# Judith Krug

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{{Short description|American librarian and freedom of speech proponent (1940–2009)}}
{{good article}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2013}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| name        = Judith F. Krug
| image       = Judith Krug.jpg
| alt         = 
| caption     = Judith Krug
| birth_name  = Judith Fingeret Krug
| birth_date  = {{Birth date text|March 15, 1940}}
| birth_place = [Pittsburgh](/source/Pittsburgh), [Pennsylvania](/source/Pennsylvania), U.S.
| death_date  =  {{Death date and age|April 11, 2009|March 15, 1940}}
| death_place = [Evanston, Illinois](/source/Evanston%2C_Illinois), U.S.
| resting_place= Shalom Memorial Park, [Arlington Heights, Illinois](/source/Arlington_Heights%2C_Illinois), U.S.
| resting_place_coordinates = {{Coord|42.131633|-87.998346|type:landmark|display=inline}}
| other_names = Judith Fingeret
| occupation  = [Librarian](/source/Librarian)
| employer    = [American Library Association](/source/American_Library_Association)
| years_active= 1962–2009
| alma_mater  = [University of Pittsburgh](/source/University_of_Pittsburgh)<br />[University of Chicago](/source/University_of_Chicago)
| known_for   = {{flatlist|
* [Freedom of speech](/source/Freedom_of_speech) proponent
* Critic of [censorship](/source/censorship)
* Director of [American Library Association](/source/American_Library_Association) Office for Intellectual Freedom
* Co-founder of [Banned Books Week](/source/Banned_Books_Week)}}
| awards = Carl Sandburg Freedom to Read Award<br />Joseph W. Lippincott Award<br />[William J. Brennan Award](/source/William_J._Brennan_Award)
| spouse = Herbert Krug
|children=2
}}
'''Judith Fingeret Krug''' (March 15, 1940&nbsp;– April 11, 2009) was an American librarian, [freedom of speech](/source/freedom_of_speech) proponent, and critic of [censorship](/source/censorship). Krug became director of the [Office for Intellectual Freedom](/source/Office_for_Intellectual_Freedom) at the [American Library Association](/source/American_Library_Association) in 1967. In 1969, she joined the [Freedom to Read Foundation](/source/Freedom_to_Read_Foundation) as its executive director. Krug co-founded [Banned Books Week](/source/Banned_Books_Week) in 1982.

She coordinated the effort against the [Communications Decency Act of 1996](/source/Communications_Decency_Act_of_1996), which was the first attempt by the [United States Congress](/source/United_States_Congress) to introduce a form of censorship of speech on the [Internet](/source/Internet). Krug strongly opposed the notion that libraries should censor the material that they provide to patrons. She supported laws and policies protecting the confidentiality of library use records. When the [United States Department of Justice](/source/United_States_Department_of_Justice) used the authority of the [USA PATRIOT Act of 2001](/source/USA_PATRIOT_Act_of_2001) to conduct searches of what once were confidential library databases, Krug raised a public outcry against this activity by the government.

In 2003, she was the leader of the initiative to challenge the constitutionality of the [Children's Internet Protection Act](/source/Children's_Internet_Protection_Act). Her efforts led to a partial victory for anti-censorship campaigners; the [Supreme Court of the United States](/source/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States) ruled that the law was constitutional, but that filtering software on computers in public libraries could be turned off if so requested by an adult guardian. Krug warned that the filters used to censor [Internet pornography](/source/Internet_pornography) from children were not perfect and risked blocking educational information about social matters, sexuality, and healthcare.

==Early life and education==
Krug was born Judith Fingeret in [Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania](/source/Pittsburgh%2C_Pennsylvania), on March 15, 1940.<ref name="douglasmartin" /><ref name="patriciasullivan" /> Her interest in [freedom of speech](/source/freedom_of_speech) was fostered from an early age.<ref name="douglasmartin" /><ref name="melissablock" /> She recalled reading a book about [sex education](/source/sex_education) under the covers in her bedroom with a flashlight at the age of 12.<ref name="douglasmartin" /> Her mother found her and asked what she was doing.<ref name="douglasmartin" /> When she held up the book, her mother allowed her to continue reading and told her to turn on the bedroom light so she could read properly and avoid damage to her eyes.<ref name="douglasmartin" />

Krug studied for a  [Bachelor of Arts](/source/Bachelor_of_Arts) degree at the [University of Pittsburgh](/source/University_of_Pittsburgh) and graduated in 1962.<ref name="patriciasullivan" /><ref>{{cite journal | url=http://www.zinio.com/pages/PittMagazine/Fall-11/416201475/pg-8 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130210002146/http://www.zinio.com/pages/PittMagazine/Fall-11/416201475/pg-8 | url-status=dead | archive-date=2013-02-10 | journal=Pitt Magazine | publisher=University of Pittsburgh Office of Public Affairs | title=Literature Legacy | page=7 | date=Fall 2011 | access-date=January 7, 2012 }}</ref> She received a [Master of Arts](/source/Master_of_Arts) degree in [library science](/source/library_science) from the Graduate Library School of the [University of Chicago](/source/University_of_Chicago).<ref name="douglasmartin" /><ref name="patriciasullivan" /> Her Master's [thesis](/source/thesis) compared indexing methodologies for accessing works of literature.<ref>{{cite book|first=Judith F.|last=Krug|title=A comparison of the uniterm, descriptor, and role-indicator methods of encoding literature for information retrieval|year=1964|oclc=33214992|publisher=[University of Chicago](/source/University_of_Chicago), [Thesis](/source/Thesis), ([M.A.](/source/Master_of_Arts))|location=[Chicago](/source/Chicago), [Illinois](/source/Illinois)}}</ref> She married Herbert Krug in 1964; they had two children and five grandchildren.<ref name="patriciasullivan" />

==Library career==

===Office for Intellectual Freedom director===

Krug began her library career in 1962 when she began working as a reference librarian at the [John Crerar Library](/source/John_Crerar_Library) in Chicago.<ref name="informationtoday" /><ref name="winswilliamjbrennan" /> In 1963, she became a cataloguer for the [Northwestern University Dental School](/source/Northwestern_University_Dental_School).<ref name="informationtoday">{{cite journal|journal=Information Today|title=In Memoriam: Judith Krug|volume=26|issue=6|date=June 2009|page=28}}</ref><ref name="winswilliamjbrennan" /> She became a research analyst for the [American Library Association](/source/American_Library_Association) in 1965, and in 1967 she became director of its Office for Intellectual Freedom (OIF) upon its foundation.<ref name="informationtoday" /><ref name="winswilliamjbrennan" /><ref name="johnberry">{{cite journal|journal=[Library Journal](/source/Library_Journal)|title=The Krug Contribution: She convinced ALA to put its money where its mouth is|volume=130|issue=11|date=June 15, 2005|publisher=[Reed Business Information](/source/Reed_Business_Information)|first=John N. |last=Berry, III}}</ref> Krug described the role of the OIF as protection of the right of individuals in the U.S. to have comprehensive availability of information, regardless of those who disapprove of the material itself.<ref name="melissablock">{{cite news|title=Judith Krug Dies; Fought For Intellectual Freedom|date=April 15, 2009|work=[All Things Considered](/source/All_Things_Considered)|first=Melissa|last=Block|author-link=Melissa Block|publisher=[National Public Radio](/source/National_Public_Radio); Edition: 20:00–21:00 PM}}</ref>

As director of the OIF, Krug organized publication of a newsletter which recounted instances of censorship in the U.S. and suggested ways to deal with these attempts to limit free speech.<ref name="foerstel">{{cite book|last=Foerstel|first=Herbert N.|title=Free Expression and Censorship in America|chapter=Krug, Judith Fingeret|page=130|isbn=978-0313292316|publisher=Greenwood|year=1997}}</ref> She supervised publication of the ''{{ill|Intellectual Freedom Manual|qid=Q137732337}}'', the ''{{ill|Newsletter on Intellectual Freedom|qid=Q96718975}}'', and the events of [Banned Books Week](/source/Banned_Books_Week).<ref name="morgan" /> Krug also helped lead the Intellectual Freedom Round Table, the Committee on Professional Ethics, the Freedom to Read Foundation, and the Intellectual Freedom Committee.<ref name="morgan" /> In 1969, Krug became the first head of the [Freedom to Read Foundation](/source/Freedom_to_Read_Foundation), a sister organization to the OIF.<ref name="johnberry" /><ref name="backus">{{cite news|title=Judith Krug will give Backus lecture|date=April 2, 1993|work=[The Press-Enterprise](/source/The_Press-Enterprise)|page=B02|location=[Riverside, California](/source/Riverside%2C_California)|publisher=The Press-Enterprise Co.|author=The Press-Enterprise staff}}</ref><ref name="2013bannedbooks">{{cite news|title=Freedom to Read Foundation Opens Applications for 2013 Judith Krug Fund Banned Books Week Event Grants|work=Targeted News Service (USA)|date=March 27, 2013|publisher=Targeted News Service; Accessed via: [Newsbank](/source/Newsbank)|location=[Chicago, Illinois](/source/Chicago%2C_Illinois)}}</ref>

The [Freedom to Read Foundation](/source/Freedom_to_Read_Foundation) was formed to uphold the [First Amendment to the United States Constitution](/source/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution) and assist with [legal defense](/source/legal_defense).<ref name="2012bannedbooks" /> In her capacity as director of the OIF, Krug worked to start [Banned Books Week](/source/Banned_Books_Week) in 1982.<ref name="douglasmartin">{{cite news |first=Douglas |last=Martin|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/15/us/15krug.html |title=Judith Krug, Who Fought Ban on Books, Dies at 69 |newspaper=[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)|date= April 15, 2009|page=A25}}</ref><ref name="2012bannedbooks">{{cite news|title=Freedom to Read Foundation Announces Eight Judith Krug Fund Grants for Banned Books Week Events|date=June 6, 2012|work=Targeted News Service (USA)|location=[Chicago, Illinois](/source/Chicago%2C_Illinois)|publisher=Targeted News Service; Accessed via: [Newsbank](/source/Newsbank)}}</ref> She coordinated opposition to the [Communications Decency Act of 1996](/source/Communications_Decency_Act_of_1996), which was the first attempt by the [United States Congress](/source/United_States_Congress) to introduce a form of censorship of speech on the Internet.<ref name="patriciasullivan">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/13/AR2009041302649.html|access-date=May 14, 2013|newspaper=[The Washington Post](/source/The_Washington_Post)|first=Patricia|last=Sullivan|title=Judith Krug Dies; Freedom of Information Advocate Created Banned Books Week|date=April 14, 2009}}</ref>

===Opposition to library censorship===
[[File:2009 October 4 Judith Krug tribute 01.jpg|thumb|Judith Krug tribute at the ALA Student Chapter of the [San Jose State University](/source/San_Jose_State_University) (2009)]]

Krug strongly opposed the notion that libraries ought to censor the material that they provide to patrons.<ref name="michelsspencer">{{cite news |first=Spencer |last=Michels |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/cyberspace/july-dec97/library_8-7.html |title=Libraries and Pornography |work=[PBS Newshour](/source/PBS_Newshour) |date=August 7, 1997 |publisher=[PBS](/source/PBS) |access-date=September 2, 2017 |archive-date=November 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107102922/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/cyberspace/july-dec97/library_8-7.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> She supported laws and policies protecting the confidentiality of library use records.<ref name="michelsspencer" /> When the [United States Department of Justice](/source/United_States_Department_of_Justice) used the authority of the [USA PATRIOT Act of 2001](/source/USA_PATRIOT_Act_of_2001) to conduct searches of once-confidential library databases, Krug raised a public outcry against this government action.<ref name="patriciasullivan" /> When shortly after the [September 11 attacks](/source/September_11_attacks) a Florida librarian told police that one of the attackers had been using the [Delray Beach](/source/Delray_Beach) public library{{mdash}}although Florida law guarantees confidentiality to library patrons{{mdash}}Krug criticized the action.<ref name="anationchallenged" /> She stated she wished the librarian had adhered to Florida law, but empathized with the situation and said that most individuals would likely have done the same thing.<ref name="anationchallenged">{{cite news|last=Rosenbaum|first= David E.|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00E13F83E5E0C708EDDA80994D9404482|title= A Nation Challenged: Questions of Confidentiality; Competing Principles Leave Some Professionals Debating Responsibility to Government|work=[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)|date=November 23, 2001|page=B7}}</ref>

In 2003, Krug led the challenge to the constitutionality of the Children's Internet Protection Act.<ref name="patriciasullivan" /> Her efforts led to a partial victory for the Act's opponents; the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the law was constitutional, but that internet filtering software on computers in public libraries could be turned off if so requested by an adult guardian.<ref name="patriciasullivan" /> She said that filters used to censor [Internet pornography](/source/Internet_pornography) from children were not perfect and risked blocking educational information about social matters, sexuality, and healthcare.<ref name="patriciasullivan" /> She emphasized the need to educate children about morality instead of using online filters to block information from them.<ref name="patriciasullivan" /> In 2006, she was elected vice-president of [Phi Beta Kappa](/source/Phi_Beta_Kappa) society.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pbk.org/home/newsview.aspx?id=158|work=Newsroom|title=President Allison Blakely, Vice President Judith Krug Take Office|date=October 30, 2006|access-date=May 13, 2013|publisher=[Phi Beta Kappa Society](/source/Phi_Beta_Kappa_Society); www.pbk.org|location=[Washington, D.C.](/source/Washington%2C_D.C.)|archive-date=December 20, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220075745/http://www.pbk.org/home/newsview.aspx?id=158|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Krug served as chair of the board of directors of the [Center for Democracy and Technology](/source/Center_for_Democracy_and_Technology), chair of the Media Coalition, vice-chair of the Internet Education Foundation and was a member of the advisory board of GetNetWise.<ref name="alabio" /> She sat on the 2006 panel of judges for the [PEN/Newman's Own First Amendment Award](/source/PEN%2FNewman's_Own_First_Amendment_Award), which recognizes those who defend the right to freedom of expression in writing enshrined in the [First Amendment](/source/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pen.org/press-release/2006/03/29/2006-pennewmans-own-first-amendment-award|access-date=May 14, 2013|date=March 29, 2006|title=2006 PEN/Newman's Own First Amendment Award|work=[PEN/Newman's Own First Amendment Award](/source/PEN%2FNewman's_Own_First_Amendment_Award)|first=Larry |last=Siems|location=[New York, New York](/source/New_York%2C_New_York)|publisher=PEN America; www.pen.org}}</ref> Krug also served on the Boards of Directors of the Fund for Free Expression, the Illinois Division of the [American Civil Liberties Union](/source/American_Civil_Liberties_Union), the [American Bar Association](/source/American_Bar_Association)'s Commission on Public Understanding About the Law, and the Advisory Council of the Illinois State Justice Commission.<ref name="chaptershonor">{{cite news|url=https://members.ala.org/nif/v58n4/04_ALA.html|access-date=May 14, 2013|work=Newsletter on Intellectual Freedom|title=State and Regional Chapters Honor Judith Krug|date=June 2009|volume=LVIII|issue=4|publisher=[American Library Association](/source/American_Library_Association): Office for Intellectual Freedom; www.ala.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20130404165533/https%3A//members.ala.org/nif/v58n4/04_ALA.html|archive-date=April 4, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

==Death and memorial==
After being afflicted with [stomach cancer](/source/stomach_cancer) for over a year, Krug died of her illness aged 69 on April 11, 2009, at [Evanston Hospital](/source/Evanston_Hospital) in [Evanston, Illinois](/source/Evanston%2C_Illinois).<ref name="apobit">{{cite news|title=Judith Krug, founder of Banned Books Week, dies|page=8|date= April 13, 2009|location=[Nampa, Idaho](/source/Nampa%2C_Idaho)|author=[Associated Press](/source/Associated_Press)|work=[Idaho Press-Tribune](/source/Idaho_Press-Tribune)}}</ref> The Judith F. Krug Memorial Fund was founded by the American Library Association to ensure that [Banned Books Week](/source/Banned_Books_Week) would remain active after her death.<ref name="2013bannedbooks" /> The eighth edition of the ''Intellectual Freedom Manual'' published in 2010 by the Office for Intellectual Freedom of the American Library Association was dedicated to Krug's memory.<ref name="morgan">{{cite book|last=Morgan|first=Candace D.|title=Intellectual Freedom Manual, Eighth Edition|publisher=[American Library Association](/source/American_Library_Association): Office for Intellectual Freedom|page=III|year=2010|location=[Chicago](/source/Chicago), [Illinois](/source/Illinois)|isbn=978-0-8389-3590-3}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
*{{cite thesis|first=Judith F.|last=Krug|title=A comparison of the uniterm, descriptor, and role-indicator methods of encoding literature for information retrieval|year=1964|oclc=33214992|publisher=[University of Chicago](/source/University_of_Chicago) |location=Chicago, Illinois}}
*{{cite journal|title=ALA Library Research Clearinghouse|first=Judith F.|last= Krug|journal=ALA Bulletin|volume=60|issue=1|date=January 1966|page=72|publisher=Database: Arts & Sciences VI|oclc=4896237150|issn=0364-4006}}
*{{cite journal|first=Judith F.|last=Krug|title=Writing Research Proposals|journal=ALA Bulletin|volume=61|issue=11|date=December 1967|pages=1314–1318|publisher=American Library Association; Database: Arts & Sciences VI|oclc=4896242960|issn=0364-4006}}
*{{cite book |first=Judith F. |last=Krug |title= Pilot project to develop requirements for establishing an information system for research activities in the field of librarianship and information science |publisher=[American Library Association](/source/American_Library_Association) |year=1967 |oclc= 229105196 |location=Chicago, Illinois}}
*{{cite book|last=Krug|first=Judith F.|title=Memorandum to state intellectual freedom committee chairmen : the Evergreen review controversy at the Los Angeles Public Library|year=1969|author2=Stuart M Kaminsky |publisher=American Library Association; Office for Intellectual Freedom|location=Chicago, Illinois|oclc=82265476}}
*{{cite book|first=Judith F.|last=Krug|author2=Edwin Castagna |publisher=Nevada Library Association|location=Carson City, Nevada|year=1970|title=The challenges of intellectual freedom and censorship|oclc=58876562}}
*{{cite journal|first=Judith F.|last=Krug|title=Intellectual Freedom&nbsp;— The Struggle Continues|journal=NJEA Review|volume= 46|issue= 3|pages= 16–17|date= November 1972|oclc=425700201|publisher=Database: ERIC; [United States Department of Education](/source/United_States_Department_of_Education)}}
*{{cite journal|title=Growing Pains: Intellectual Freedom and the Child|first=Judith F.|last= Krug|journal= The English Journal|volume=61|issue=6|date=September 1972|pages=805–813|publisher=Database: Arts & Sciences IV|oclc=4894501430|issn=0013-8274|doi=10.2307/813982|jstor=813982}}
*{{cite journal|first=Judith F.|last=Krug|year=1973|issue=2|title=Intellectual Freedom and the Rights of Children|journal=School Media Quarterly|volume=1|pages=132–135|publisher=Database: ERIC; [United States Department of Education](/source/United_States_Department_of_Education)|oclc=425680497}}
*{{cite book|first=Judith F.|last=Krug|year=1974|title=The Curse of Interesting Times|oclc=424733428|publisher=American Library Association; Database: ERIC; [United States Department of Education](/source/United_States_Department_of_Education)|location=Chicago, Illinois}}
*{{cite journal|year=1979|first=Judith F.|last=Krug|title=Chelsea Case Decided: Judge Reverses Censorship of School Library|journal= School Media Quarterly|volume=7|issue=2|pages=115–18,123 |oclc=425808810|publisher=Database: ERIC; [United States Department of Education](/source/United_States_Department_of_Education)}}
*{{cite journal|title=Speech: the 1st Freedom: Locked Books, Locked Minds|first=Judith F.|last= Krug|journal=Update on Law-Related Education|volume=5|issue=1|pages=28–33 |publisher=ERIC; [United States Department of Education](/source/United_States_Department_of_Education)|oclc=425884329|year=1981}}
*{{cite book|first=Judith F.|last=Krug|title=Libraries and intellectual freedom|year=1989|publisher=South Carolina State Library; South Carolina Educational Television Network; (VHS video)|location=[Columbia, South Carolina](/source/Columbia%2C_South_Carolina)|oclc=20054792}}
*{{cite journal|title=The Latest on IF Policies|first=Judith F.|last= Krug|journal=American Libraries|date=October 1991|volume=22|issue=9|page=841|publisher=Database: Arts & Sciences VI|oclc=4895751495|issn=0002-9769}}
*{{cite book|first=Judith F.|last=Krug|title=Computer-based surveillance of individuals|year=1991|author2=Karen Nussbaum |author3=Gary T Marx |author4=David H Flaherty |publisher=Freedom & Privacy Video Library Project (VHS video)|location=[Topanga, California](/source/Topanga%2C_California)|oclc=25623462}}
*{{cite journal|first=Judith F.|last=Krug|title=Applying Intellectual Freedom Principles|journal= American Libraries|volume=23|issue=4|date=April 1992|page=279|publisher=Database: Arts & Sciences VI|oclc=4895752909|issn=0002-9769}}
*{{cite book|first=Judith F.|last=Krug|title=Confidentiality in Libraries: An Intellectual Freedom Modular Education Program|author2=Anne Levinson Penway |publisher=[American Library Association](/source/American_Library_Association); Book and Access edition|year=1993|isbn=978-0838934203|location=[Chicago](/source/Chicago), [Illinois](/source/Illinois)}}
*{{cite book|first=Judith F.|last=Krug|year=1995|title=Political correctness meets netiquette : new frontiers for intellectual freedom in the academic setting|publisher=InfoMedix; Association of College and Research Libraries. National Conference; (Audiocassette)|location=[Garden Grove, California](/source/Garden_Grove%2C_California)|oclc=37541937}}
*{{cite book|first=Judith F.|last=Krug|title=Getting a grip on internet law|year=2000|author2=David Horowitz |oclc=45133416|publisher=Public Library Association; (Audiocassette)|location=[Chicago](/source/Chicago), [Illinois](/source/Illinois)}}
*{{cite journal|first=Judith F.|last=Krug|title=Internet and Filtering in Libraries: The American Experience|journal=IFLA Journal|volume=26|issue=4|year=2000|page=284|publisher=München : Verlag Dokumentation; British Library Serials|oclc=95101287|issn=0340-0352|doi=10.1177/034003520002600408|s2cid=62611573}}
*{{cite book|first=Judith F.|last=Krug |chapter=Foreword |title=Intellectual freedom 2002 : living the Chinese curse|publisher= Library of Congress. Office of the Director for Public Service Collections.; American Library Association. Office for Intellectual Freedom |oclc=54024484|year=2003}}

=== As contributor ===
*{{cite book|title=Privacy in the 21st century : issues for public, school, and academic libraries|first1=Adams|last1=Helen R.|first2=Judith F.|last2=Krug|isbn=9781591582090|oclc=57557718|publisher=Libraries Unlimited|location=[Westport, Connecticut](/source/Westport%2C_Connecticut)|year=2005|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/privacyin21stcen0000unse}}
*{{cite book|last1=Alifano|first1=Alison|first2= Judith |last2=Krug|title=Pornography on the Internet : a new reality|year=2001|publisher=Mobiltape; Series: 01AALL-B7; (Audiocassette)|oclc=47828690}}
*{{cite AV media|first1=Lee R. (director)|last1=Bobker|first2=Judith F. (executive producer)|last2=Krug |title=The Speaker ... a film about freedom |year=1977 |publisher=American Library Association, Intellectual Freedom Committee; Vision Associates |others=(starring [Mildred Dunnock](/source/Mildred_Dunnock)) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ojFYx52X-Ys  |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/ojFYx52X-Ys |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|oclc=5641089}}{{cbignore}}
*{{cite book|editor-last=Braden|editor-first=Waldo Warder|first=Judith F.|last=Krug|chapter=In defense of liberty: extremism and other vices|title=Representative American speeches, 1975–1976|publisher=[H. W. Wilson Co](/source/H._W._Wilson_Company).; Series: Reference shelf; vol. 48, no. 4.|location=New York|year=1976|oclc=2583982|isbn=9780824205980|url=https://archive.org/details/representativeam484brad}}
*{{cite book|first=Marianna T |last=Choldin |author-link=Marianna Tax Choldin|author2=Jonathan D Culler |author3=Judith F Krug |author4=Donné Raffat |author5=Sally Placksin|title=What's the word? : Censorship : how does literature survive?|year=1997|location=New York, New York|oclc=57705004|publisher=[Modern Language Association](/source/Modern_Language_Association); (Audiocassette)}}
*{{cite journal|title=ALA Awards, Citations, Scholarships, and Grants for 1971|first=Robert F|last= Delzell|author2=Judith F Krug |oclc=4895710758|journal=American Libraries|volume=2|issue=10|date= November 1971|issn=	0002-9769}}
*{{cite journal|title=On the Line for the First Amendment|first=Beverly|last= Goldberg|author2=Judith F Krug |journal=American Libraries|volume=26|issue=8|date=September 1995|pages= 774–778|publisher=Database: Arts & Sciences VI|oclc=4895761179|issn=0002-9769}}
*{{cite book|first1=Patric |last1=Hedlund|first2=Judith F. |last2=Krug|title=Computers, freedom, & privacy. / 10, Computer-based surveillance of individuals|oclc=42495790|year=1991|publisher=Computers, Freedom & Privacy Video Library Project; (VHS video)|location=Topanga, California}}
*{{cite book|editor-last=Cohen|editor-first=Monroe D.|title=Personal liberty and education|chapter=Intellectual freedom and the rights of children|first=Judith F.|last= Krug|year=1976|publisher=Citation Press|location=New York|oclc=565561210|isbn=9780590094061}}
*{{cite book|chapter=Intellectual freedom. Censorship and an enlightened public |title=Censorship and the schools|editor-first=Janet|editor-last=Cooper|location=Washington, D.C.|year=1974|first=Judith F.|last=Krug|publisher=National Education Association of the United States (Audiocassette)|oclc=2868601}}
*{{cite book|editor=[American Library Association](/source/American_Library_Association) Office for Intellectual Freedom|first=Judith F.|last=Krug|title=Intellectual freedom manual|chapter=ALA and Intellectual Freedom: A Historical Overview|oclc=47023478|isbn=9780838935194|year=2002|publisher=[American Library Association](/source/American_Library_Association)|location=[Chicago](/source/Chicago), [Illinois](/source/Illinois)|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780838935194}}
*{{cite book|last=Lynn|first=Barry W.|author2=Lowell Weicker |author3=Judith F Krug |author4=Oliver S Thomas |author5=Rudy A Pulido |title=Mobilize America : a national videoconference to stop the religious right|publisher=Americans United for Separation of Church and State (VHS video)|location=Washington, D.C.|year=1997|oclc=43639095|isbn=9780961716431}}
*{{cite book|first=Daniel|last=Mach|title=Intellectual freedom : it's not just a good idea, it's the law! |author2=Judith F Krug |author3=Beverley C Becker|publisher=Public Library Association; (Audiocassette)|year=2002|location=Chicago, Illinois|oclc=49848823}}
*{{cite book|last=Mach|first=Daniel|author2=Candace Morgan |author3=Judith F. Krug |title=Why filtering is unconstitutional : an update on ALA's legal challenge to CIPA|publisher=American Library Association (VHS video)|location=Chicago, Illinois|year=2001|oclc=48403876}}
*{{cite book|first1=Eli M.|last1=Oboler|title=To free the mind : libraries, technology, and intellectual freedom|first2=Judith F.|last2=Krug (foreword)|year=1983|publisher=Libraries Unlimited|location=[Littleton, Colorado](/source/Littleton%2C_Colorado)|oclc=9971492|isbn=9780872873254|url=https://archive.org/details/tofreemind00elim}}
*{{cite book|title=Content selection, PICS and the Internet : a discussion of technologies, problems and solutions|last=Weibel|first=Stuart L.|author2=James Miller |author3=Eric Miller |author4=Paul Resnick |author5= Judith F Krug |year=1997|location=[Dublin, Ohio](/source/Dublin%2C_Ohio)|oclc=37609333|publisher=American Library Association; Office for Intellectual Freedom (VHS video)}}

==Awards and honors==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Award / honor
! Organization
! Notes
|-
|rowspan="2"| 1976
|[Irita Van Doren](/source/Irita_Van_Doren) Award
|[American Booksellers Association](/source/American_Booksellers_Association)
|For her many contributions to the cause of the book as an instrument of culture in American life<ref name="alabio" /><ref name="chicagotribune">{{cite news|title=Judith Fingeret Krug|page=Obituaries|work=[Chicago Tribune](/source/Chicago_Tribune)|date=April 13, 2009|publisher=[Tribune Company](/source/Tribune_Company)|location=[Chicago Illinois](/source/Chicago_Illinois)}}</ref>
|-
|[Harry Kalven](/source/Harry_Kalven) Freedom of Expression Award
|[American Civil Liberties Union](/source/American_Civil_Liberties_Union)
|Presented to the Office for Intellectual Freedom of the American Library Association<ref name="alabio" /><ref name="chicagotribune" />
|-
|1978
|Robert B. Downs Intellectual Freedom Award
|Graduate School of Library and Information Science, The iSchool at Illinois, [University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign](/source/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign)
|For her outstanding contribution to the cause of intellectual freedom in libraries<ref name="foerstel" />
|-
|1983
|Carl Sandburg Freedom to Read Award<ref name="foerstel" />
|Friends of the [Chicago Public Library](/source/Chicago_Public_Library)
|The award honors those who take a stand against [censorship](/source/censorship).<ref name="johnblades">{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1985/09/26/sidney-sheldon-to-receive-award-for-stand-against-censorship/|work=[Chicago Tribune](/source/Chicago_Tribune)|location=[Chicago, Illinois](/source/Chicago%2C_Illinois)|title=Sidney Sheldon To Receive Award For Stand Against Censorship|date=September 26, 1985|first=John|last=Blades|access-date=May 14, 2013}}</ref> Two years after receiving her award, Krug was leader of the committee to select the 1985 recipient.<ref name="johnblades" />
|-
|1984
|Open Book Award<ref name="chaptershonor" />
|Minnesota Civil Liberties Union
|
|-
|1985
|President's Award<ref name="chaptershonor" />
|Minnesota Civil Liberties Union
|
|-
|1990
|Intellectual Freedom Award<ref name="chaptershonor" />
|[Illinois Library Association](/source/Illinois_Library_Association)
|The Intellectual Freedom Award recognizes those who have supported the goals of accessibility to information as advocated by the [Illinois Library Association](/source/Illinois_Library_Association) and the [American Library Association](/source/American_Library_Association).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ila.org/awards/intellectual-freedom-award |access-date=May 14, 2013 |title=Category |work=Intellectual Freedom Award |publisher=[Illinois Library Association](/source/Illinois_Library_Association); www.ila.org |year=2013 |location=[Chicago, Illinois](/source/Chicago%2C_Illinois) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512090301/http://www.ila.org/awards/intellectual-freedom-award |archive-date=May 12, 2013 }}</ref>
|-
|1994
|Award for Intellectual Freedom<ref name="chaptershonor" />
|Ohio Educational Library Media Association
|The Intellectual Freedom Award of the Ohio Educational Library Media Association honors those who support the [Ohio](/source/Ohio) library system and American Library Association values of free access to information and freedom to read as protected by the [First Amendment to the United States Constitution](/source/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.oelma.org/awards/intellectual-freedom-award|title=Purpose|work=Intellectual Freedom Award|publisher=Ohio Educational Library Media Association; www.oelma.org|access-date=May 14, 2013|year=2012|author=OELMA Office, Scholarships & Awards Committee|location=[Columbus, Ohio](/source/Columbus%2C_Ohio)}}</ref>
|-
|1995
|Roll of Honor Award<ref name="chaptershonor" />
|Freedom to Read Foundation
|She was honored by American Library Association Executive Director Elizabeth Martinez, for time serving as the executive director of the Freedom to Read Foundation.<ref>{{cite news|title=On the Line for the First Amendment|author=[OCLC](/source/OCLC)|work=[WorldCat](/source/WorldCat)|oclc=4895761179|year=2013|publisher=www.worldcat.org}}</ref>
|-
|1998
|Joseph W. Lippincott Award
|[American Library Association](/source/American_Library_Association)
|Described by the ALA as the highest honor of the profession<ref name="patriciasullivan" /><ref name="alabio">{{cite news|url=http://www.ala.org/Template.cfm?Section=mediarelations&Template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=86979|access-date=May 13, 2013|title=Judith F. Krug; Director, Office for Intellectual Freedom; American Library Association|work=Biographical Sketch|year=2013|publisher=[American Library Association](/source/American_Library_Association); www.ala.org}}</ref>
|-
|2005
|[Doctor of Humane Letters](/source/Doctor_of_Humane_Letters)
|[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign](/source/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign)
|[Honorary doctorate](/source/Honorary_doctorate)<ref name="johnberry" /><ref name="chicagotribune" />
|-
|rowspan="2"|2009
|[William J. Brennan Award](/source/William_J._Brennan_Award)
|[Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression](/source/Thomas_Jefferson_Center_for_the_Protection_of_Free_Expression)
|She was only the fifth person selected to receive this award since the award was initiated in 1993.<ref name="winswilliamjbrennan">{{cite news|url=http://www.schoollibraryjournal.com/article/CA6629559.html?industryid=47053 |title=ALA's Judith Krug Wins William J. Brennan Award |access-date=October 26, 2023 |author=SLJ Staff |work=School Library Journal |date=January 14, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217005132/http://www.schoollibraryjournal.com/article/CA6629559.html?industryid=47053 |archive-date=February 17, 2012}}</ref> Krug was recognized for her efforts in support of [open-mindedness](/source/open-mindedness) and free access to books.<ref name="patriciasullivan" />
|-
|Judith Krug Memorial Intellectual Freedom Panel
|State of the Net Conference;<br /> [Advisory Committee to the Congressional Internet Caucus](/source/Caucuses_of_the_United_States_Congress)
|Annual panel initiated in 2009 at the conference<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.netcaucus.org/conference/2010/judith-krug2010.shtml|title=Introducing the First Annual Judith Krug Memorial Intellectual Freedom Panel|work=State of the Net Conference|date=January 27, 2010|publisher=Advisory Committee to the Congressional Internet Caucus; www.netcaucus.org|location=[Washington, D.C.](/source/Washington%2C_D.C.)|access-date=May 13, 2013}}</ref>
|-
|}

==See also==
*[Censorship in the United States](/source/Censorship_in_the_United_States)
*[Civil liberties in the United States](/source/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States)
*[Freedom of the press in the United States](/source/Freedom_of_the_press_in_the_United_States)
*[Freedom of speech in the United States](/source/Freedom_of_speech_in_the_United_States)
*[Free speech fights](/source/Free_speech_fights)
*[List of librarians](/source/List_of_librarians)
*[List of University of Pittsburgh people](/source/List_of_University_of_Pittsburgh_people)

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|title=Freedom to Read Foundation celebrating 40 years|author=Art Institute of Chicago|location=[Chicago](/source/Chicago), [Illinois](/source/Illinois) |publisher=Freedom to Read Foundation|date=July 12, 2009|oclc=427639562}}
*{{cite book|last=Foerstel|first=Herbert N.|title=Free Expression and Censorship in America|chapter=Krug, Judith Fingeret|page=130|isbn=978-0313292316|publisher=Greenwood|year=1997}}
*{{cite book|title=Speaking Freely: An Oral History of the Freedom to Read Foundation|first=April|last=Gage|publisher=[San Jose State University](/source/San_Jose_State_University); School of Library and Information Science; [Thesis](/source/Thesis): [Master of Library and Information Science](/source/Master_of_Library_and_Information_Science)|year=2006|oclc=183193832}}
*{{cite book|first=John B. |last=Harer|author2=Jeanne E. Harrell  |title=People For and Against Restricted or Unrestricted Expression|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0313317583|chapter=Judith Fingeret Krug}}
*{{cite book|last=Morgan|first=Candace D.|title=Intellectual Freedom Manual, Eighth Edition|publisher=[American Library Association](/source/American_Library_Association): Office for Intellectual Freedom|page=III|year=2010|location=[Chicago](/source/Chicago), [Illinois](/source/Illinois)|isbn=978-0-8389-3590-3}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Kniffel|first1=Leonard|title=Judith Krug 1940–2009|journal=American Libraries|date=May 2009|volume=40|issue=5|pages=40–43|issn=0002-9769}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061128093816/http://www7.nationalacademies.org/itas/Krug_testimony.html "Intellectual Freedom 2002: Living the Chinese Curse" – Library of Congress' "Luminary Lecture" (Lecture presented by Krug on May 23, 2002)], ''[Library of Congress](/source/Library_of_Congress)''
*{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061128093816/http://www7.nationalacademies.org/itas/Krug_testimony.html |date=November 28, 2006 |title=Judith Krug's Testimony before the "National Research Council Committee to Study Tools and Strategies for Protecting Children from Pornography" on the subject of Internet filters in libraries }}
*[http://www.copacommission.org/meetings/hearing3/krug.test.pdf Judith Krug's Testimony  before the Commission on Child Online Protection in August 2000], Commission on Child Online Protection
* {{Internet Archive film clip|id=openmind_ep788|description="The Open Mind&nbsp;— A Bill of Rights for Libraries (September 27, 2007)"}}
{{Authority control}}

{{ALA(library)}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|Books|Freedom of speech|Journalism|Law|Literature|Media|United States|Pennsylvania|Illinois|Chicago}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krug, Judith}}
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Category:21st-century American librarians
Category:University of Chicago Graduate Library School alumni
Category:American women human rights activists

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Judith Krug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Krug) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Krug?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.