# Kerameikos > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Kerameikos > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Kerameikos.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerameikos > Source revision: 1346886225 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) Area of Athens, Greece This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Neighborhood in Athens, Attica, Greece Kerameikos Κεραμεικός Neighborhood Location within Athens Coordinates: 37°58′42″N 23°43′8″E / 37.97833°N 23.71889°E / 37.97833; 23.71889 Country Greece Region Attica City Athens Postal code 105 53 Area code 210 Website www.cityofathens.gr **Kerameikos** ([Greek](/source/Greek_language): Κεραμεικός, pronounced [\[ce.ɾa.miˈkos\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek)) also known by its [Latinized form](/source/Latinization_of_names) **Ceramicus**, is an area of [Athens](/source/Athens), Greece, located to the northwest of the [Acropolis](/source/Acropolis%2C_Athens), which includes an extensive area both within and outside the ancient city walls, on both sides of the [Dipylon Gate](/source/Dipylon) and by the banks of the [Eridanos](/source/Eridanos_(Athens)) River. It was the potters' quarter of the city, from which the English word "ceramic" is derived, and was also the site of an important cemetery and numerous funerary sculptures erected along the [Sacred Way](/source/Sacred_Way), a road from Athens to [Eleusis](/source/Eleusis). ## History and description The area took its name from the city square or [dēmos](/source/Deme) (δῆμος) of the [Kerameis](/source/Kerameis) (Κεραμεῖς, potters), which in turn derived its name from the word κέραμος (*kéramos*, "pottery clay", from which the English word "[ceramic](/source/Ceramic)" is derived).[1] The "Inner Kerameikos" was the former "potters' quarter" within the city and "Outer Kerameikos" covers the cemetery and also the *Dēmósion Sēma* (δημόσιον σῆμα, public graveyard) just outside the city walls, where [Pericles](/source/Pericles) delivered his [funeral oration](/source/Pericles'_Funeral_Oration) in 431 BC. The cemetery was also where the [Ηiera Hodos](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%CE%97iera_Hodos&action=edit&redlink=1) (the [Sacred Way](/source/Sacred_Way), i.e. the road to [Eleusis](/source/Eleusis)) began, along which the procession moved for the [Eleusinian Mysteries](/source/Eleusinian_Mysteries). The quarter was located there because of the abundance of clay mud carried over by the Eridanos River. The area has undergone a number of archaeological excavations in recent years, though the excavated area covers only a small portion of the ancient *dēmos*. It was originally an area of marshland along the banks of the Eridanos river which was used as a cemetery as long ago as the 3rd millennium BC. It became the site of an organised cemetery from about 1200 BC; numerous [cist](/source/Cist) graves and burial offerings from the period have been discovered by archaeologists. Houses were constructed on the higher drier ground to the south. During the [Archaic period](/source/Archaic_period_in_Greece) increasingly large and complex grave mounds and monuments were built along the south bank of the Eridanos, lining the Sacred Way.[1] Part of the [Themistoclean Wall](/source/Themistoclean_Wall) built in the 5th century BC The building of [the new city wall](/source/Themistoclean_Wall) in 478 BC, following the [Persian sack of Athens](/source/Achaemenid_destruction_of_Athens#First_phase:_Xerxes_I_(480_BCE)) in 480 BC, fundamentally changed the appearance of the area. At the suggestion of [Themistocles](/source/Themistocles), all of the funerary sculptures were built into the city wall and two large city gates facing north-west were erected in the Kerameikos. The Sacred Way ran through the [Sacred Gate](/source/Sacred_Gate), on the southern side, to Eleusis. On the northern side a wide road, the Dromos, ran through the double-arched [Dipylon Gate](/source/Dipylon_Gate) (also known as the Thriasian Gate) and on to the [Platonic Academy](/source/Platonic_Academy) a few miles away. State graves were built on either side of the Dipylon Gate, for the interment of prominent personages such as notable warriors and statesmen, including Pericles and [Cleisthenes](/source/Cleisthenes).[1] Road to the [Platonic Academy](/source/Platonic_Academy) After the construction of the city wall, the Sacred Way and a forking street known as the Street of the Tombs again became lined with imposing sepulchral monuments belonging to the families of rich Athenians, dating to before the late 4th century BC. The construction of such lavish mausolea was banned by decree in 317 BC, following which only small columns or inscribed square marble blocks were permitted as grave stones. The [Roman](/source/Roman_Empire) occupation of Athens led to a resurgence of monument-building, although little is left of them today.[1] The ruins of the Pompeion During the [Classical period](/source/Classical_Greece) an important public building, the [Pompeion](/source/Pompeion), stood inside the walls in the area between the two gates. This served a key function in the procession (*pompē*, πομπή) in honour of [Athena](/source/Athena) during the [Panathenaic Festival](/source/Panathenaic_Festival). It consisted of a large courtyard surrounded by columns and banquet rooms, where the nobility of Athens would eat the sacrificial meat for the festival. According to ancient Greek sources, a [hecatomb](/source/Hecatomb) (a sacrifice of 100 cows) was carried out for the festival and the people received the meat in the Kerameikos, possibly in the Dipylon courtyard; excavators have found heaps of bones in front of the city wall.[1] The Pompeion and many other buildings in the vicinity of the Sacred Gate were razed to the ground by the marauding army of the Roman dictator [Sulla](/source/Sulla), during his [sacking of Athens in 86 BC](/source/Siege_of_Athens_and_Piraeus_(87%E2%80%9386_BC)); an episode that [Plutarch](/source/Plutarch) described as a bloodbath. During the 2nd century AD, a storehouse was constructed on the site of the Pompeion, but it was destroyed during the invasion of the [Heruli](/source/Heruli) in 267 AD. The ruins became the site of potters' workshops until about 500 AD, when two parallel colonnades were built behind the city gates, overrunning the old city walls. A new Festival Gate was constructed to the east with three entrances leading into the city. This was in turn destroyed in raids by the invading [Avars](/source/Pannonian_Avars) and [Slavs](/source/Slavs) at the end of the 6th century, and the Kerameikos fell into obscurity. It was not rediscovered until a Greek worker dug up a [stele](/source/Stele) in April 1863.[1] ## Archaeology Further information: [Kerameikos steles](/source/Kerameikos_steles) Archaeological excavations in the Kerameikos began in 1870 under the auspices of the [Greek Archaeological Society](/source/Greek_Archaeological_Society). They have continued from 1913 to the present day under the [German Archaeological Institute at Athens](/source/German_Archaeological_Institute_at_Athens). Sacred Gate kouros (center) in Room 1 of the Kerameikos Archaeological Museum Latest findings in the Kerameikos include the excavation[2] of a 2.1 m tall [Kouros](/source/Kouros), unearthed by the German Archaeological Institute at Athens under the direction of Professor Wolf-Dietrich Niemeier. This Kouros is the larger twin of the one now kept[3] in the [Metropolitan Museum of Art](/source/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) in [New York](/source/New_York_City), and both were made by the same anonymous sculptor called the [Dipylon Master](/source/Dipylon_Master). During the construction of [Kerameikos metro station](/source/Kerameikos_metro_station) for the expanded [Athens Metro](/source/Athens_Metro), a plague pit and approximately 1,000 tombs from the 4th and 5th centuries BC were discovered. In 1992, Greek archaeologist Efi Baziatopoulou-Valavani excavated these sites.[4] The plague pit is located in the northwestern corner of the cemetery and is 6.5 meters long and 1.6 meters deep, containing 89 individuals' remains.[4] The remains found belonged to adult males and females, as well as eight children.[4] Many consider this pit to contain victims from the [Plague of Athens](/source/Plague_of_Athens), which was prevalent from 430 to 428 BC, followed by a recurrence from 427 to 426 BC.[4] [Funerary naiskos of Demetria and Pamphile](/source/Funerary_naiskos_of_Demetria_and_Pamphile). Pottery found within the grave was used to date the burial to between 430 and 426 BC based on the styles common during that time.[4] The burial is considered to be related to the Athenian plague not only because of the dating of the burial, but also because of the nature of the burial.[4] The chaos caused by the Plague of Athens, as described by [Thucydides](/source/Thucydides), matches with the disordered nature of the pit.[4] The pit is further thought to be a state burial, conducted for victims whose families could not afford proper burials.[4] Bodies were found in five successive layers within the pit, with more care shown on the bottom levels and increasingly little care shown as the burial continued upwards.[4] Bodies were thrown in haphazardly, their positions dictated by the shape of the pit.[4] There was soil placed between the bodies only on the lower levels, and most of the offerings were also found on the lower levels of the burial.[4] The eight children’s bodies were found on the upper-most level, and were covered with large shards of pottery.[4] Offerings for the dead consisted of roughly 30 small vases.[4] Examples of the ceramics found within the pit include choes, a [pelike](/source/Pelike), and numerous [lekythoi](/source/Lekythos).[4] All of these pieces are common in quality and use.[4] The excavator, Baziatopoulou, further remarks that the offerings are surprisingly few considering the number of dead buried within the pit.[4] She then notes that this is especially true when taking into account the probable loss of one or more upper levels from prior intrusions into the burial, which would have brought the total persons buried up to approximately 150.[4] The offerings found were scattered on the lower levels of the pit, suggesting diminishing care as the burial continued upwards.[4] The eight children found buried within the pit are an exception to the pattern of diminishing care as the burial progressed.[4] Found on the upper levels, these children were not thrown in the pit haphazardly but were instead placed with care and covered with shards of pottery.[4] These are the only ceramics found in the pit that are outside of the lower levels, and this caused Biazatopoulou to comment that the children “seem to have been treated with special care.”[4] Notably, one of the children’s faces was reconstructed by professor Manolis Papagrigorakis and the child is now known as [Myrtis](/source/Myrtis).[5] The skeletal remains found within the pit were submitted to Greek orthodontics professor Manolis Papagrigorakis for examination.[4] Upon analyzing dental pulp from the remains, he concluded that three subjects contained the bacterium *Salmonella enterica* serovar typhi, which results in [typhoid fever](/source/Typhoid_fever).[6] The pathogen responsible for the Athenian plague is much disputed, and this DNA evidence has caused scholars to view typhoid fever as a likely culprit.[6] These are the only remains in connection with the Athenian plague to be analyzed.[6] Large areas adjacent to those already excavated remain in to be explored, as they lie under the fabric of modern-day Athens. Expropriation of these areas has been delayed until funding is secured. ## Museum Main article: [Kerameikos Archaeological Museum](/source/Kerameikos_Archaeological_Museum) Cloister The area is enclosed and visitable through an entrance on the last block of Ermou Street, close to the intersection with Peiraios Street. The Kerameikos Museum is housed there, in a small neoclassical building that houses the most extensive collection of burial-related artifacts in Greece, varying from large-scale marble sculpture to funerary urns, [stelae](/source/Stela), jewelry, toys etc. The original burial monument sculptures are displayed within the museum, having been replaced by plaster replicas *[in situ](/source/In_situ)*. The museum incorporates inner and outer courtyards, where the larger sculptures are kept. Down the hill from the museum, visitors can wander among the Outer Kerameikos ruins, the Demosion Sema, the banks of the Eridanos where some water still flows, the remains of the Pompeion and the Dipylon Gate, and walk the first blocks of the Sacred Way towards Eleusis and of the [Panathenaic Way](/source/Panathenaic_Way) towards the Acropolis. The bulk of the area lies about 7–10 meters below modern street level, having in the past been inundated by centuries' worth of sediment accumulation from the floods of the Eridanos. ## Metro station Main article: [Kerameikos metro station](/source/Kerameikos_metro_station) As of spring 2007, Kerameikos is the name given to the metro station which belongs to [Line 3](/source/Line_3_(Athens_Metro)) of the Athens Metro, adjacent to the Technopolis of [Gazi](/source/Gazi%2C_Athens). ## Citations 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-goette_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-goette_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-goette_1-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-goette_1-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-goette_1-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-goette_1-5) Hans Rupprecht Goette, *Athens, Attica and the Megarid: An Archaeological Guide*, p. 59 [*[ISBN missing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources)*] 1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** ["ekathimerini.com | Masterpiece revealed"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080306083504/http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/news/content.asp?aid=16308). 2008-03-06. Archived from [the original](http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/news/content.asp?aid=16308) on 2008-03-06. Retrieved 2022-05-14. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["Marble statue of a kouros (youth) | Greek, Attic | Archaic"](https://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/search-the-collections/130013862). *[Metropolitan Museum of Art](/source/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art)*. Retrieved December 14, 2024. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_4-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:0_4-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:0_4-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-:0_4-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-:0_4-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-:0_4-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-:0_4-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-:0_4-8) [***j***](#cite_ref-:0_4-9) [***k***](#cite_ref-:0_4-10) [***l***](#cite_ref-:0_4-11) [***m***](#cite_ref-:0_4-12) [***n***](#cite_ref-:0_4-13) [***o***](#cite_ref-:0_4-14) [***p***](#cite_ref-:0_4-15) [***q***](#cite_ref-:0_4-16) [***r***](#cite_ref-:0_4-17) [***s***](#cite_ref-:0_4-18) [***t***](#cite_ref-:0_4-19) [***u***](#cite_ref-:0_4-20) [***v***](#cite_ref-:0_4-21) Marina., Stamatopoulou, Maria. Yeroulanou (2002). *Excavating classical culture : recent archaeological discoveries in Greece*. Archaeopress. pp. 187–201. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-84171-411-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84171-411-9). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [875604398](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/875604398).{{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list)) 1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** McCook, Alison (March 2011). ["Q&A: Facing the past: Manolis Papagrigorakis"](https://doi.org/10.1038%2F471035a). *Nature*. **471** (7336): 35. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2011Natur.471...35M](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Natur.471...35M). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/471035a](https://doi.org/10.1038%2F471035a). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1476-4687](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [21368806](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21368806). 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:1_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:1_6-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:1_6-2) Papagrigorakis, Manolis J.; Yapijakis, Christos; Synodinos, Philippos N.; Baziotopoulou-Valavani, Effie (2006-05-01). ["DNA examination of ancient dental pulp incriminates typhoid fever as a probable cause of the Plague of Athens"](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijid.2005.09.001). *International Journal of Infectious Diseases*. **10** (3): 206–214. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.ijid.2005.09.001](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijid.2005.09.001). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1201-9712](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1201-9712). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [16412683](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16412683). ## General and cited references - Ursula Knigge: *Der Kerameikos von Athen. Führung durch Ausgrabungen und Geschichte*. Krene-Verl., Athen 1988. - Wolf-Dietrich Niemeier: *Der Kuros vom Heiligen Tor. Überraschende Neufunde archaischer Skulptur im Kerameikos in Athen*. Zabern, Mainz 2002. (Zaberns Bildbände zur Archäologie) [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [3-8053-2956-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8053-2956-3) - *Akten des Internationalen Symposions Die Ausgrabungen im Kerameikos, Bilanz und Perspektiven. Athen, 27–31. Januar 1999*. Zabern, Mainz am Rhein 2001. (Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Athenische Abteilung, 114) [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [3-8053-2808-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8053-2808-7) ## External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Kerameikos](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kerameikos). - [Kerameikos, Hellenic Ministry of Culture](http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/3/eh351.jsp?obj_id=2392) - [Kerameikos](http://www.athensinfoguide.com/gr/wtskerameikos.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180808073039/http://www.athensinfoguide.com/gr/wtskerameikos.htm) 2018-08-08 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) in www.athensinfoguide.com - [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [146495](https://www.jstor.org/stable/146495) A Mycenaean Fountain on the Athenian Acropolis] by Oscar Broneer - [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [3291435](https://www.jstor.org/stable/3291435) Kerameikos, Ergebnisse Der Ausgrabungen by [Wilhelm Kraiker](/source/Wilhelm_Kraiker), Karl Kubler - [The Kerameikos Cemetery](https://travel.nytimes.com/travel/guides/europe/greece/athens/6089/kerameikos-cemetery/attraction-detail.html) – *The New York Times* Places adjacent to Kerameikos Metaxourgeio Gazi Kerameikos Psyri Thiseio v t e Pottery of ancient Greece Aegean Minyan ware Minoan Kamares ware Vasiliki ware Mycenaean Sub-Mycenaean Cycladic Frying pans Ancient Greece proper Bilingual Black-figure Black-glazed Ware Bucchero Red-figure South Italian West Slope Ware White-ground Potters Amasis Ergotimos Euphronios Euthymides Gryton Hypereides Nikosthenes Pamphaios Sophilos Little Masters Ergoteles Hermogenes Phrynos Sokles Tleson Special topics Conservation Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum Disjecta membra Hellenistic glass LIMC Name vase Slip Symposium Tanagra figurine Terracotta figurines Three-phase firing Vase types v t e Museums in Athens Archaeological Acropolis Museum Archaeological Museum of Piraeus Athens International Airport Archaeological Collection Epigraphical Museum Goulandris Museum of Cycladic Art Kerameikos Archaeological Museum Museum of Pavlos and Alexandra Kanellopoulou Museum of the Center for the Acropolis Studies National Archaeological Museum Old Acropolis Museum Pieridis Museum Stoa of Attalos Syntagma Metro Station Archaeological Collection Byzantine and ecclesiastic Byzantine and Christian Museum Ethnological/historical Athens City Museum Athens War Museum Drossinis Museum Eleftherios Venizelos Historical Museum Goulandris Natural History Museum Jewish Museum of Greece National Historical Museum Folklore Centre for the Study of Traditional Pottery Museum of Greek Folk Art Museum of Greek Folk Musical Instruments Museum of the History of the Greek Costume Art museums/galleries Athinais Cultural Center B. & M. Theocharakis Foundation Benaki Museum Deste Foundation Emfietzoglou Gallery Museum Frissiras Museum Goulandris Museum of Contemporary Art Gounaropoulos Museum Ilias Lalaounis Jewelry Museum Marika Kotopouli Museum Municipal Gallery of Athens National Gallery (Athens) National Glyptotheque National Museum of Contemporary Art Nikos Chatzikyriakos-Gikas Art Gallery Panos Aravantinos Decor Museum Yannis Tsarouchis Foundation Museum Industry/technology Electric Railways Museum of Piraeus Eugenides Foundation Hellenic Air Force Museum Hellenic Motor Museum OTE Museum of Telecommunications Railway Museum of Athens Technopolis (Gazi) Education/sports/ special interests Athens University Museum Hellenic Children's Museum Hellenic Cosmos Hellenic Maritime Museum Mineralogy and Petrology Museum Museum of Anthropology, University of Athens Museum of Criminology Numismatic Museum of Athens Postal & Philatelic Museum of Greece Spathario Museum Tactual Museum of Athens Theatrical Museum of Greece Zoological Museum of the University of Athens Museum ships Georgios Averof SS Hellas Liberty Olympias Velos D16 v t e Major landmarks of Athens Ancient Acropolis Ancient Agora Arch of Hadrian Areopagus Aristotle’s Lyceum Choragic Monument of Lysicrates Hadrian's Library Kerameikos Odeon of Herodes Atticus Panathenaic Stadium Philopappos Hill/Monument Platonic Academy Pnyx Remains of the Acharnian Road, Acharnian Gate and Cemetery Site Remains of the Long Walls Roman Agora Stoa of Attalos Temple of Hephaestus Temple of Olympian Zeus Theatre of Dionysus Tower of the Winds Byzantine Church of Panagia Kapnikarea Church of the Holy Apostles Church of the Holy Trinity Church of the Pantanassa Daphni Monastery Holy Archangels Church Kaisariani Monastery Little Metropolis Petraki Monastery Ottoman Fethiye Mosque House of Saint Philothei/Benizelos-Palaiologos mansion Tzistarakis Mosque Modern Hansen's "Trilogy" Academy Kapodistrian University of Athens National Library of Greece Museums Acropolis Museum Benaki Museum Byzantine and Christian Museum Goulandris Museum of Cycladic Art Kerameikos Archaeological Museum National Archaeological Museum National Gallery National Historical Museum Numismatic Museum Churches Metropolitan Cathedral of Athens Cathedral Basilica of St. Dionysius the Areopagite Saint Irene church Gardens/Parks Mount Lycabettus funicular National Gardens Pedion tou Areos Squares and Neighbourhoods Anafiotika Kolonaki Square Kotzia Square Monastiraki Omonoia Square Plaka Syntagma Square Thiseio Athens Concert Hall Athens Olympic Sports Complex Athens Towers Gennadius Library National Observatory of Athens National Theatre of Greece Old Parliament House Old Royal Palace Presidential Mansion Stavros Niarchos Foundation Cultural Center Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Zappeion Marinas Agios Kosmas Marina Alimos Marina Athens Marina (formerly Faliro Marina) Glyfada Marina Olympic Marine Marina of Vouliagmeni Marina of Zea Others Dionysiou Areopagitou Street Ermou Street First Cemetery of Athens v t e Neighbourhoods in municipality of Athens Agios Eleftherios Agios Panteleimonas Akadimia Akadimia Platonos Acropolis Ampelokipoi (Kountouriotika, Prosfygika) Asyrmatos Asteroskopeio Attiki Ellinoroson Erythros Stavros Exarcheia Gazi Girokomeio Gyzi Goudi Gouva Ilisia Keramikos Kolokynthou Kolonaki Kolonos Koukaki Kypriadou Kypseli Kynosargous Metaxourgeio Mets Monastiraki Nea Filothei Neapoli Neos Kosmos Omonoia Pangrati (Kallimarmaro) Patisia Pedion tou Areos Petralona Philopappou Plaka (Aerides, Anafiotika) Polygono Probonas Profitis Daniil Profitis Ilias Psyri Rizoupoli Rouf Sepolia Syntagma Thiseio Thymarakia Treis Gefyres Victoria Votanikos (Elaionas) Authority control databases International VIAF GND National United States Israel Geographic Pleiades Other Yale LUX --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Kerameikos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerameikos) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerameikos?action=history)). 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