# Kenneth F. Cramer
> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Kenneth_F._Cramer
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Kenneth_F._Cramer.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_F._Cramer
> Source revision: 1354200013
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)
{{Short description|United States Army general (1894–1954)}}
{{for|persons of a similar name|Kenneth Kramer (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox military person
|name= Kenneth Frank Cramer
|birth_date= October 3, 1894
|death_date= {{death date and age|1954|2|20|1894|10|3}}
|birth_place= [Gloversville, New York](/source/Gloversville%2C_New_York), US
|death_place= [Heidelberg, Germany](/source/Heidelberg%2C_Germany)
|burial_place= [Arlington National Cemetery](/source/Arlington_National_Cemetery)
|burial_label= Place of burial
|image=Cramer kf.jpg
|caption=Major General Cramer as National Guard Bureau Chief, c. 1949
|nickname=
|allegiance={{flag|United States of America}}
|branch=25px [United States Army](/source/United_States_Army)
|service_years=1917–1954
|rank=30px [Major General](/source/Major_general_(United_States))
|commands=[169th Infantry Regiment](/source/169th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States))
[24th Infantry Division](/source/24th_Infantry_Division_(United_States))
[43rd Infantry Division](/source/43rd_Infantry_Division_(United_States))
[Chief of the National Guard Bureau](/source/Chief_of_the_National_Guard_Bureau)
Southern Area Command, [United States Army Europe](/source/United_States_Army_Europe)
|unit=[Connecticut Army National Guard](/source/Connecticut_Army_National_Guard)
[National Guard Bureau](/source/National_Guard_Bureau)
|battles= [World War I](/source/World_War_I)
[World War II](/source/World_War_II)
[Korean War](/source/Korean_War)
|awards= [Silver Star](/source/Silver_Star) (4)
[Legion of Merit](/source/Legion_of_Merit)
[Bronze Star Medal](/source/Bronze_Star_Medal)
[Air Medal](/source/Air_Medal)
[Purple Heart](/source/Purple_Heart)
[Army Commendation Medal](/source/Army_Commendation_Medal)
|module = {{infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [Connecticut State Senate](/source/Connecticut_State_Senate)
| term_start = 1933
| term_end = 1937
| office1 = Member of the
[Connecticut House of Representatives](/source/Connecticut_House_of_Representatives)
| term_start1 = 1929
| term_end1 = 1933
| party = [Republican](/source/Republican_Party_(United_States))
| education = [Princeton University](/source/Princeton_University)
| occupation = Coal dealer
State legislator
| embed = yes
}}
}}
'''Kenneth F. Cramer''' (October 3, 1894 – February 20, 1954) was an American politician and [United States Army](/source/United_States_Army) [major general](/source/Major_general_(United_States)) who served as [Chief of the National Guard Bureau](/source/Chief_of_the_National_Guard_Bureau).
==Early life and education==
Kenneth Frank Cramer was born in [Gloversville, New York](/source/Gloversville%2C_New_York), on October 3, 1894.[William R. Denslow, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvBjhJr9Ev0C&dq=%22kenneth+f+cramer%22+born+1894+gloversville&pg=PA261 10,000 Famous Freemasons From A To J] Part One, 2004, p. 261] He graduated from [Princeton University](/source/Princeton_University) in 1916, and received his [master's degree](/source/master's_degree) in 1917.[J. T. White, [https://books.google.com/books?id=sDgOAQAAMAAJ&q=%22kenneth+f+cramer%22+princeton+1916+1917 The National Cyclopædia of American Biography], Volume 45, 1962, p. 292] In 1938, he completed the [United States Army Command and General Staff College](/source/United_States_Army_Command_and_General_Staff_College) and was his class Honor Graduate.[Hartford Courant, [https://archive.today/20130630050307/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courant/access/848660142.html?dids=848660142:848660142&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Mar+14,+1939&author=&pub=Hartford+Courant&desc=K.+F.+Cramer+Is+Promoted+In+Regiment&pqatl=google K. F. Cramer Is Promoted In Regiment], March 14, 1939]
== Career ==
===World War I===
Cramer enlisted in the [United States Army](/source/United_States_Army) for [World War I](/source/World_War_I) and completed [officer training](/source/Officer_Candidate_School_(United_States_Army)) in 1917.[Thomas Edison Troland, Princeton Alumni Weekly, [https://books.google.com/books?id=iRJbAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22kenneth+f.+cramer%22+officer+training+1917&pg=RA1-PA4 In Time of Peace: General Cramer '16 prepared for war as Connecticut National Guardsman], November 10, 1944] He served in [France](/source/France) during [World War I](/source/World_War_I), primarily with the 310th Infantry Regiment, a unit of the [78th Infantry Division](/source/78th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)). His service included combat during the [St. Mihiel](/source/Battle_of_Saint-Mihiel) and [Meuse-Argonne](/source/Meuse-Argonne_Offensive) campaigns, and he was wounded and taken [prisoner](/source/Prisoner_of_war). He recuperated in a German hospital, and was released at the end of the war.[310th Infantry Association, [https://books.google.com/books?id=j7FBAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22kenneth+f+cramer%22+310th+infantry&pg=PA186 A History of the Three Hundred Tenth Infantry, Seventy-eighth Division], 1919, pages 24, 61, 117, 165, 186, 217, 224, 239, 264][Hartford Courant, [https://archive.today/20130630043657/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courant/access/888905712.html?dids=888905712:888905712&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Apr+03,+1952&author=&pub=Hartford+Courant&desc=Cramer+Visits+Scene+Of+His+Imprisonment&pqatl=google Cramer Visits Scene Of His Imprisonment], April 3, 1952]
===Post-World War I===
After the war, he maintained his membership in the [Army Reserve](/source/United_States_Army_Reserve) and in 1931 transferred to the [Connecticut Army National Guard](/source/Connecticut_Army_National_Guard) as a [captain](/source/Captain_(United_States)), accepting a demotion from [major](/source/Major_(United_States)) in order to command a newly organized [tank](/source/tank) [company](/source/Company_(military_unit)).[Hartford Courant, [https://archive.today/20130630043521/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courant/access/816865912.html?dids=816865912:816865912&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Apr+18,+1931&author=&pub=Hartford+Courant&desc=Cramer+Made+Commander+Of+Tank+Co.&pqatl=google Cramer Made Commander Of Tank Co.], April 18, 1931]
Cramer continued to advance through the ranks, and his assignments in Connecticut included: Plans, Operations and Training Officer, S3 for the 169th Infantry Regiment; Commander of 3rd Battalion, 169th Infantry Regiment; and Assistant Adjutant General of the Connecticut National Guard.[Hartford Courant, [https://archive.today/20130630043331/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courant/access/843439782.html?dids=843439782:843439782&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Mar+03,+1938&author=&pub=Hartford+Courant&desc=Officers+Are+Reassigned+For+169th&pqatl=google Officers Are Reassigned For 169th], March 3, 1938][Hartford Courant, [https://archive.today/20130630040706/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courant/access/849448602.html?dids=849448602:849448602&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Jul+28,+1939&author=&pub=Hartford+Courant&desc=Cramer+Gets+High+Position+In+Military&pqatl=google Cramer Gets High Position In Military: Wethersfield Man Named Assistant Adjutant General of National Guard by Governor Baldwin], July 28, 1939]
=== Connecticut Legislature ===
He resided in [Wethersfield, Connecticut](/source/Wethersfield%2C_Connecticut), and in his civilian career he worked in the coal business, eventually becoming owner and operator of Hartford's K.F. Cramer Coal Company.[Hartford Courant, [https://archive.today/20130630041505/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courant/access/896103802.html?dids=896103802:896103802&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Apr+01,+1946&author=&pub=Hartford+Courant&desc=General+Cramer+Back+Home+From+Service+In+Army&pqatl=google General Cramer Back Home From Service In Army], April 1, 1946] Cramer served on the Wethersfield [School Board](/source/Board_of_education) from 1927 to 1937.[Hartford Courant, [https://archive.today/20130630042359/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courant/access/851273622.html?dids=851273622:851273622&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Jun+15,+1937&author=&pub=Hartford+Courant&desc=Cramer+Quits+Wethersfield+School+Board&pqatl=google Cramer Quits Wethersfield School Board], June 15, 1937] He was a member of the [Connecticut House](/source/Connecticut_House_of_Representatives) (1929–1933) and [Senate](/source/Connecticut_State_Senate) (1933–1937), and was a delegate to several [Republican](/source/Republican_Party_(United_States)) conventions.[Harley Kilgore, Congressional Record, [https://books.google.com/books?ei=Jr1_Ua23HcrE0QHdp4HgBg&id=tWaS7nw877QC&dq=%22kenneth+f+cramer%22+connecticut+house+representatives&q=%22kenneth+f+cramer%22 Remarks on the Passing of the Late Major General Kenneth F. Cramer], Volume 100, Part 3, pp. 3373–3374][Republican National Convention, [https://books.google.com/books?id=64sMAQAAIAAJ&q=%22kenneth+f+cramer%22+republican+convention Official report of the Proceedings], 1936, p. 54]
===World War II===
He was a [colonel](/source/Colonel_(United_States)) and commander of the 169th Infantry Regiment when he mobilized for [World War II](/source/World_War_II) with New England's [43rd "Winged Victory" Division](/source/43rd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)). He was soon transferred to the [Pacific-bound](/source/Pacific_Ocean_theatre_of_World_War_II) [24th Infantry Division](/source/24th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)) to become Assistant Division Commander and was promoted to [brigadier general](/source/Brigadier_general_(United_States)).[Hartford Courant, [https://archive.today/20130630042613/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courant/access/857913922.html?dids=857913922:857913922&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+03,+1940&author=&pub=Hartford+Courant&desc=Cramer+Is+Col.+Nolan's+Successor&pqatl=google Cramer Is Col. Nolan's Successor: Promoted and Assigned as 169th Commander], November 3, 1940][United States Field Artillery Association, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NWRNAQAAIAAJ&q=%22kenneth+f+cramer%22+24th+infantry+division The Field Artillery Journal], Volumes 37–38, 1947, p. 237]
Cramer took command of the 24th Division in 1945 and was promoted to [major general](/source/Major_general_(United_States)).[Victor W. Man, W. Victor Madeja, [https://books.google.com/books?id=R_rkAAAAMAAJ&q=%22kenneth+f+cramer%22+24th+infantry+division+commander U. S. Army Order of Battle, Pacific Theater, 1941–1945], 1984, p. 25]
===Post-World War II===
After the war, Cramer was assigned as commander of the 43rd Division.[Associated Press, Meriden Record [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=uv5HAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ov8MAAAAIBAJ&pg=5033,3787349&dq=kenneth-cramer+43rd+division&hl=en 43rd to Train at Camp Edwards], May 15, 1947] In 1947 he was appointed [Chief of the National Guard Bureau](/source/Chief_of_the_National_Guard_Bureau), and assistant division commander [Reginald W. Buzzell](/source/Reginald_W._Buzzell) was appointed to serve as acting division commander.[Hartford Courant, [https://archive.today/20130630040934/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courant/access/876004922.html?dids=876004922:876004922&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Sep+24,+1947&author=&pub=Hartford+Courant&desc=Gen.+Cramer+To+Take+Oath+September+30&pqatl=google Gen. Cramer To Take Oath September 30], September 24, 1947][Associated Press, New York Times, [https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0F1EFC3A5A147B93CAAB178DD85F438485F9 Made National Guard Head To Succeed Miltonberger], June 28, 1947][{{cite news |date=December 4, 1947 |title=Brig. Gen. Buzzell to be Appointed Commander of 43rd Division |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/85222911/buzzell-commander/ |work=[Montpelier Evening Argus](/source/Barre_Montpelier_Times_Argus) |location=Montpelier, VT |page=1 |via=[Newspapers.com](/source/Newspapers.com)}}]
Cramer's tenure was highlighted by a feud with the Director of the newly formed [Air National Guard](/source/Air_National_Guard), Major General George Finch, over the role the [National Guard Bureau](/source/National_Guard_Bureau) would play in the Air Guard's operations. The recently organized [United States Air Force](/source/United_States_Air_Force) viewed the National Guard Bureau as providing purely administrative functions, while Cramer viewed NGB's (and the NGB Chief's) role as a more direct policy-making and oversight one. Finch argued for Air Force control of the Air National Guard, putting him at odds with Cramer. The feud reached a high point in 1949 when Cramer dismissed Finch without consulting the Air Force leadership. (Cramer later reinstated Finch.)[Associated Press, Pittsburgh Press, [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=eFwbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TE0EAAAAIBAJ&pg=4296,1244415&dq=kenneth-cramer+finch&hl=en Generals feud in National Guard], October 2, 1949][Associated Press, New York Times, [https://www.nytimes.com/1949/10/03/archives/general-is-ousted-in-national-guard-finch-is-expelled-as-air-chief.html General is Ousted in National Guard: Finch Is Expelled as Air Chief by Cramer, Then Reinstated as High Officials Intervene], October 3, 1949][Austin Stevens, New York Times, [https://www.nytimes.com/1949/12/03/archives/inquiry-is-ordered-in-guard-squabble-army-and-air-secretaries-ask.html Inquiry is Ordered in Guard Squabble: Army and Air Secretaries Ask for Full Report on Military Struggle for Power], December 3, 1949]
In 1950, the [Miltonberger](/source/Butler_B._Miltonberger) Board, which was formed to review the National Guard Bureau's structure and policies, largely validated Cramer's view by recommending that the National Guard Bureau remain in the Air National Guard's chain of authority, with the NGB Chief exercising responsibility for both the Army and Air National Guards. The board also recommended the creation of a Deputy Chief of the National Guard Bureau position, to be filled by a major general of the opposite service from the Chief, who could provide advice and subject matter expertise to the Chief. Both recommendations were adopted.[Associated Press, Palm beach Post, [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=XPwsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5swFAAAAIBAJ&pg=980,6364990&dq=miltonberger+board&hl=en New Board Named to reorganize national Guard]{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, February 26, 1950][Charles Joseph Gross, [https://books.google.com/books?id=hALj7fhvXyMC&dq=miltonberger+board+national+guard+recommendations&pg=PA49 Prelude to the Total Force: Air National Guard, 19431969], 1984, pp. 49–51]
The feud ended when Finch was reassigned as senior Air Force member of the team which negotiated the treaty that ended the Korean War[Georgia National Guard, The Georgia Guardsman, Maj. Gen. George Finch, Georgia Air Guard Pioneer, January–March, 1986, p. 1] and Cramer also requested a new assignment. Cramer was succeeded as NGB Chief by [Raymond H. Fleming](/source/Raymond_H._Fleming).[Hartford Courant, [https://archive.today/20130630041708/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courant/access/886183042.html?dids=886183042:886183042&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Sep+06,+1950&author=&pub=Hartford+Courant&desc=Cramer+Ends+His+Duties+As+Guard+Bureau+Head&pqatl=google Cramer Ends His Duties As Guard Bureau Head], September 6, 1950]
===Korean War===
In 1950, Cramer commanded the 43rd Division when it was federalized for service in [West Germany](/source/West_Germany) during the [Korean War](/source/Korean_War).[Hartford Courant, [https://archive.today/20130630041058/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courant/access/886226242.html?dids=886226242:886226242&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Sep+26,+1950&author=&pub=Hartford+Courant&desc=Cramer+Tells+43d+It+Must+Be+Trained+For+The+Ultimate&pqatl=google Cramer Tells 43d It Must Be Trained For The Ultimate], September 26, 1950][Christian Science Monitor, [https://archive.today/20130630041312/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/csmonitor_historic/access/278614142.html?dids=278614142:278614142&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Jul+30,+1951&author=&pub=Christian+Science+Monitor&desc=N.E.+National+Guard+Division+Is+Given+Realistic+Training&pqatl=google N.E. National Guard Division Is Given Realistic Training], July 30, 1951]
During the division's mobilization at [Fort Pickett, Virginia](/source/Fort_Barfoot), Cramer was the target of protest by wives who objected to his insistence that soldiers stay on post each night, rather than spending nights with their families off post. In addition, he was investigated over concerns that his disciplinary measures in Germany were too harsh and had a negative effect on unit morale.[Hartford Courant, [https://archive.today/20130630041510/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courant/access/889138422.html?dids=889138422:889138422&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Jun+04,+1951&author=&pub=Hartford+Courant&desc=Morano+Asks+Pickett+Probe,+Possibly+Cramer's+Removal&pqatl=google Morano Asks Pickett Probe, Possibly Cramer's Removal], June 4, 1951][Hartford Courant, [https://archive.today/20130630044524/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courant/access/887567742.html?dids=887567742:887567742&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Jul+02,+1953&author=&pub=Hartford+Courant&desc=Cramer's+Rules+Arouse+Ire+Of+Men,+Reports+Say&pqatl=google Cramer's Rules Arouse Ire Of Men, Reports Say], July 2, 1953] Cramer argued that requiring soldiers to remain on post during mobilization was necessary to improve readiness and cohesion by maximizing training time and that his actions in Germany were an effort to curtail [black market](/source/black_market) activities. Although accused of being a [martinet](/source/Martinet), Cramer was not found to be at fault.[Robert C. Ruark, Hartford Courant, [https://archive.today/20130630040600/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courant/access/884908602.html?dids=884908602:884908602&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Oct+08,+1953&author=&pub=Hartford+Courant&desc='Political+General'+Charge+Is+Denied+By+Cramer&pqatl=google 'Political General' Charge Is Denied By Cramer], October 8, 1953]
In 1952, he relinquished command of the 43rd Division in order to take command of the Southern Area Command in Germany, a subordinate unit of [United States Army Europe](/source/United_States_Army_Europe), and he served in this assignment until his death.[Hartford Courant, [https://archive.today/20130630044527/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courant/access/901265002.html?dids=901265002:901265002&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Sep+28,+1953&author=&pub=Hartford+Courant&desc=Passion+For+Discipline+Marks+Gen.+Cramer's+Military+Career&pqatl=google Passion For Discipline Marks Gen. Cramer's Military Career], September 28, 1953]
==Death and burial==
Cramer died of a heart attack on February 20, 1954, while hunting near [Heidelberg, Germany](/source/Heidelberg%2C_Germany).[Hartford Courant, [https://archive.today/20130630041718/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courant/access/888704202.html?dids=888704202:888704202&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Feb+22,+1954&author=&pub=Hartford+Courant&desc=Munich+Rites+For+Cramer+On+Thursday&pqatl=google Munich Rites For Cramer On Thursday: Burial of General To Take Place in Arlington Cemetery], February 22, 1954] He was buried in [Arlington National Cemetery](/source/Arlington_National_Cemetery).[[https://ancexplorer.army.mil/publicwmv/#/arlington-national/search/results/1/CgZjcmFtZXISB2tlbm5ldGgaAWY-/ Burial Detail: Cramer, Kenneth F (Section 30, Grave 614)] – ANC Explorer]
At the time of his death Cramer had completed [doctoral studies](/source/Doctor_of_Philosophy) at the [Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München](/source/Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit%C3%A4t_M%C3%BCnchen) and had submitted his dissertation.[James Terry White, [https://books.google.com/books?id=lRjYAAAAMAAJ&q=%22cramer+kenneth+frank%22+dissertation The National cyclopaedia of American biography], 1967, p. 282]
==Awards and decorations==
Cramer's awards included the [Silver Star](/source/Silver_Star) (four awards), [Legion of Merit](/source/Legion_of_Merit), [Bronze Star Medal](/source/Bronze_Star_Medal), [Air Medal](/source/Air_Medal), [Army Commendation Medal](/source/Army_Commendation_Medal) and [Purple Heart](/source/Purple_Heart).[Connecticut House of Representatives, Journal of the House of Representatives, [https://books.google.com/books?id=9-7NAAAAMAAJ&q=%22kenneth+frank+cramer%22+silver+star+bronze+star+legion+merit+air+medal+purple+heart Senate Joint Resolution 39 on the Passing of Kenneth F. Cramer], 1955, p. 835]
==Legacy==
Cramer's sister Beatrice endowed a scholarship in his name at the [State University of New York at Cortland](/source/State_University_of_New_York_at_Cortland). The Kenneth Frank Cramer Scholarship is awarded annually to the top female applicant from Gloversville High School.[Academic Works, [https://cortland.academicworks.com/opportunities/137 Information page, Kenneth Frank Cramer Scholarship]{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, accessed April 30, 2013]
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==External links==
*[https://generals.dk/general/Cramer/Kenneth_Frank/USA.html Generals of World War II]
{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{succession box
| title= [Chief of the National Guard Bureau](/source/Chief_of_the_National_Guard_Bureau)
| before= MG [Butler B. Miltonberger](/source/Butler_B._Miltonberger)
| years= 1947–1950
| after= MG [Raymond H. Fleming](/source/Raymond_H._Fleming)
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cramer, Kenneth F.}}
Category:1894 births
Category:1954 deaths
Category:Military personnel from New York (state)
Category:Princeton University alumni
Category:People from Gloversville, New York
Category:People from Wethersfield, Connecticut
Category:Republican Party members of the Connecticut House of Representatives
Category:Republican Party Connecticut state senators
Category:United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni
Category:United States Army personnel of World War I
Category:United States Army personnel of the Korean War
Category:United States Army generals
Category:National Guard (United States) generals
Category:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Category:Chiefs of the National Guard Bureau
Category:Recipients of the Silver Star
Category:Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Category:Recipients of the Air Medal
Category:United States Army generals of World War II
Category:World War I prisoners of war held by Germany
Category:American prisoners of war in World War I
Category:20th-century members of the Connecticut General Assembly
---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Kenneth F. Cramer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_F._Cramer) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_F._Cramer?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.