# Kapes (reptile)

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Extinct genus of reptiles

Kapes Temporal range: Lower - Middle Triassic 252–237 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Skeleton of Kapes bentoni Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Family: †Procolophonidae Subfamily: †Procolophoninae Genus: †Kapes Ivakhnenko, 1975 Species †K. amaenus Ivakhnenko, 1975 (type) †K. komiensis Ivakhnenko, 1975 [originally Macrophon komiensis] †K. majmesculae Ochev, 1968 [originally Tichvinskia majmesculae] †K. bentoni Spencer and Storrs, 2002 †K. signus Riccetto et al., 2025

Skull of *Kapes bentoni*

***Kapes*** is an extinct [genus](/source/Genus) of [procolophonid](/source/Procolophonid) [parareptile](/source/Parareptile) from the [Lower](/source/Lower_Triassic) and [Middle Triassic](/source/Middle_Triassic) of Russia, Spain and the United Kingdom. The [type](/source/Type_(biology)) species *K. amaenus* was named in 1975 from the banks of the [Vychegda River](/source/Vychegda_River) in the [Komi Republic](/source/Komi_Republic) of Russia. In 1983, a new species was brought into the genus, *K. majmesculae*. *K. majmesculae* was first named in 1968 as a member of the genus *[Tichvinskia](/source/Tichvinskia)*. A third Russian species, *K. serotinus*, was named in 1991. In 2002, *Kapes bentoni* was described from the [Middle Triassic](/source/Middle_Triassic) [Otter Sandstone Formation](/source/Otter_Sandstone_Formation) of [Devon, England](/source/Devon%2C_England), extending the geographic range of *Kapes*. In the same paper, *K. serotinus* was synonymized with *K. majmesculae* and another Russian species was assigned to *Kapes* called *K. komiensis*. *K. komiensis* was first named in 1975 (in the same paper *K. amaenus* was named in) as a member of the genus *[Macrophon](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Macrophon&action=edit&redlink=1)*.[1] In 2025, *Kapes signus* was described from the Middle Triassic of [Catalonia](/source/Catalonia), Spain.[2]

## Description

The validity of the genus is based mainly on dental characteristics. On the [upper jaw](/source/Maxilla) there are four to five molariforms, one of which, placed middle, is mesial. A very large tooth located on the lower jaw. First four molariforms enlarge towards the posterior ends of the upper and lower jaws. Labial and lingual cusps on the lower teeth are almost the same height and located close to each other.[3] *Kapes* differs from *[Tichvinskia](/source/Tichvinskia)* by being larger and the number and shape of the teeth.[3]

## Phylogeny

It was defined as a member of the subfamily [Procolophoninae](/source/Procolophoninae) by Cisneros *et al*. (2008).[4] Below is a [cladogram](/source/Cladogram) from Ruta *et al.* (2011) showing the placement of *Kapes* within this subfamily:[5]

Procolophonidae Coletta seca Pintosaurus magnidentis Sauropareion anoplus Kitchingnathus untabeni Phaanthosaurus ignatjevi Phaanthosaurus simus Theledectinae Eumetabolodon dongshengensis Theledectes perforatus Tichvinskia vjatkensis Leptopleuroninae Pentaedrusaurus ordosianus Neoprocolophon asiaticus Sclerosaurus armatus Scoloparia glyphanodon Leptopleuron lacertinum Soturnia caliodon Hypsognathus fenneri Procolophoninae Eumetabolodon bathycephalus Procolophon trigoniceps Teratophon spinigenis Thelerpeton oppressus Timanophon raridentatus Thelephon contritus Anomoiodon liliensterni Kapes Kapes amaenus Kapes bentoni Kapes komiensis Kapes majmesculae

In their [phylogenetic analyses](/source/Phylogenetic_analyses), Butler *et al*. (2023) placed two *Kapes* species, *K. bentoni* and *K. majmesculae*, in [Leptopleuroninae](/source/Leptopleuroninae) or in Procolophonidae, outside of both Leptopleuroninae and Procolophoninae.[6]

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-SS02_1-0)** Spencer, P. S.; Storrs, G. W. (2002). ["A Re-evaluation of Small Tetrapods from the Middle Triassic Otter Sandstone Formation of Devon, England"](https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1475-4983.00245). *Palaeontology*. **45** (3): 447. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2002Palgy..45..447S](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Palgy..45..447S). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/1475-4983.00245](https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1475-4983.00245).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Riccetto2025_2-0)** Riccetto, M.; Mujal, E.; Bolet, A.; De Jaime-Soguero, C.; De Esteban-Trivigno, S.; Fortuny, J. (2025). ["Tooth morphotypes shed light on the paleobiodiversity of Middle Triassic terrestrial vertebrate ecosystems from NE Iberian Peninsula (southwestern Europe)"](https://doi.org/10.54103%2F2039-4942%2F22340). *Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia*. **131** (1). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.54103/2039-4942/22340](https://doi.org/10.54103%2F2039-4942%2F22340).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Spencer2000_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Spencer2000_3-1) P. S. Spencer, M. J. Benton. [*Procolophonids from the Permo-Triassic of Russia (in The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia)*](https://bpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com/blogs.bristol.ac.uk/dist/5/537/files/2019/07/2000Procol.pdf#page=10) (PDF). Cambridge University Press. pp. 168–170. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230509062455/https://bpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com/blogs.bristol.ac.uk/dist/5/537/files/2019/07/2000Procol.pdf#page=10) (PDF) from the original on May 9, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-CJC08_4-0)** Cisneros, J. C. (2008). "Phylogenetic relationships of procolophonid parareptiles with remarks on their geological record". *Journal of Systematic Palaeontology*. **6** (3): 345–366. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2008JSPal...6..345C](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JSPal...6..345C). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1017/S1477201907002350](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1477201907002350). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [84468714](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84468714).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-RCLTM11_5-0)** Ruta, M.; Cisneros, J. C.; Liebrecht, T.; Tsuji, L. A.; Müller, J. (2011). ["Amniotes through major biological crises: Faunal turnover among Parareptiles and the end-Permian mass extinction"](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-4983.2011.01051.x). *Palaeontology*. **54** (5): 1117. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2011Palgy..54.1117R](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Palgy..54.1117R). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01051.x](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-4983.2011.01051.x).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Butler2023_6-0)** Butler, R. J.; Meade, L. E.; Cleary, T. J.; McWhirter, K. T.; Brown, E. E.; Kemp, T. S.; Benito, J.; Fraser, N. C. (2023). ["*Hwiccewyrm trispiculum* gen. et sp. nov., a new leptopleuronine procolophonid from the Late Triassic of southwest England"](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Far.25316). *The Anatomical Record*. **307** (4): 1390–1420. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1002/ar.25316](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Far.25316). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [37735997](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37735997).

v t e Procolophonia Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Superclass: Tetrapoda Clade: Amniota Class: Sauropsida Sauropsida see Sauropsida Procolophonia see below↓ Procolophonia Nyctiphruretidae? Abyssomedon Nyctiphruretus Pareiasauromorpha Lanthanosuchidae? Chalcosaurus Lanthaniscus? Lanthanosuchus Nycteroleteridae Bashkyroleter Emeroleter Macroleter Nycteroleter Rhipaeosaurus Pareiasauria Bradysaurus Bunostegos Deltavjatia Embrithosaurus Nochelesaurus Parasaurus Senectosaurus Yinshanosaurus Pumiliopareiasauria Anthodon Nanoparia Provelosaurus Pumiliopareia Therischia Arganaceras Elginia Obirkovia Pareiasaurus Sanchuansaurus Scutosaurus Shihtienfenia Procolophonoidea Owenettidae Barasaurus Candelaria Owenetta Ruhuhuaria Saurodektes Procolophonidae Coartaredens? Coletta Eomurruna Gomphiosauridion? Kinelia? Kitchingnathus Lasasaurus Oryporan Phaanthosaurus Pintosaurus Sauropareion Sauropia? Smilodonterpeton Sphenosaurus Spondylolestes? Suchonosaurus Theledectes Tichvinskia Tricuspisaurus? Xenodiphyodon? Youngetta Leptopleuroninae Basileosaurus? Cornualbus Hwiccewyrm Hypsognathus Koiloskiosaurus Leptopleuron Libognathus Mandaphon Neoprocolophon Pentaedrusaurus Phonodus Sclerosaurus Scoloparia Soturnia Threordatoth Procolophoninae Anomoiodon Burtensia Eumetabolodon Insulophon? Kapes Lestanshoria? Orenburgia Procolina Procolophon Samaria? Teratophon Thelephon Thelerpeton Timanophon

Taxon identifiers Kapes Wikidata: Q6366576 GBIF: 4823679 IRMNG: 1154227 Open Tree of Life: 4946220 Paleobiology Database: 37530

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