# KASCADE > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/KASCADE > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/KASCADE.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KASCADE > Source revision: 1346163185 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) {{distinguish|Kaskade|Cascade (disambiguation){{!}}Cascade}} '''KASCADE''' was a [Europe](/source/Europe)an [physics experiment](/source/physics_experiment) started in 1996 at [Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe](/source/Forschungszentrum_Karlsruhe), [Germany](/source/Germany) (now [Karlsruhe Institute of Technology](/source/Karlsruhe_Institute_of_Technology)), an extensive [air shower](/source/Air_shower_(physics)) experiment array to study the [cosmic ray](/source/cosmic_ray) primary composition and the [hadronic interaction](/source/hadronic_interaction)s, measuring simultaneously the [electron](/source/electron)ic, [muon](/source/muon)ic and [hadron](/source/hadron)ic components. '''KASCADE-Grande''' was a further extension of the previous project by reassembling 37 detectors of the former [EAS-TOP](/source/EAS-TOP) experiment running between 1987 and 2000 at [Campo Imperatore](/source/Campo_Imperatore), [Gran Sasso Laboratories](/source/Laboratori_Nazionali_del_Gran_Sasso), [Italy](/source/Italy). By this Grande extension of KASCADE the energy range was extended to 1014–1018 eV. The experiment contributed significantly to the development of the [CORSIKA](/source/CORSIKA) simulation program which is use heavily in astroparticle physics. Co-located with KASCADE-Grande is the [LOPES](/source/LOPES_(telescope)) experiment. LOPES consists of radio antennas and measures the radio emission of extensive air showers. KASCADE (including all extensions) stopped operation in 2013, but a part of the detectors is still used in other experiments for cosmic-ray air showers, e.g., [LOFAR](/source/Low-Frequency_Array_(LOFAR)) or [Tunka](/source/Tunka_experiment). The data acquired by KASCADE-Grande has meanwhile been made accessible to the public in the [https://kcdc.iap.kit.edu/ KASCADE Cosmic-Ray Data Center (KCDC)]. == Results == KASCADE studied heavier components of cosmic rays, finding a "knee" near 80 PeV in 2011, {{cite journal |last1=Apel |first1=W. D. |last2=Arteaga-Velázquez |first2=J. C. |last3=Bekk |first3=K. |last4=Bertaina |first4=M. |last5=Blümer |first5=J. |last6=Bozdog |first6=H. |last7=Brancus |first7=I. M. |last8=Buchholz |first8=P. |last9=Cantoni |first9=E. |last10=Chiavassa |first10=A. |last11=Cossavella |first11=F. |last12=Daumiller |first12=K. |last13=de Souza |first13=V. |last14=Di Pierro |first14=F. |last15=Doll |first15=P. |last16=Engel |first16=R. |last17=Engler |first17=J. |last18=Finger |first18=M. |last19=Fuhrmann |first19=D. |last20=Ghia |first20=P. L. |last21=Gils |first21=H. J. |last22=Glasstetter |first22=R. |last23=Grupen |first23=C. |last24=Haungs |first24=A. |last25=Heck |first25=D. |last26=Hörandel |first26=J. R. |last27=Huber |first27=D. |last28=Huege |first28=T. |last29=Isar |first29=P. G. |last30=Kampert |first30=K.-H. |last31=Kang |first31=D. |last32=Klages |first32=H. O. |last33=Link |first33=K. |last34=Łuczak |first34=P. |last35=Ludwig |first35=M. |last36=Mathes |first36=H. J. |last37=Mayer |first37=H. J. |last38=Melissas |first38=M. |last39=Milke |first39=J. |last40=Mitrica |first40=B. |last41=Morello |first41=C. |last42=Navarra |first42=G. |last43=Oehlschläger |first43=J. |last44=Ostapchenko |first44=S. |last45=Over |first45=S. |last46=Palmieri |first46=N. |last47=Petcu |first47=M. |last48=Pierog |first48=T. |last49=Rebel |first49=H. |last50=Roth |first50=M. |last51=Schieler |first51=H. |last52=Schröder |first52=F. G. |last53=Sima |first53=O. |last54=Toma |first54=G. |last55=Trinchero |first55=G. C. |last56=Ulrich |first56=H. |last57=Weindl |first57=A. |last58=Wochele |first58=J. |last59=Wommer |first59=M. |last60=Zabierowski |first60=J. |display-authors=1 |date=2011 |title=Kneelike Structure in the Spectrum of the Heavy Component of Cosmic Rays Observed with KASCADE-Grande |journal=[Physical Review Letters](/source/Physical_Review_Letters) |volume=107 |issue=17 |article-number=171104 |arxiv=1107.5885 |bibcode=2011PhRvL.107q1104A |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.171104 |pmid=22107501 |s2cid=13264179 }} and extending the spectrum measurements to 200PeV. {{cite journal |last1=Apel |first1=W. D. |last2=Arteaga-Velázquez |first2=J.C. |last3=Bekk |first3=K. |last4=Bertaina |first4=M. |last5=Blümer |first5=J. |last6=Bozdog |first6=H. |last7=Brancus |first7=I. M. |last8=Cantoni |first8=E. |last9=Chiavassa |first9=A. |last10=Cossavella |first10=F. |last11=Daumiller |first11=K. |last12=de Souza |first12=V. |last13=Di Pierro |first13=F. |last14=Doll |first14=P. |last15=Engel |first15=R. |last16=Engler |first16=J. |last17=Finger |first17=M. |last18=Fuchs |first18=B. |last19=Fuhrmann |first19=D. |last20=Gils |first20=H. J. |last21=Glasstetter |first21=R. |last22=Grupen |first22=C. |last23=Haungs |first23=A. |last24=Heck |first24=D. |last25=Hörandel |first25=J. R. |last26=Huber |first26=D. |last27=Huege |first27=T. |last28=Kampert |first28=K.-H. |last29=Kang |first29=D. |last30=Klages |first30=H. O. |last31=Link |first31=K. |last32=Łuczak |first32=P. |last33=Ludwig |first33=M. |last34=Mathes |first34=H. J. |last35=Mayer |first35=H. J. |last36=Melissas |first36=M. |last37=Milke |first37=J. |last38=Mitrica |first38=B. |last39=Morello |first39=C. |last40=Oehlschläger |first40=J. |last41=Ostapchenko |first41=S. |last42=Palmieri |first42=N. |last43=Petcu |first43=M. |last44=Pierog |first44=T. |last45=Rebel |first45=H. |last46=Roth |first46=M. |last47=Schieler |first47=H. |last48=Schoo |first48=S. |last49=Schröder |first49=F. G. |last50=Sima |first50=O. |last51=Toma |first51=G. |last52=Trinchero |first52=G. C. |last53=Ulrich |first53=H. |last54=Weindl |first54=A. |last55=Wochele |first55=J. |last56=Wommer |first56=M. |last57=Zabierowski |first57=J. |display-authors=1 |date=2013 |title=KASCADE-Grande measurements of energy spectra for elemental groups of cosmic rays |journal=[Astroparticle Physics](/source/Astroparticle_Physics_(journal)) |volume=47 |pages=54–66 |bibcode=2013APh....47...54A |doi=10.1016/j.astropartphys.2013.06.004 |arxiv=1308.2098|s2cid=56226807 }} Later, a knee-like feature in the heavy component and an ankle-like feature in the light component of cosmic rays was discovered at an energy of about 1017 eV. == Participants == * Institut für Kernphysik and Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik, [Karlsruhe Institute of Technology](/source/Karlsruhe_Institute_of_Technology), [Karlsruhe](/source/Karlsruhe), Germany * Dipartimento di Fisica Generale dell' Università and Istituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario, [National Institute for Astrophysics](/source/National_Institute_for_Astrophysics), [Turin](/source/Turin), Italy * [University of Siegen](/source/University_of_Siegen), [Siegen](/source/Siegen), Germany * [University of Wuppertal](/source/University_of_Wuppertal), [Wuppertal](/source/Wuppertal), Germany * [Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies](/source/Soltan_Institute_for_Nuclear_Studies), [Łódź](/source/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA), Poland * [Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering](/source/Institute_of_Physics_and_Nuclear_Engineering), [Bucharest](/source/Bucharest), Romania ==References== {{Reflist}} == External links == * {{Official website|https://web.iap.kit.edu/KASCADE/}} of KASCADE * [https://kcdc.iap.kit.edu/ KASCADE Cosmic-Ray Data Center (KCDC)] * [https://www.astro.ru.nl/lopes/ LOPES experiment] {{coord|49|05|57.8|N|8|26|14.7|E|region:DE_type:landmark|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kascade}} Category:Cosmic-ray experiments {{particle-stub}} {{astrophysics-stub}} --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [KASCADE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KASCADE) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KASCADE?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.