# Jonathan Israel

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British historian (born 1946)

Jonathan Israel FBA Born Jonathan Irvine Israel 22 January 1946 (1946-01-22) (age 80) London, England Occupations Academic, historian Awards Wolfson History Prize Fellow of the British Academy Leo Gershoy Award Order of the Netherlands Lion Dr A.H. Heineken Prize Benjamin Franklin Medal PROSE Award Academic background Alma mater Queens' College, Cambridge University of Oxford Academic work Institutions Newcastle University (1970–1972) University of Hull (1972–1974) University College London (1974–2001) Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton (2001–present) University of Amsterdam (2007) Main interests Dutch history Age of Enlightenment European Jews Spinoza

**Jonathan Irvine Israel** [FBA](/source/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy) (born 22 January 1946) is a British historian specialising in [Dutch history](/source/Dutch_history), the [Age of Enlightenment](/source/Age_of_Enlightenment), [Spinoza's philosophy](/source/Philosophy_of_Spinoza) and [European Jews](/source/European_Jews). Israel was appointed as Andrew W. Mellon Professor in the School of Historical Studies at the [Institute for Advanced Study](/source/Institute_for_Advanced_Study), Princeton, New Jersey, in January 2001 and retired in July 2016.[1] He was previously Professor of Dutch History and Institutions at the [University College London](/source/University_College_London).

In recent years, Israel has focused his attention on a multi-volume history of the [Age of Enlightenment](/source/Age_of_Enlightenment). He contrasts two camps. The "radical Enlightenment" was founded on a rationalist materialism first articulated by [Spinoza](/source/Spinoza). Standing in opposition was a "moderate Enlightenment" which he sees as weakened by its belief in God.

## Life

Israel's career until 2001 unfolded in British academia. He attended [Kilburn Grammar School](/source/Kilburn_Grammar_School), and like his school peer and future fellow historian [Robert Wistrich](/source/Robert_Wistrich) went on to study History as an undergraduate at [Queens' College, Cambridge](/source/Queens'_College%2C_Cambridge), graduating with a first-class degree in Part II of the Tripos in 1967.[2] His graduate work took place at the [University of Oxford](/source/University_of_Oxford) and the [El Colegio de México](/source/El_Colegio_de_M%C3%A9xico), Mexico City, leading to his D.Phil. from Oxford in 1972. He was named [Sir James Knott](/source/Sir_James_Knott%2C_1st_Baronet) Research Fellow at the [University of Newcastle upon Tyne](/source/Newcastle_University) in 1970, and in 1972 he moved to the [University of Hull](/source/University_of_Hull) where he was first an assistant lecturer then a lecturer in Early Modern Europe. In 1974 he became a lecturer in Early Modern European History at [University College London](/source/University_College_London), progressing to become a reader in Modern History in 1981, and then to Professor of Dutch History and Institutions in 1984.

In January 2001, Israel became a professor of modern European history in the School of Historical Studies at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey.[3] In 2007, the 375th anniversary of the birth of Spinoza, he held the Spinoza Chair of Philosophy at the [University of Amsterdam](/source/University_of_Amsterdam).[4]

## Views

Israel has defined what he considers to be the "Radical Enlightenment," arguing it originated with [Spinoza](/source/Spinoza). He argues in great detail that Spinoza "and Spinozism were in fact the intellectual backbone of the European Radical Enlightenment everywhere, not only in the Netherlands, Germany, France, Italy, and Scandinavia but also Britain and Ireland", and that the Radical Enlightenment, leaning towards religious skepticism and republican government, leads on to the modern liberal-democratic state.[5][6]

Israel is sharply critical of [Jean-Paul Marat](/source/Jean-Paul_Marat) and [Maximilien de Robespierre](/source/Maximilien_de_Robespierre) for repudiating what he sees as the true values of the Radical Enlightenment and grossly distorting the [French Revolution](/source/French_Revolution). He argues that, "[Jacobin](/source/Jacobin) ideology and culture under Robespierre was an obsessive Rousseauiste moral Puritanism steeped in authoritarianism, anti-intellectualism, and xenophobia, "and it repudiated free expression, basic human rights, and democracy."[7]

In response to Israel's series on the Enlightenment, writes Johnson Kent Wright, there appeared —

- a series of in-depth critiques, from leading practitioners of every stripe, including Theo Verbeek, Harvey Chisick, Anthony La Vopa, Antoine Lilti, Samuel Moyn, and Dan Edelstein. Though all expressed admiration for the breadth of Israel's reading and display of sheer scholarly stamina, they also reached a strikingly unanimous verdict. In the eyes of his critics, Israel's interpretation of the Enlightenment is a kind of academic juggernaut, careening destructively through the discipline, in the service of a false idol—Spinoza, supposed demiurge of modernity—and an unsustainable principle—the idea of an umbilical connection between metaphysical monism and political radicalism.[8]

A Marxist defense of Israel against one critic ([Samuel Moyn](/source/Samuel_Moyn)) appeared in 2010 on the [World Socialist Web Site](/source/World_Socialist_Web_Site), particularly in the article, "The Nation, Jonathan Israel and the Enlightenment". The two defenders also criticize Israel, saying:

- There are problems in his argument. The dichotomy between a radical and moderate Enlightenment, however suggestive and stimulating, tends at times to overly simplify complex and contradictory processes in the development of philosophical thought. It is not always the case, as Professor Israel seems to suggest, that the most significant advances in philosophical thought were made by individuals who held the most politically radical views.[9]

In 2004, in response to a Historisch Nieuwsblad survey, which asked members of the Royal Netherlands Historical Society what were the classic works about Dutch history, *The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness and Fall, 1477–1806* came in second place.[10]

## Honors and awards

He was made a Fellow of the [British Academy](/source/British_Academy) in 1992, Corresponding Fellow of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen ([Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences](/source/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences)) in 1994,[11] won the [American Historical Association](/source/American_Historical_Association)'s [Leo Gershoy Award](/source/Leo_Gershoy_Award) in 2001, and was made Knight of the [Order of the Netherlands Lion](/source/Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion) in 2004. In 2008, he won the [Dr A.H. Heineken Prize](/source/Dr_A.H._Heineken_Prize) for history, medicine, environmental studies and cognitive science.[12]

In 2010 he was awarded the [Benjamin Franklin Medal](/source/Benjamin_Franklin_Medal_(Royal_Society_of_Arts)) by the [Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce](/source/Royal_Society_for_the_Encouragement_of_Arts%2C_Manufactures_and_Commerce) (RSA) for his outstanding contribution to Enlightenment scholarship.[13]

In 2015 he was awarded the [PROSE Awards](/source/PROSE_Awards) in European & World History by the [Association of American Publishers](/source/Association_of_American_Publishers) (AAP) for professional and scholarly excellence.[14]

In 2017 Israel received the Comenius Prize by the Comenius Museum for his work on the Age of Enlightenment, Dutch history, and European Jewry and his ability to connect economic and intellectual history with the history of politics, religion, society, and science.[15]

## Bibliography

- *Race, Class and Politics in Colonial Mexico, 1610–70*. Oxford Historical Monographs. 1975. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-19-821860-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-821860-5) HB.

- *The Dutch Republic and the Hispanic World, 1606–61*. 1982. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-19-826534-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-826534-4) HB; [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-19-821998-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-821998-9) PB.

- [*European Jewry in the Age of Mercantilism, 1550–1750*](https://archive.org/details/israel-jonathan-i-j-european-jewry-in-the-age-of-mercantilism). 1985. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-19-821928-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-821928-8) HB; [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-874774-42-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-874774-42-0) PB.

- *Dutch Primacy in World Trade, 1585–1740*. 1989. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-19-821139-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-821139-2) PB.

- *Empires and Entrepots: The Dutch, the Spanish Monarchy and the Jews, 1585–1713*. 1990. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-85285-022-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85285-022-1) HB.

- *The Anglo-Dutch Moment: Essays on the Glorious Revolution and Its World Impact*. 1991. (editor). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-521-39075-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-39075-3) HB; [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-521-54406-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-54406-8) PB.

- *From Persecution to Toleration: Glorious Revolution and Religion in England*. 1991. (co-editor) [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-19-820196-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-820196-6) HB.

- [*The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness and Fall, 1477–1806*](https://archive.org/details/dutchrepublicits00unse). [Oxford History of Early Modern Europe](/source/Oxford_History_of_Early_Modern_Europe). 1995. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-19-873072-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-873072-1) HB; [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-198-20734-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-198-20734-4) PB.

- *Conflicts of Empires: Spain, the Low Countries and the Struggle for World Supremacy, 1585–1713*. 1997. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-85285-161-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85285-161-9) HB.

- [*Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity, 1650–1750*](https://archive.org/details/radicalenlighten0000isra). 2001. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-19-820608-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-820608-9) HB; [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-199-25456-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-199-25456-7) PB.

- *Diasporas Within a Diaspora: Jews, Crypto-Jews and the World of Maritime Empires (1540–1740)*. Brill's Series in Jewish Studies. 2002. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [90-04-12765-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12765-8) HB.

- *Dutch Jewry: Its History and Secular Culture (1500–2000)*. Brill's Series in Jewish Studies. 2002. (co-editor) [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [90-04-12436-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12436-5) HB.

- *Enlightenment Contested: Philosophy, Modernity, and the Emancipation of Man, 1670–1752*. 2006. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-19-927922-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-927922-5) HB.[16][17]

- *Benedict de Spinoza, Theological-Political Treatise*. 2007. (co-editor) [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-521-53097-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53097-2) HB.

- *A Revolution of the Mind: Radical Enlightenment and the Intellectual Origins of Modern Democracy*. 2009. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-691-14200-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14200-5) HB.

- *Democratic Enlightenment: Philosophy, Revolution, and Human Rights 1750–1790*. 2011. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-199-54820-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-199-54820-0) HB.[18]

- *Revolutionary Ideas: An Intellectual History of the French Revolution from The Rights of Man to Robespierre*. 2014. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-691-15172-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15172-4) HB.

- *The Expanding Blaze: How the American Revolution Ignited the World, 1775-1848*. 2017. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-691-17660-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17660-4) HB.

- *The Enlightenment That Failed: Ideas, Revolution, and Democratic Defeat, 1748-1830*. 2019. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-198-73840-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-198-73840-4) HB.

- *Revolutionary Jews from Spinoza to Marx. The Fight for a Secular World of Universal and Equal Rights*. 2021. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-295-74866-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-74866-5) HB.

- *Historical Dictionary of the Enlightenment*. 2023. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-538-12313-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-538-12313-3) HB.

- *Spinoza: Life and Legacy*. 2023. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-198-85748-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-198-85748-8) HB.

(*Radical Enlightenment* (2001), *Enlightenment Contested* (2006), and *Democratic Enlightenment* (2011) constitute a trilogy on the history of the [Radical Enlightenment](/source/Radical_Enlightenment) and the intellectual origins of modern democracy. *A Revolution of the Mind* (2009) is a shorter work on the same theme.)

## See also

- [Counter-Enlightenment](/source/Counter-Enlightenment)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** [Jonathan Israel, Institute for Advanced Study](https://www.ias/edu/hs/israel),[*[permanent dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*] accessed 6 September 2022

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** 'Cambridge University Tripos Results', *The Times*, 23 June 1967.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-PressRelease_3-0)** ["Jonathan Israel Appointed to Faculty of Institute for Advanced Study"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100527153503/http://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/israel_appoint). Princeton Institute for Advanced Study. 17 January 2001. Archived from [the original](http://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/israel_appoint) on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 21 September 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Amsterdam, Universiteit van. ["The Spinoza Chair – Philosophy – University of Amsterdam"](http://www.uva.nl/en/disciplines/philosophy/home/components-centrecolumn/the-spinoza-chair.html). *Uva.nl*. Retrieved 7 August 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Israel, J. (2001). *Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity, 1650-1750*. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. vi. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-19-820608-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-820608-9).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Chamberlain, Lesley (8 December 2006). ["When freedom fought faith"](https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/enlightenment-contested-by-jonathan-israel-427458.html). *The Independent*. [Archived](https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220614/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/enlightenment-contested-by-jonathan-israel-427458.html) from the original on 14 June 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Israel, Jonathan (2014). *Revolutionary Ideas: An Intellectual History of the French Revolution from The Rights of Man to Robespierre*. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 521. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-691-15172-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15172-4).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Wright, Johnson Kent. ["Review essay"](http://www.h-france.net/forum/forumvol9/Israel1.pdf) (PDF). *H-France Forum*. **9** (1): 1. Retrieved 21 January 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Talbot, Ann; North, David (9 June 2010). ["The Nation, Jonathan Israel and the Enlightenment"](http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2010/06/enli-j09.html). *World Socialist Web Site*. International Committee of the Fourth International. Retrieved 15 April 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** ["De vijftien klassieke werken over de Nederlandse geschiedenis"](http://www.historischnieuwsblad.nl/nl/artikel/6275/de-vijftien-klassieke-werken-over-de-nederlandse-geschiedenis.html). 12 January 2004. Retrieved 10 June 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** ["Jonathan Israel"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115701/https://www.knaw.nl/nl/leden/buitenlandse-leden/4301) (in Dutch). Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived from [the original](https://www.knaw.nl/nl/leden/buitenlandse-leden/4301) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** ["Jonathan Israel (biographical details)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090921143103/http://ias.edu/about/faculty-and-emeriti/israel). Princeton Institute for Advanced Study. Archived from [the original](http://www.ias.edu/about/faculty-and-emeriti/israel) on 21 September 2009. Retrieved 21 September 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** ["Jonathan Israel Awarded 2010 Benjamin Franklin Medal"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110101034558/http://www.ias.edu/news/news-briefs/israel-franklin-medal). Princeton Institute for Advanced Study. 24 November 2010. Archived from [the original](http://www.ias.edu/news/news-briefs/israel-franklin-medal) on 1 January 2011. Retrieved 21 September 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** ["Jonathan Israel Awarded 2015 PROSE Award in European and World History"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160501000000/https://www.ias.edu/news/israel-prose2015). Princeton Institute for Advanced Study. 10 February 2015. Archived from [the original](https://www.ias.edu/news/israel-prose2015) on 1 May 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** ["Jonathan Israel Awarded 2017 Comenius Prize"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170701000000/https://www.ias.edu/israel-comenius-prize). Princeton Institute for Advanced Study. 8 February 2017. Archived from [the original](https://www.ias.edu/israel-comenius-prize) on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** ["Review: Banishing the dark"](https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2006/11/30/banishing-the-dark). *The Economist*. 30 November 2006. Retrieved 21 September 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Moyn, Samuel (12 May 2010). ["Review: Mind the Enlightenment"](http://www.thenation.com/article/mind-enlightenment). The Nation. Retrieved 21 September 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** Bell, David A. (8 February 2012). ["Review: Where Do We Come From?"](http://www.tnr.com/article/books-and-arts/magazine/100556/spinoza-kant-enlightenment-ideas). *The New Republic*. Retrieved 19 February 2012.

## External links

- [Seeing reason: Jonathan Israel's radical vision](https://newhumanist.org.uk/articles/4194/seeing-reason-jonathan-israels-radical-vision)

v t e Winners of the Wolfson History Prize 1970s Michael Howard / Keith Thomas (1972) W. L. Warren / Frances Yates (1973) Moses Finley / Theodore Zeldin (1974) Frances Donaldson / Olwen Hufton (1975) Nikolaus Pevsner / Norman Stone (1976) Denis Mack Smith / Simon Schama (1977) Alistair Horne (1978) Richard Cobb / Quentin Skinner / Mary Soames (1979) 1980s R. J. W. Evans / F. S. L. Lyons (1980) J. W. Burrow (1981) John McManners (1982) Martin Gilbert / Kenneth Rose (1983) Antonia Fraser / Maurice Keen (1984) Richard Davenport-Hines / John Grigg (1985) J. H. Elliott / Jonathan Israel (1986) Rees Davies / John Pemble (1987) no award (1988) Richard Evans / Paul Kennedy (1989) 1990s Richard A. Fletcher / Donald Cameron Watt (1990) Colin Platt (1991) John Bossy / Alan Bullock (1992) Linda Colley / Robert Skidelsky (1993) Robert Bartlett / Barbara Harvey (1994) Fiona MacCarthy / John C. G. Röhl (1995) H. C. G. Matthew (1996) Orlando Figes (1997) John Brewer / Patricia Hollis (1998) Antony Beevor / Amanda Vickery (1999) 2000s Joanna Bourke / Andrew Roberts (2000) Ian Kershaw / Mark Mazower / Roy Porter (2001) Barry Cunliffe / Jerry White (2002) William Dalrymple / Robert Gildea (2003) Frances Harris / Julian Jackson / Diarmaid MacCulloch (2004) Richard Overy / David Reynolds (2005) Evelyn Welch / Chris Wickham (2006) Christopher Clark / Vic Gatrell / Adam Tooze (2007) John Darwin / Rosemary Hill (2008) Mary Beard / Margaret M. McGowan (2009) 2010s Dominic Lieven / Jonathan Sumption (2010) Ruth Harris / Nicholas Thomas (2011) Susie Harries / Alexandra Walsham (2012) Susan Brigden / Christopher Duggan (2013) Cyprian Broodbank / Catherine Merridale (2014) Richard Vinen / Alexander Watson (2015) Robin Lane Fox / Nikolaus Wachsmann (2016) Christopher de Hamel (2017) Peter Marshall (2018) Mary Fulbrook (2019) 2020s David Abulafia (2020) Sudhir Hazareesingh (2021) Clare Jackson (2022) Halik Kochanski (2023) Joya Chatterji (2024) Hannah Durkin (2025)

v t e Heineken Prizes Biochemistry and Biophysics Chargaff (1964) Brachet (1967) Chance (1970) De Duve (1973) Van Deenen (1976) Klug (1979) Weissmann (1982) Julesz & Reichardt (1985) Cech (1988) Leder (1990) Borst (1992) Berridge (1994) Nurse (1996) Pawson (1998) Rothman (2000) Tsien (2002) Fire (2004) Jeffreys (2006) Szostak (2008) Hartl (2010) De Lange (2012) Dobson (2014) Doudna (2016) Zhuang (2018) Stillman (2020) Medicine Lauterbur (1989) Van Rood (1990) Moncada (1992) Montagnier (1994) De Wied (1996) Marshall (1998) Kandel (2000) Selkoe (2002) Blackburn (2004) King (2006) Peto (2008) Steinman (2010) Clevers (2012) Alitalo (2014) Jackson (2016) Carmeliet (2018) Deisseroth (2020) Environmental Sciences Lovelock (1990) Branica (1992) BirdLife International (1994) Daly (1996) Ehrlich (1998) Harremoës (2000) Thompson (2002) Levin (2004) Pimm (2006) Brunekreef (2008) Tilman (2010) Laurance (2012) Sinninghe Damsté (2014) Mace (2016) Hebert (2018) Le Quéré (2020) History Gay (1990) Van der Wee (1992) Brown (1994) Oberman (1996) Ozouf (1998) De Vries (2000) Schilling (2002) Le Goff (2004) Mokyr (2006) Israel (2008) McKitterick (2010) Parker (2012) Assmann (2014) Herrin (2016) McNeill (2018) Daston (2020) Cognitive Science Anderson (2006) Dehaene (2008) Tomasello (2010) Duncan (2012) McClelland (2014) Spelke (2016) Kanwisher (2018) Zatorre (2020) Art Verhoef (1988) Bot (1990) C. Visser (1992) Röling (1994) Martens (1996) Van de Pavert (1998) Geelen (2000) Mik (2002) Van Golden (2004) Koelewijn (2006) B. Visser (2008) Manders (2010) Struycken (2012) Van Oldenborgh (2014) Dröge Wendel (2016) Van Lieshout (2018) Blom (2020)

v t e Historians of Europe Acton Blanning Braudel Burckhardt Davies Dawson Eisenstein Evans Hobsbawm Jacoby Judt Kagan Kershaw von Kuehnelt-Leddihn Lukacs Martin Mazower Ozment Pirenne Polybius von Ranke Roberts Roberts Spengler Stone Thucydides Unwin Zamoyski Belgium Pirenne de Schaepdrijver Bosnia and Herzegovina Peçevi Knežević Kreševljaković Redžić Vego Mesihović United Kingdom Adamson Allen Anderson Armstrong Bailyn Bede Briggs Butterfield Davies Duffy Elton Ferguson Firth Fraser Gardiner Geoffrey of Monmouth Hastings Hill Himmelfarb Hobsbawm Hume Hyde Johnson Lloyd Louis Macaulay Marshall Namier Morgan Roberts Seeley Starkey Stone Tawney Thomas Thompson Trevelyan Trevor-Roper Wedgwood Croatia Banac Gross Katičić Klaić (Nada) Klaić (Vjekoslav) Lucius Macan Rački Šišić Smičiklas Vitezović Finland Borodkin Ordin Porthan France Bainville Bloch Becker Carlyle Davis Duby Febvre Horne Johnson Ladurie Marrus Michelet Mousnier Palmer Paxton Renouvin Roberts Sternhell Taine de Tocqueville Weber Germany and Austria Bock Bracher Broszat Bullock Citino Craig Evans Fest Fischer Görres Hildebrand Hillgruber House Hirschfeld Jäckel Kershaw Komlos Koonz Langewiesche Lower Mason Meinecke Moeller van den Bruck Mommsen (Hans) Mommsen (Wolfgang) Mosse Nolte Peukert Ritter Rothfels Stern Stahel Stürmer von Treitschke Taylor Trevor-Roper Wehler Wette Wolffsohn de Zayas Zitelmann Ireland Browne Byrne Cléirigh Hughes Keating Lyons Machtheni O'Curry O'Donovan Tírechán Ware Italy Arnone Sipari Bosworth Croce Cronin De Felice Gentile Ginsborg Ginzburg Petacco Salvemini Smith Moldova Cazacu Iorga Nistor King Netherlands Geyl Motley Israel Schama Poland Davies Jasienica Steed Portugal Hermano Saraiva Mattoso Oliveira Marques Rosas Romania Boia Hasdeu Iorga Kogalniceanu Mitrany Tismaneanu Xenopol Russia Applebaum Bethell Conquest Cronin Danilov Figes Fitzpatrick Grimsted Hjärne Hosking Hughes Karamzin Kenez Khlevniuk Lewin Medvedev Petrov Pipes Service Shearer Solzhenitsyn Taubman Ulam Werth Serbia Ćorović Ćirković Deretić Mihaljčić Novaković Stanojević Scotland Barrow Boece Buchanan Burnet John of Fordun Harvie Kidd Lynch Oram Scott Tranter Slovakia Deák Kamenec Kollár Marusiak Mintalová-Zubercová Šafárik Slovenia Grafenauer Melik Verginella Spain Altamira y Crevea Arié Beevor Bennassar John of Biclaro Carr Collins Elliott Florencio Gibson Ivars Kamen Parker Payne Pérez Preston de Rada Ribera y Tarragó Thomas Sweden Englund Fryxell Geijer Grimberg Harrison Hatton Hjärne Lönnroth Magnus von Pufendorf Ringmar Roberts Robinson Stolpe Weibull Weibull Yugoslavia Banac Glenny Jelavich Schwartz Tomasevich

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Jonathan Israel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Israel) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Israel?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.