# Kata Kolok

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Village sign language of Bali, Indonesia

"Deaf talk" redirects here. For other languages used by deaf people, see [Sign language](/source/Sign_language).

Bengkala Sign Language Kata Kolok Native to Bali, Indonesia Region One village in the northern part of the island Signers 40 deaf signers (2007)[1] 1,200 hearing signers (2011)[1] Language family Language isolate Language codes ISO 639-3 bqy Glottolog beng1239 ELP Kata Kolok

**Kata Kolok** (lit. 'deaf talk'), also known as **Bengkala Sign Language** and **Balinese Sign Language**, is a [village sign language](/source/Village_sign_language) which is indigenous to two neighbouring villages in northern [Bali](/source/Bali), Indonesia. The main village, [Bengkala](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bengkala&action=edit&redlink=1) [[id](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengkala,_Kubutambahan,_Buleleng)], has had high incidences of deafness for over seven generations. Notwithstanding the biological time depth of the recessive mutation that causes deafness, the first substantial cohort of deaf signers did not occur until five generations ago, and this event marks the emergence of Kata Kolok. The sign language has been acquired by at least five generations of deaf, native signers and features in all aspects of village life, including political, professional, educational, and religious settings.

Kata Kolok is linguistically unrelated to [spoken Balinese](/source/Balinese_language) or other sign languages. It lacks certain common [contact sign](/source/Contact_sign) phenomena that often arise when a sign language and an oral language are in close contact, such as [fingerspelling](/source/Fingerspelling) and [mouthing](/source/Mouthing). It differs from other known sign languages in a number of respects: signers make extensive use of cardinal directions and real-world locations to organize the signing space, and they do not use a metaphorical "time line" for time reference. Additionally, Kata Kolok is the only known sign language which predominantly deploys an absolute frame of reference rather than an intrinsic or relative frame.

The Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics (MPI) and the International Institute for Sign Languages and Deaf Studies have archived over 100 hours of Kata Kolok video data. The metadata of this corpus are accessible online (see [www.mpi.nl](https://www.mpi.nl/)).

Deaf people in the village express themselves using special cultural forms such as deaf dance and [martial arts](/source/Martial_arts) and occupy special ritual and social roles, including digging graves and maintaining water pipes. Deaf and hearing villagers alike share a belief in a deaf god.

## History

### Background

Kata Kolok was most likely established due to the prevalence of hereditary [sensorineural deafness](/source/Sensorineural_deafness) caused by a recessive non-syndromic mutation of the [MYO15A](/source/MYO15A) gene.[2] This gene led to a significant population of hearing-impaired people in Bengkal village. According to the 1995 census, around 2.2% of the village population has impaired hearing.[3]

This form of communication is thought to have been established from five to seven generations ago.[2] According to a 2011 census in the village of Bengkal, around 1,500 people out of 2,740 people, or 57% of the population, were able to communicate in this language, in addition to 46 hearing-impaired people.[1][4][5] In addition, at least eight hearing-impaired people from Bengkal who have left the village, then returning after a while were still able to use Kata Kolok.[5]

### Usage in Bengkal village

Kata Kolok usually used when at least one of the interlocutors is deaf. It can also be used by hearing interlocutors when they are far apart or working with noisy equipment. Kata Kolok can be used in all areas of life: i.e. used to communicate when repairing water pipes or when a village nurse need to communicate with hearing-impaired patients.[6]

Due to the high proportion of people who were able to communicate in Kata Kolok, a deaf child can learn it from birth in the same way that hearing children learn spoken language.[7]

## Phonology

In the study of different gesture languages, such as [American Sign Language](/source/American_Sign_Language), gestures are decomposed into several components: palm shape, hand orientation, gesture, and hand movement were taken into account denoting meaning. If gestures differ in only one component, they are said to form minimal pairs. The presence of such pairs allows user to prove that the differing parameters have [phoneme](/source/Phoneme) and meaning. User of any sign language pay attention to them when determining the meaning of an utterance, and the transition from one meaning to another changes the content of the gesture.[8]

Unlike mentioned [phonology](/source/Sign_language#Phonology) characteristic of [sign language](/source/Sign_language), in Kata Kolok, it is almost impossible to identify minimal pairs, so it is difficult to determine the phoneme status of the palm forms used in gesturing.[8]

All palm shapes observed in Kata Kolok can be categorized into 3 category: basic (i.e. the simplest configurations that are easily recognised and used in a large number of gestures), regular (found in a certain number of gestures but less frequently than basic), and limited (used in a single gesture).[8]

Basic palm shapes include the following configurations:[9]

		- a form of the palm in which all fingers are fully extended and spread apart.

		- Curved-5, A palm shape in which all fingers are separated and slightly bent at each joint.

		- IX, The index finger is extended, the rest of the fingers are clenched into a fist.

		- B, A palm shape in which all fingers are fully extended and folded together.

		- Curved-B, fingers folded together and slightly bent at each joint, forming an arc.

		- A, Fingers folded into a fist, thumb resting on the side of the other four fingers.

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-e18_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-e18_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-e18_1-2) [Bengkala Sign Language](https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/bqy/) at *[Ethnologue](/source/Ethnologue)* (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vos2012b381_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vos2012b381_2-1) [de Vos 2012b](#CITEREFde_Vos2012b), p. 381.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vos201222_3-0)** [de Vos 2012](#CITEREFde_Vos2012), p. 22.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vos2012b381–382_4-0)** [de Vos 2012b](#CITEREFde_Vos2012b), pp. 381–382.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vos201226_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vos201226_5-1) [de Vos 2012](#CITEREFde_Vos2012), p. 26.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vos201227–28_6-0)** [de Vos 2012](#CITEREFde_Vos2012), pp. 27–28.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vos2012c130–131_7-0)** [de Vos 2012c](#CITEREFde_Vos2012c), pp. 130–131.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vos201277_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vos201277_8-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vos201277_8-2) [de Vos 2012](#CITEREFde_Vos2012), p. 77.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vos201279–80_9-0)** [de Vos 2012](#CITEREFde_Vos2012), pp. 79–80.

## Bibliography

- de Vos, Connie (2012), *Sign-Spatiality in Kata Kolok*, [Nijmegen](/source/Nijmegen): [University of Nijmegen](/source/University_of_Nijmegen)

- de Vos, Connie (2012b). U. Zeshan, C. de Vos (ed.). "Kata Kolok: An updated sociolinguistic profile". *Sign Languages in Village Communities*. DeGruyter & Ishara Press): 381–386.

- Connie de Vos, Ulrike Zeshan (2012). U. Zeshan, C. de Vos (ed.). "Introduction: Demographic, sociocultural, and linguistic variation across rural signing communities". *Sign Languages in Village Communities*. DeGruyter & Ishara Press: 2–23. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1515/9781614511496.2](https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781614511496.2). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[11858/00-001M-0000-000F-EBB6-B](https://hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-000F-EBB6-B). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-61451-203-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61451-203-5).

- de Vos, Connie (2012c), U. Zeshan, C. de Vos (ed.), *The Kata Kolok perfective in child signing: Coordination of manual and non-manual components*, DeGruyter & Ishara Press, pp. 127–152, [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1515/9781614511496.2](https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781614511496.2), [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[11858/00-001M-0000-000F-EBB6-B](https://hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-000F-EBB6-B)

- Connie de Vos, Roland Pfau (2015). "Sign Language Typology: The Contribution of Rural Sign Languages". *Annual Review of Linguistics*. **1**: 265–288. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1146/annurev-linguist-030514-124958](https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-linguist-030514-124958). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[11858/00-001M-0000-0019-DA09-5](https://hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-0019-DA09-5).

- Annelies Kusters (2009). "Deaf Utopias? Reviewing the Sociocultural Literature on the World's "Martha's Vineyard Situations"". *The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education*. **15**: 3–16. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/deafed/enp026](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fdeafed%2Fenp026). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [19812282](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19812282).

- Victoria Nyst (2012), "24. Shared sign languages", in Roland Pfau; Markus Steinbach; Bencie Woll (eds.), *Sign Language* (Sign Language. An International Handbook ed.), [Berlin](/source/Berlin), [Boston](/source/Boston): DeGruyter, p. 552—574, [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1515/9783110261325.552](https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110261325.552), [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-11-020421-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-020421-6)

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(FinSSL) Portuguese (LGP) Cape Verdian (LGC) São Tomé and Príncipean (LGSTP) Swedish (Teckenspråk) Finnish (Viittomakieli) German Sign German (DGS) Polish (PJM) Israeli (Shassi) Original Thai Sign Chiangmai Hai Phong Old Bangkok Paget Gorman Namibian (NSL) Providencia– Cayman Sign Providence Island (Provisle) Old Cayman (Guyanese) Isolates Afghan Akure (AkSL) Al-Sayyid Bedouin (ABSL) Albanian (AlbSL) Albarradas Sign Language Alipur Argentine (LSA) Armenian Caucasian (Harsneren)[c] Bay Islands Belizean Berbey Bhutanese Bouakako (LaSiBo) Bribri Brunca Bura Carhuahuaran Cena Central Taurus (CTSL/OTİD) Chatino Chiriqui Cuban (LSC) Dogon/Douentza Ecuadorian (LSEC) Enga Ghandruk Ghardaia (AJSL) Guatemalan (Lensegua) Guinea-Bissau Henniker[c] Hausa (HSL/Magannar Hannu) Hawaiʻi (Hoailona ʻŌlelo) Creole HSL Ibokun (IbSL) Inuit Inuit Uukturausingit (IUR) Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq) Jhankot Jumla Ka'apor Kajana Kafr Qasim Kailge Kata Kolok Kenyan (KSL/LAK) Somali (SSL) Keresan Pueblo (KPISL/Keresign) Kisindo Jamaican Country (KS/Konchri Sain) Macedonian Magajin Gari (MgSL) Malawian Maltese (LSM) Mardin Maroua Maunabudhuk–Bodhe Mauritian (MSL) M'bour Mehek Miyakubo Shuwa Burkina (Mossi) Mount Avejaha Mozambican Naga Navajo/Diné Family Nicaraguan (ISN) Old Costa Rican Orocovis (LSOR) Ottoman (Seraglio/Harem) Ban Khor (Pasa kidd) Penang Persian (Esharani) Peruvian (LSP) Inmaculada Qahveh Khaneh Rennellese[c] Rossel Island Rwandan (AKR/AMR) Sandy River Valley[c] Salvadoran (LESSA) Sawmill Sinasina (SSSL) Sivia South Rupununi Spanish (LSE) Tebul Terena Tibetan (Bökyi lagda) Trinidad and Tobago (TTSL) Turkish (TİD) Ugandan (USL) Venezuelan (LSV/VSL) Wanib West African Adamorobe (AdaSL/Mumu kasa) Bura (Burasl) Mofu-Gudur Nanabin (NanabinSL) Yoruban (YSL) Zambian (ZSL) Other groupings Amami Shuwa languages Ethiopian languages Laotian languages Rwandan languages Sri Lankan languages Sudanese languages (~150)[b] Tanzanian languages (7+)[b] Zimsign languages International Sign Village languages By region[a] Sign languages by region Africa Algeria Algerian Ghardaia Cameroon Maroua Cape Verde Cape Verdian (LGC) Ghana Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa) Nanabin Ivory Coast Bouakako (LaSiBo) Kenya Kenyan Malawi Malawian Mali Bamako (LaSiMa) Berbey Tebul Mozambique Mozambican Nigeria Akure (AkSL) Bura Hausa (Magannar Hannu) Ibokun (IbSL) Magajin Gari (MgSL) Rwanda Rwandan (Amarenga) São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé and Príncipean (LGSTP) Senegal Mbour Somalia, Somaliland & Djibouti Somali South Africa South African Tanzania Tanzanian Uganda Ugandan Zambia Zambian Asia Bengal Bengali Cambodia Cambodian China Chinese Hong Kong Hong Kong (HKSL) India Alipur Bengali Indo-Pakistani Naga Indonesia Indonesian Kata Kolok (Benkala, Balinese) Iran Iranian (Esharani) Qahveh Khaneh Iraq Iraqi Kurdish Israel Al-Sayyid Bedouin Ghardaia Israeli Kafr Qasem Japan Japanese Koniya Miyakubo Korea Korean Kazakhstan Kazakh-Russian Laos Laotian Malaysia Malaysian Penang Selangor Maldives Maldives Mongolia Mongolian Nepal Ghandruk Jhankot Jumla Maunabudhuk–Bodhe Nepalese Philippines Filipino Saudi Arabia Saudi Singapore Singapore Sri Lanka Sri Lankan Taiwan Taiwanese Tajikistan Russian Tibet Tibetan (Bökyi lagda) Thailand Old Bangkok Chiangmai Thai Ban Khor (Pasa kidd) Vietnam Vietnamese Europe Armenia Armenian Austria Austrian Azerbaijan Azerbaijani Belgium Flemish French Belgian United Kingdom British Croatia Croatian Denmark Danish Faroese (Teknmál) Estonia Estonian Finland Finnish France Ghardaia French Lyons Georgia Georgian Germany German Greece Greek Hungary Hungarian Iceland Icelandic Ireland Irish Italy Italian Kosovo Yugoslav (Kosovar) Latvia Latvian Lithuania Lithuanian Moldova Russian Netherlands Dutch North Macedonia Macedonian Northern Ireland Northern Ireland Norway Norwegian Poland Polish Portugal Portuguese Russia Russian Slovenia Slovenian Spain Catalan Spanish Valencian Sweden Swedish Switzerland Swiss-German Turkey Central Taurus (CTSL/OTİD) Mardin Turkish Ukraine Ukrainian North and Central America Belize Belizean Canada American (ASL) Black ASL Protactile Hand Talk Oneida (OSL) Plateau Inuit (IUR) Maritime (MSL) Sawmill Quebec Cayman Old Cayman Costa Rica Bribri Brunca Old Costa Rican New Costa Rican Cuba Cuban Greenland Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq) Guatemala Guatemalan Mayan Haiti Haitian Honduras Bay Islands Honduran Mexico Albarradas Chatino Mayan Mexican Nicaragua Nicaraguan Panama Chiriqui Panamanian Puerto Rico (USA) American (ASL) Puerto Rican Orocovis El Salvador Salvadoran (LESSO) Old Salvadoran United States American (ASL) Black ASL Protactile Hand Talk Oneida (OSL) Plateau Henniker Keresan (Keresign) Martha's Vineyard Navajo Family Sandy River Valley Sawmill Oceania Australia Akitiri (Eltye eltyarrenke) Arrernte (Iltyeme iltyeme) Auslan Australian-Irish Manjiljarra Mudbura (Mudburra) Ngada Umpila Far North Queensland Warlmanpa Warlpiri (Rdaka rdaka) Warumungu (Warramunga) Western Desert Western Torres Strait Islander Yir Yoront Yolŋu Hawaii (USA) Hawaiʻan (Haoilona ʻŌlelo) New Zealand New Zealand (NZSL) Papua New Guinea Enga Kailge Mehek Mount Avejaha Papua New Guinean (PNGSL) Rossel Island Sinasina Wanib Samoa and American Samoa Samoan South America Argentina Argentine (LSA) Bolivia Bolivian Brazil Brazilian (Libras) Cena Ka'apor South Rupununi Terena Chile Chilean Colombia Colombian Provisle Ecuador Ecuadorian Guyana Guyanese South Rupununi Paraguay Paraguayan Peru Carhuahuaran Inmaculada Peruvian Sivia Suriname Kajana Uruguay Uruguayan Venezuela Venezuelan International International Sign Makaton Monastic Signalong ASL Grammar Idioms Literature Profanity Name signs Extinct languages Chilmark Diyari Jaralde Kalkutungu Henniker Sign Language Martha's Vineyard Old French Old Kent Plateau Sign Language Pitha Pitha Sandy River Valley Sign Language Warluwara Linguistics Grammar (ASL) Bimodal bilingualism Phonology (ASL) Handshape / Location / Orientation / Movement / Expression Mouthing Nonmanual feature Sign names Home sign Fingerspelling American British (two-handed) Catalan Chilean Esperanto French German Hungarian Irish Japanese Korean Polish Russian Serbo-Croatian Spanish Ukrainian Portuguese Writing ASL-phabet Hamburg Notation System Stokoe notation SignWriting si5s ASLwrite () Language contact Contact sign Initialized sign Mouthing Signed Oral Languages Indian Signing System Manually coded English Manually coded language in South Africa Manually Coded Malay Paget Gorman Sign System Signed Dutch Signed French Signed German Signed Italian Signed Japanese Signed Polish Signed Spanish Signing Exact English Signed Swedish Others Bilingual–bicultural education Manually coded language Media Films (list) Television shows (list) Persons Jabbar Baghtcheban Jeanette Berglind Pär Aron Borg Thomas Braidwood Laurent Clerc Abbé de l'Épée Roger Fouts Valerie Sutton Thomas Gallaudet Abbé Sicard William Stokoe Pierre Pélissier Organisations Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada International Center on Deafness and the Arts Theater of Mimicry and Gesture World Association of Sign Language Interpreters Miscellaneous Baby sign language CHCI chimpanzee center (Washoe, Loulis) Open Outcry Legal recognition U.S. Army hand and arm signals Monastic sign languages Tactile signing Protactile Tic-tac ^a Sign-language names reflect the region of origin. Natural sign languages are not related to the spoken language used in the same region. For example, French Sign Language originated in France, but is not related to French. Conversely, ASL and BSL both originated in English-speaking countries but are not related to each other; ASL however is related to French Sign Language. ^b Denotes the number (if known) of languages within the family. No further information is given on these languages. ^c Italics indicate extinct languages.

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Kata Kolok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kata_Kolok) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kata_Kolok?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.