# Kazma

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> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazma
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{{short description|Ancient city in Kuwait}}
{{other uses}}
{{Infobox ancient site
| name = Kazima
| map_type = Kuwait#Near East
| relief = yes
| map_alt = 
| coordinates = {{coord|29.392881|N|47.671255|E|region:KW|display=inline,title}}(approximate)
| epochs = 
| location = [Kuwait](/source/Kuwait)
| region = [Jahra Governorate](/source/Jahra_Governorate)
| type = 
}}
'''Kazma''' ({{Langx|ar|كاظمة}}) is an area in [Kuwait](/source/Kuwait). It is located in [Al Jahra Governorate](/source/Al_Jahra_Governorate), {{cvt|40|km}} north of [Kuwait City](/source/Kuwait_City), the capital of Kuwait. It is an ancient area with a long history, known to [Persian](/source/Persian_people)s and [Arab](/source/Arab)s since the [Sassanid](/source/Sassanid), [Jahiliyyah](/source/Jahiliyyah) and the early [Islamic](/source/history_of_Islam) eras. 

==History==
In 633 AD, the [Battle of Chains](/source/Battle_of_Chains) between the Sassanid Empire and [Rashidun Caliphate](/source/Rashidun_Caliphate) was fought in Kuwait near Kazma.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kurt Ray|title=A Historical Atlas of Kuwait|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc|url=https://archive.org/details/historicalatlaso0000rayk|url-access=registration|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historicalatlaso0000rayk/page/10 10]|year=2003|isbn=9780823939817}}</ref><ref name=trade/> At the time, Kuwait was under the control of the Sassanid Empire. The Battle of Chains was the first battle of the Rashidun Caliphate in which the Muslim army sought to extend its frontiers.

As a result of Rashidun victory in 633 AD, the bay of Kuwait was home to the city of Kazma (also known as "Kadhima" or "Kāzimah") in the early Islamic era.<ref name=trade/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/8353208|title=Kāzimah remembered: historical traditions of an early Islamic settlement by Kuwait Bay|publisher=British Museum, Seminar for Arabian Studies|author=Brian Ulrich}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/7085907|title=Investigating an Early Islamic Landscape on Kuwait Bay: the archaeology of historical Kadhima |publisher=[Durham University](/source/Durham_University)|last1=Kennet |first1=Derek }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/7068872|title=Kadhima: Kuwait in the early centuries of Islam.|publisher=academia.edu|last1=Maguer-Gillon|first1=Sterenn Le|last2=Ulrich|first2=Brian|last3=Kennet|first3=Derek}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265611865|title=The Soft stone from Kadhima: evidence for trade connections and domestic activities|publisher=Kuwait NCCAL, Durham University}}</ref><ref name=academia>{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/8361856|title=From Iraq to the Hijaz in the Early Islamic Period: History and Archaeology of the Basran Hajj Road and the Way(s) through Kuwait|author=Brian Ulrich|journal=The Hajj: Collected Essays, ed. Venetia Porter and Liana Saif|date=January 2013 }}</ref><ref name=jstor>{{cite journal|title=The Kadhima Project: investigating an Early Islamic settlement and landscape on Kuwait Bay|journal=Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies|volume=41|pages=161–172|publisher=jstor.org|jstor = 41622130|last1 = Kennet|first1 = Derek|last2=Blair|first2=Andrew|last3=Ulrich|first3=Brian|last4=Al-Duwīsh|first4=Sultan M.|year=2011}}</ref> Medieval Arabic sources contain multiple references to the bay of Kuwait in the early Islamic period.<ref name=academia/><ref name=jstor/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gulf_History|title=Kāzimah|publisher=academia.edu}}</ref> The city functioned as a [trade port](/source/port_city) and resting place for pilgrims on their way from Iraq to Hejaz. The city was controlled by the kingdom of [Al-Hirah](/source/Al-Hirah) in Iraq.<ref name=academia/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TdZtAAAAMAAJ|title=Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies Volumes 9–12 |pages=53 |year= 1979 |quote=Although the town of al-Hira might have been too far northward to be considered a part of Eastern Arabia it is dealt with here as such because the kingdom of al- Hira controlled Kazima (Kuwait).}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soas.ac.uk/lmei/events/23may2012-new-field-work-at-kadhima-kuwait-and-the-archaeology-of-the-early-islamic-period-in-easter.html|title=New field work at Kadhima (Kuwait) and the archaeology of the Early Islamic period in Eastern Arabia|publisher=[SOAS](/source/SOAS)|access-date=2021-08-14|archive-date=2018-11-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125204501/https://www.soas.ac.uk/lmei/events/23may2012-new-field-work-at-kadhima-kuwait-and-the-archaeology-of-the-early-islamic-period-in-easter.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the early Islamic period, the bay of Kuwait was known for being a fertile area.<ref name=trade>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ACS3J9mVInMC&pg=PA20|title=Kuwait in Pictures|year=2008|pages=20–21|isbn=9780822565895|last1=Dipiazza|first1=Francesca Davis}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0130900729|title=Culture in rehabilitation: from competency to proficiency |work=Jeffrey L. Crabtree, Abdul Matin Royeen|pages=194 |year=2006 |quote=During the early Islamic period, Kazima had become a very famous fertile area and served as a trading stations for travelers in the region.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dur.ac.uk/archaeology/research/projects/?mode=project&id=482 |title=Kadhima : an Early Islamic settlement and landscape on Kuwait Bay |publisher=[Durham University](/source/Durham_University)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019074103/https://www.dur.ac.uk/archaeology/research/projects/?mode=project&id=482 |access-date=2013-07-28|archive-date=2013-10-19 }}</ref>

Kazma was mainly a stop for [caravans](/source/caravan_(travellers)) coming from [Persia](/source/Persia) and [Mesopotamia](/source/Mesopotamia) en route to the [Arabian Peninsula](/source/Arabian_Peninsula). The poet [Al-Farazdaq](/source/Al-Farazdaq) was born in the city of Kazma.<ref name=kuwa>{{cite web|url=https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2378661&language=en|title=Farazdaq center lauds Info. Min. care for youth|work=[Kuwait News Agency](/source/Kuwait_News_Agency)|date=22 May 2014}}</ref> Al-Farazdaq is recognized as one of the greatest [classical poets](/source/classical_literature) of the Arabs.<ref name=kuwa/>

==See also==
* [Akkaz Island](/source/Akkaz_Island)
* [Failaka Island](/source/Failaka_Island)
* [Umm an Namil Island](/source/Umm_an_Namil_Island)
* [H3 (Kuwait)](/source/H3_(Kuwait))
* [Bahra 1](/source/Bahra_1)
* [Ikaros (Failaka Island)](/source/Ikaros_(Failaka_Island))
* [Agarum](/source/Agarum_(toponym))
* [Subiya, Kuwait](/source/Subiya%2C_Kuwait)

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{stack|{{Portal|Kuwait}}}}

Category:Geography of Kuwait
Category:Archaeological sites in Kuwait

{{Kuwait-geo-stub}}

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Kazma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazma) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazma?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.