam and Tibet: Interactions Along the Musk Routes*. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 117–144. ISBN 978-0-7546-6956-2.
- Payne, Richard (2016). "The Making of Turan: The Fall and Transformation of the Iranian East in Late Antiquity". *Journal of Late Antiquity*. **9**: 4–41. Johns Hopkins University Press. [doi:10.1353/jla.2016.0011](https://doi.org/10.1353/jla.2016.0011). [S2CID 156673274](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:156673274)
- Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). [*ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity*](https://books.google.com/books?id=bjRWDwAAQBAJ&q=false). Edinburgh University Press. pp. 1–256. ISBN 9781474400305.
- Martin, Dan (2011). ["Greek and Islamic Medicines' Historical Contact with Tibet"](https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfWXIfbynwYC&pg=PA117). *Islam and Tibet: Interactions Along the Musk Routes*. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 117–144. ISBN 978-0-7546-6956-2.

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Khingala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khingala) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khingala?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.