# Keith Foulger

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**Keith Foulger** (14 May 1925 – 24 May 2021) was a British naval architect. As a child he aspired to a career as a Royal Navy officer but failed the eyesight requirements and so started a career in naval architecture. Foulger joined the [Royal Corps of Naval Constructors](/source/Royal_Corps_of_Naval_Constructors) and worked on designs for the [*Porpoise*](/source/British_Porpoise-class_submarine) and [*Explorer*-class submarines](/source/Explorer-class_submarine). Following the [1958 US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement](/source/1958_US%E2%80%93UK_Mutual_Defence_Agreement) Foulger was chosen to lead a team to observe the construction of the [*Skipjack*-class submarine](/source/Skipjack-class_submarine) being constructed for the US Navy. The first British nuclear submarine [HMS *Dreadnought*](/source/HMS_Dreadnought_(S101)) would use the same [reactor](/source/S5W_reactor) and so the aft portion had to accommodate that design. Foulger's job was to minimise any mismatch between this portion and the forward section which was to be a wholly British design.

After *Dreadnought* was completed in 1960 Foulger worked on the [*Valiant*-class](/source/Valiant-class_submarine), the first entirely British-designed-and-built nuclear submarines. The two *Valiant*-class boats were launched by 1965; Foulger then served as a chief constructor for a number of surface vessels and in staff roles. He returned to submarine projects in 1973, overseeing the construction of the six [*Swiftsure*-class submarines](/source/Swiftsure-class_submarine). He afterwards oversaw the design of the seven [*Trafalgar*-class submarines](/source/Trafalgar-class_submarine) and the construction of the first two of these vessels. From 1979 to 1983 Foulger had responsibility for the construction of all Royal Navy submarines including, for the first time, the ballistic missile vessels. This included the very early stages of the [*Vanguard*-class](/source/Vanguard-class_submarine) submarine designs. From 1983 until his retirement in 1985 Foulger was [Director of Naval Construction](/source/Director_of_Naval_Construction). In retirement he worked for ten years as chief naval architect for the restoration work on [HMS *Victory*](/source/HMS_Victory).

## Early life and career

Keith Foulger was born in Colchester, Essex on 14 May 1925.[1] He was one of three children of Percy Foulger, a civil servant, and Kate Foulger née Knight. He attended [Southgate County School](/source/Southgate_County_School), which was then a grammar school. Foulger expressed an ambition to join the [Royal Navy](/source/Royal_Navy) so often that his parents nicknamed him "Little Nelson". He joined the City of London [Sea Cadets](/source/Sea_Cadets) but upon reaching enlistment age found that his eyesight did not meet the minimum requirements set by the navy. Foulger studied mechanical engineering at [London University](/source/London_University) and afterwards joined the [Royal Corps of Naval Constructors](/source/Royal_Corps_of_Naval_Constructors) (RCNC), the body responsible for constructing Royal Navy vessels. Foulger attended the [Royal Naval College, Greenwich](/source/Royal_Naval_College,_Greenwich) and achieved a first class degree in naval architecture. Foulger met his wife, Joyce Hart, whilst at a ball at the college. They married in 1951 and had a son and a daughter.[2]

From 1950 to 1954 Foulger was at the RCNC facility in [Bath, Somerset](/source/Bath,_Somerset) where he worked on the designs for the [*Porpoise*-class submarines](/source/British_Porpoise-class_submarine) (built 1956–59)[3] and on the experimental [hydrogen peroxide](/source/Hydrogen_peroxide)-powered [*Explorer*-class submarines](/source/Explorer-class_submarine) (launched 1954–55).[1][4] Afterwards Foulger spent three years at [Portsmouth Royal Dockyard](/source/Portsmouth_Royal_Dockyard) refitting and repairing submarines, returning to Bath in 1957.[2]

## *Dreadnought* project

From the late 1940s the [US Navy](/source/US_Navy) had been working on the first nuclear-powered submarines, which would have an advantage in submerged endurance over diesel-powered vessels. The first of these, the [USS *Nautilus*](/source/USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)) was launched in 1954.[5] The [1958 US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement](/source/1958_US%E2%80%93UK_Mutual_Defence_Agreement) granted the British access to American nuclear expertise and they were keen to develop their own nuclear submarines. [HMS *Dreadnought*](/source/HMS_Dreadnought_(S101)) was to be the first of these. Foulger headed a team sent to the [Electric Boat Company](/source/Electric_Boat_Company) at [Groton, Connecticut](/source/Groton,_Connecticut), to look at the [*Skipjack*-class submarine](/source/Skipjack-class_submarine) which was being built there. *Dreadnought* was to use the American-developed [S5W reactor](/source/S5W_reactor) and so the rear end of the vessel had to match that of the *Skipjack* design. The front end of the *Dreadnought* was a wholly British design which included a very large [conformal array sonar](/source/Conformal_array_sonar). There were concerns that there would be a mismatch between the two parts of the boat and a key part of Foulger's mission was to make sure this did not happen.[2] Foulger described the project as "the most exciting and fascinating job any constructor could wish to have".[1]

To access American technical information Foulger had to deal with Vice Admiral [Hyman G. Rickover](/source/Hyman_G._Rickover) who was in charge of the US Navy's nuclear submarine programme. Rickover was difficult to work with as he had opposed the sharing of information with the British and Foulger initially found his efforts were obstructed by Rickover. Foulger eventually got the information he needed, in part because the role allowed him to wear the uniform of a Royal Navy commander, Foulger's first uniformed role. He considered that the uniform played a key part in winning the respect and cooperation of US Navy engineering officers.[2] Dreadnought, launched in 1960, was three times larger than conventionally-powered British submarines. It featured innovations unique to the British such as torpedo tubes able to work at greater depth than those in the *Skipjack* class, a bridge fin positioned further aft and improved welding practices. These latter changes made the *Dreadnought* more stable at high speed than the *Skipjack*s.[2]

## Later roles

After the completion of the *Dreadnought* project in 1960 Foulger moved to the team responsible for the design and construction of the [*Valiant*-class submarines](/source/Valiant-class_submarine). These were the first wholly British nuclear submarines, having British designed and built nuclear reactors (the [Rolls-Royce PWR](/source/Rolls-Royce_PWR)).[1][2] With more control over the design the team could follow traditional British submarine building practice and produced a design that was simpler than *Dreadnought* and had a stronger hull.[1] Foulger helped naval architect R. J. Daniel select [nickel aluminium bronze](/source/Nickel_aluminium_bronze) as the material for the class's hull valves. These had previously been made from [gunmetal](/source/Gunmetal) but the new material was assessed to have better strength and shock resistance and fewer flaws.[6] After the Valiant project ([*Valiant*](/source/HMS_Valiant_(S102)) was launched in 1963 and [*Warspite*](/source/HMS_Warspite_(S103)) in 1965)[7] Foulger served as chief constructor for a number of surface vessels.[2] He attended the Senior Officer's War Course at Greenwich over the winter of 1967–68 and served on the staff of the [Commander-in-Chief Fleet](/source/Commander-in-Chief_Fleet).[1] Foulger was again chief constructor for a number of surface vessel projects from 1968–73.[1]

From 1973 Foulger returned to submarines; as assistant director of naval construction he oversaw construction of the six [*Swiftsure*-class submarines](/source/Swiftsure-class_submarine) and the design of their successors the seven [*Trafalgar*-class submarines](/source/Trafalgar-class_submarine).[2] He remained in the post long enough to supervise the construction of the first two *Trafalgar* class boats: [*Trafalgar*](/source/HMS_Trafalgar_(S107)) (launched 1981) and [*Turbulent*](/source/HMS_Turbulent_(S87)) (launched 1982).[8][2] The *Swiftsure* and *Trafalgar* classes were built to a restricted budget but were faster and stealthier than earlier British submarines. To keep within budget Foulger found he had to turn down frequent requests from submarine commanders for their vessels to be upgraded with newer equipment.[2] From 1979 Foulger had responsibility for all British submarine construction including, for the first time, the [ballistic missile submarines](/source/Ballistic_missile_submarine).[1] During this period the Royal Navy was seeking replacements for the 1960s-built [*Resolution*-class submarines](/source/Resolution-class_submarine). A number of options were considered that included extending the life of the *Resolution*-class before it was decided, in 1980, to procure the American-made [Trident](/source/Trident_(missile)) missile system and build four new ballistic missile submarines, the [*Vanguard*-class](/source/Vanguard-class_submarine) (launched in the 1990s).[9] Foulger served as [Director of Naval Construction](/source/Director_of_Naval_Construction) from 1983 to 1985, with the equivalent Royal Navy rank of rear admiral.[1]

## Retirement

Foulger retired after his period as director, though afterwards served for ten years as chief naval architect for the restoration of [HMS *Victory*](/source/HMS_Victory), a first-rate ship of the line launched in 1765 and [Admiral Nelson](/source/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson)'s flagship at the [Battle of Trafalgar](/source/Battle_of_Trafalgar).[1][10] In retirement he lived in [Grittleton, Wiltshire](/source/Grittleton,_Wiltshire) where he helped restore the village's church of St Mary the Virgin, which dates to the 12th century.[2][1] Foulger also maintained an interest in gardening and taking part in motor tours in continental Europe.[2] He also contributed to the nuclear submarine chapter of D. K. Brown and George Moore's 2012 book *Rebuilding the Royal Navy: Warship Design Since 1945*.[11] At the age of 90 Foulger paid a visit to [HMS *Talent*](/source/HMS_Talent_(S92)), one of the *Trafalgar* class, whilst it was in service. He died of bowel cancer on 24 May 2021.[2]

## References

1. ["Keith Foulger, naval constructor who worked on the UK's nuclear submarine fleet – obituary"](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2021/06/28/keith-foulger-naval-constructor-worked-uks-nuclear-submarine/). *The Telegraph*. 28 June 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2021.

1. ["Keith Foulger obituary"](https://www.thetimes.com/uk/obituaries/article/keith-foulger-obituary-n5tcwzdnd). *The Times*. 21 July 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2021.

1. [*Jane's Fighting Ships*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Cr47AAAAMAAJ). Marston, limited. 1964. p. 288.

1. [*Jane's Fighting Ships*](https://books.google.com/books?id=4FQSAAAAIAAJ). Jane's Publishing Company Limited. 1961. p. 276.

1. Christley, Jim (20 January 2012). [*US Nuclear Submarines: The Fast Attack*](https://books.google.com/books?id=N7CHCwAAQBAJ). Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-78096-342-6.

1. Daniel, R. J. (2003). [*The End of an Era: The Memoirs of a Naval Constructor*](https://books.google.com/books?id=iDeBCVj_PJQC). Periscope Publishing Ltd. p. 152. ISBN 978-1-904381-18-1.

1. Jane, Frederick Thomas (1983). [*Jane's Fighting Ships*](https://books.google.com/books?id=LdMqAQAAMAAJ). S. Low, Marston & Company. p. 583.

1. Fontenoy, Paul E. (2007). [*Submarines: An Illustrated History of Their Impact*](https://books.google.com/books?id=yD3eSRfUIesC). ABC-CLIO. p. 375. ISBN 978-1-85109-563-6.

1. Ritchie, Nick (29 October 2012). [*A Nuclear Weapons-Free World?: Britain, Trident and the Challenges Ahead*](https://books.google.com/books?id=zRA_Vl5ehD4C). Springer. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-137-28409-9.

1. Paine, Lincoln P. (2000). [*Warships of the World to 1900*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Xh7CSxFeK-IC). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-395-98414-7.

1. Brown, D. K. & Moore, George (30 July 2012). [*Rebuilding the Royal Navy: Warship Design Since 1945*](https://books.google.com/books?id=PyDOAwAAQBAJ). Seaforth Publishing. p. 120. ISBN 978-1-84832-150-2.

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Keith Foulger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Foulger) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Foulger?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.