# John Tukey

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American mathematician (1915–2000)

"Tukey" redirects here. For other uses, see [Tukey (disambiguation)](/source/Tukey_(disambiguation)).

John Tukey Born (1915-06-16)June 16, 1915 New Bedford, Massachusetts, U.S. Died July 26, 2000(2000-07-26) (aged 85) New Brunswick, New Jersey, U.S. Education Brown University (BA, MS) Princeton University (PhD) Known for Exploratory data analysis Multiple comparisons problem Projection pursuit Box plot Blackman–Tukey transformation Cooley–Tukey FFT algorithm Freeman–Tukey transformation Siegel–Tukey test Stone–Tukey theorem Tukey–Duckworth test Tukey's range test Tukey lambda distribution Tukey's trimean Tukey's test of additivity Tukey's lemma Tukey mean difference plot Tukey median Tukey depth Tukey's biweight function Tukey's fences Tukey window Cepstrum Flexagon Median polish Midhinge Slash distribution Theory of conjoint measurement Coining the term 'bit' Scagnostics Awards Wilks Memorial Award (1965) National Medal of Science (1973) Shewhart Medal (1976) IEEE Medal of Honor (1982) Deming Medal (1982)[1] Foreign Member of the Royal Society (1991) Scientific career Fields Topology Institutions Bell Labs Princeton University Thesis On Denumerability in Topology[2] Doctoral advisor Solomon Lefschetz[2] Doctoral students David R. Brillinger Kai Lai Chung Arthur Dempster Leo Goodman Karen Kafadar Thomas E. Kurtz Paul Meier Frederick Mosteller John A. Hartigan

**John Wilder Tukey** ([/ˈtuːki/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English);[3] June 16, 1915 – July 26, 2000) was an American [mathematician](/source/Mathematician) and [statistician](/source/Statistician), best known for the development of the [fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm](/source/Cooley%E2%80%93Tukey_FFT_algorithm), the [box plot](/source/Box_plot) and for laying the foundations of the field of [exploratory data analysis](/source/Exploratory_data_analysis).[4] The [Tukey range test](/source/Tukey's_range_test), the [Tukey lambda distribution](/source/Tukey_lambda_distribution), the [Tukey test of additivity](/source/Tukey's_test_of_additivity), and the [Teichmüller–Tukey lemma](/source/Teichm%C3%BCller%E2%80%93Tukey_lemma) all bear his name. He is also credited with coining the term *[bit](/source/Bit)* and the first published use of the word *[software](/source/Software)*.

## Biography

Tukey was born in [New Bedford, Massachusetts](/source/New_Bedford%2C_Massachusetts), in 1915, to a Latin teacher father and a private tutor. He was mainly taught by his mother and attended regular classes only for certain subjects like French.[5] Tukey obtained a [B.A.](/source/Bachelor_of_Arts) in 1936 and [M.S.](/source/M.S.) in 1937 in chemistry, from [Brown University](/source/Brown_University), before moving to [Princeton University](/source/Princeton_University), where in 1939 he received a [PhD](/source/PhD) in [mathematics](/source/Mathematics) after completing a doctoral dissertation titled "On [denumerability](/source/Denumerability) in [topology](/source/Topology)".[2][6][7]

During [World War II](/source/World_War_II), Tukey worked at the Fire Control Research Office and collaborated with [Samuel Wilks](/source/Samuel_S._Wilks) and [William Cochran](/source/William_Gemmell_Cochran). After the war, he returned to Princeton, dividing his time between the university and [AT&T Bell Laboratories](/source/Bell_Labs). In 1962, Tukey was elected to the [American Philosophical Society](/source/American_Philosophical_Society).[8] He became a full professor at 35 and founding chairman of the Princeton statistics department in 1965.[5]

He was awarded the [National Medal of Science](/source/National_Medal_of_Science) by President Nixon in 1973.[5] He was awarded the [IEEE Medal of Honor](/source/IEEE_Medal_of_Honor) in 1982 "For his contributions to the spectral analysis of random processes and the [fast Fourier transform](/source/Fast_Fourier_transform) (FFT) [algorithm](/source/Algorithm)".[9]

Tukey retired in 1985. He died in [New Brunswick, New Jersey](/source/New_Brunswick%2C_New_Jersey), on July 26, 2000.[5]

## Scientific contributions

Early in his career Tukey worked on developing [statistical](/source/Statistical) methods for computers at [Bell Labs](/source/Bell_Labs), where he coined the word *bit* in 1947.[10][11][12]

His statistical interests were many and varied. He is particularly remembered for his development with [James Cooley](/source/James_Cooley) of the [Cooley–Tukey FFT algorithm](/source/Cooley%E2%80%93Tukey_FFT_algorithm). In 1970, he contributed significantly to what is today known as the [jackknife](/source/Jackknife_resampling)—also termed [Quenouille](/source/Maurice_Quenouille)–Tukey jackknife. He introduced the [box plot](/source/Box_plot) in his 1977 book, "Exploratory Data Analysis", building on the earlier work of [Mary Eleanor Spear](/source/Mary_Eleanor_Spear).

[Tukey's range test](/source/Tukey's_range_test), the [Tukey lambda distribution](/source/Tukey_lambda_distribution), [Tukey's test of additivity](/source/Tukey's_test_of_additivity), [Tukey's lemma](/source/Tukey's_lemma), and the [Tukey window](/source/Tukey_window) all bear his name. He is also the creator of several little-known methods such as the [trimean](/source/Trimean) and [median-median line](/source/Median#Median.E2.80.93median_line), an easier alternative to [linear regression](/source/Linear_regression).

In 1974, he developed, with [Jerome H. Friedman](/source/Jerome_H._Friedman), the concept of the [projection pursuit](/source/Projection_pursuit).[13]

### Data analysis and foundations of data science

John Tukey contributed greatly to statistical practice and data analysis in general. In fact, some regard John Tukey as the father of data science. At the very least, he pioneered many of the key foundations of what came later to be known as [data science](/source/Data_science).[14]

Making sense of data has a long history and has been addressed by statisticians, mathematicians, scientists, and others for many many years. During the 1960s, Tukey challenged the dominance at the time of what he called "confirmatory data analysis", statistical analyses driven by rigid mathematical configurations.[15] Tukey emphasized the importance of having a more flexible attitude towards data analysis and of exploring data carefully to see what structures and information might be contained therein. He called this "exploratory data analysis" (EDA). In many ways, EDA was a precursor to data science.

Tukey also realized the importance of computer science to EDA. Graphics are an integral part of EDA methodology and, while much of Tukey's work focused on static displays (such as box plots) that could be drawn by hand, he realized that computer graphics would be much more effective for studying multivariate data. PRIM-9, the first program for viewing multivariate data, was conceived by him during the early 1970s.[16]

This coupling of data analysis and computer science is what is now called data science.

Tukey articulated the important distinction between [exploratory data analysis](/source/Exploratory_data_analysis) and [confirmatory data analysis](/source/Confirmatory_data_analysis), believing that much statistical methodology placed too great an emphasis on the latter. Though he believed in the utility of separating the two types of analysis, he pointed out that sometimes, especially in [natural science](/source/Natural_science), this was problematic and termed such situations [uncomfortable science](/source/Uncomfortable_science).

A. D. Gordon of the [University of St. Andrews](/source/University_of_St._Andrews) offered the following summary of Tukey's principles for statistical practice:[17]

... the usefulness and limitation of mathematical statistics; the importance of having methods of statistical analysis that are robust to violations of the assumptions underlying their use; the need to amass experience of the behaviour of specific methods of analysis in order to provide guidance on their use; the importance of allowing the possibility of data's influencing the choice of method by which they are analysed; the need for statisticians to reject the role of "guardian of proven truth", and to resist attempts to provide once-for-all solutions and tidy over-unifications of the subject; the iterative nature of data analysis; implications of the increasing power, availability, and cheapness of computing facilities; the training of statisticians.

Tukey's lectures were described to be unusual. McCullagh described his lecture given in London in 1977:[17][18]

Tukey ambled to the podium, a great bear of a man dressed in baggy pants and a black knitted shirt. These might once have been a matching pair but the vintage was such that it was hard to tell. ... Carefully and deliberately a list of headings was chalked on the blackboard. The words came too, not many, like overweight parcels, delivered at a slow unfaltering pace. ... When it was complete, Tukey turned to face the audience and the podium ... "Comments, queries, suggestions?" he asked the audience ... As he waited for a response, he clambered onto the podium and manoeuvred until he was sitting cross-legged facing the audience. ... We in the audience sat like spectators at the zoo waiting for the great bear to move or say something. But the great bear appeared to be doing the same thing, and the feeling was not comfortable.

## Contributions to other fields

Tukey made wide-ranging contributions beyond statistics, once reportedly remarking, "The best thing about being a statistician is that you get to play in everyone's backyard."[5]

In the 1950s, Tukey served on a committee of the [National Research Council](/source/National_Research_Council_(United_States)) that produced a report critiquing the statistical methodology of the [Kinsey Report](/source/Kinsey_Reports), and he chaired a committee in the 1970s on the role of aerosol sprays in damaging the [ozone layer](/source/Ozone_layer).[5]

From 1960 to 1980, Tukey helped design the NBC television network polls used to predict and analyze elections. He was also a consultant to the [Educational Testing Service](/source/Educational_Testing_Service), the [Xerox Corporation](/source/Xerox_Corporation), and [Merck & Company](/source/Merck_%26_Company).[5]

During the 1970s and early 1980s, Tukey played a key role in the design and conduct of the [National Assessment of Educational Progress](/source/National_Assessment_of_Educational_Progress).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

### Coining neologisms

While working with [John von Neumann](/source/John_von_Neumann) on early computer designs, Tukey introduced the word *[bit](/source/Bit)* as a portmanteau of *binary digit*.[19] The term *bit* was first used in [an article](/source/A_Mathematical_Theory_of_Communication) by [Claude Shannon](/source/Claude_Shannon) in 1948.

Tukey is also credited with the first use of the word *[software](/source/Software)* to describe computer programs in a 1958 article[20] in [American Mathematical Monthly](/source/American_Mathematical_Monthly).[21]

## See also

- [List of pioneers in computer science](/source/List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science)

## Books

- Tukey, John W. (1977). Exploratory Data Analysis. Pearson. ISBN 978-0-201-07616-5.

- Tukey, John W. (1991) Visual Display of Quantitative Phenomena ASIN B00EB04I6C

- Tukey, John W. (1982) Understanding Robust and Exploratory Data Analysis Wiley, ISBN 0471097772

- Tukey, John W. (1991) Configural Polysampling Wiley, ISBN 0471523720

- Basford, K. and Tukey J. (1998) Graphical Analysis of Multi-response Data, CRC ISBN 0412818906

## Publications

- Andrews, David F.; Bickel, Peter J.; Hampel, Frank R.; Huber, Peter J.; Rogers, W. H.; Tukey, John Wilder (1972). [*Robust estimates of location: survey and advances*](https://archive.org/details/robustestimateso0000unse). [Princeton University Press](/source/Princeton_University_Press). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-691-08113-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-08113-7). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [369963](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/369963).

- [Basford, Kaye E.](/source/Kaye_Basford); Tukey, John Wilder (1998). [*Graphical Analysis of Multiresponse Data*](https://archive.org/details/graphicalanalysi0000basf). [Chapman & Hall](/source/Chapman_%26_Hall)/[CRC Press](/source/CRC_Press). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8493-0384-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0384-5). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [154674707](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/154674707).[22][23][24][25]

- [Blackman, R. B.](/source/R._B._Blackman); Tukey, John Wilder (1959). [*The measurement of power spectra from the point of view of communications engineering*](https://archive.org/details/TheMeasurementOfPowerSpectra). [Dover Publications](/source/Dover_Publications). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-486-60507-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-60507-4).

- [Cochran, William Gemmell](/source/William_Gemmell_Cochran); [Mosteller, Charles Frederick](/source/Charles_Frederick_Mosteller); Tukey, John Wilder (1953). *Statistical problems of the Kinsey report on sexual behavior in the human male*. [Journal of the American Statistical Association](/source/Journal_of_the_American_Statistical_Association). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/01621459.1953.10501194](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01621459.1953.10501194).

- Cooley, James W.; Tukey, John W. (1965). ["An algorithm for the machine calculation of complex Fourier series"](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2003354). *[Math. Comput.](/source/Mathematics_of_Computation)* **19** (90): 297–301. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/2003354](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2003354). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [2003354](https://www.jstor.org/stable/2003354).* Hoaglin, David C.; [Mosteller, Charles Frederick](/source/Charles_Frederick_Mosteller); Tukey, John Wilder, eds. (1983). *Understanding Robust and Exploratory Data Analysis*. [Wiley](/source/Wiley_(publisher)). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-471-09777-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-09777-8). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [8495063](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8495063).

- Hoaglin, David C.; [Mosteller, Charles Frederick](/source/Charles_Frederick_Mosteller); Tukey, John Wilder, eds. (1985). [*Exploring Data Tables, Trends and Shapes*](https://archive.org/details/exploringdatatab0000unse). [Wiley](/source/Wiley_(publisher)). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-471-09776-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-09776-1). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [11550398](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11550398).

- Hoaglin, David C.; [Mosteller, Charles Frederick](/source/Charles_Frederick_Mosteller); Tukey, John Wilder, eds. (1991). *Fundamentals of exploratory analysis of variance*. [Wiley](/source/Wiley_(publisher)). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-471-52735-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-52735-0). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [23180322](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/23180322).

- Morgenthaler, Stephan; Tukey, John Wilder, eds. (1991). *Configural polysampling: a route to practical robustness*. [Wiley](/source/Wiley_(publisher)). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-471-52372-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-52372-7). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [22381036](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/22381036).

- [Mosteller, Charles Frederick](/source/Charles_Frederick_Mosteller); Tukey, John Wilder (1977). [*Data analysis and regression: a second course in statistics*](https://archive.org/details/dataanalysisregr0000most). [Addison-Wesley](/source/Addison-Wesley). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-201-04854-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-04854-4). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [3235470](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3235470).

- Tukey, John Wilder (1940). *Convergence and Uniformity in Topology*. [Princeton University Press](/source/Princeton_University_Press). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [227948615](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/227948615). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-691-09568-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-09568-4).

- Tukey, John Wilder (1977). [*Exploratory Data Analysis*](https://archive.org/details/exploratorydataa00tuke_0). [Addison-Wesley](/source/Addison-Wesley). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-201-07616-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-07616-5). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [3058187](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3058187).

- Tukey, John Wilder; Ross, Ian C.; Bertrand, Verna (1973). *Index to statistics and probability*. R & D Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-88274-001-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88274-001-0). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [745715](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/745715).

***The collected works of John W Tukey*, edited by William S. Cleveland**

- Brillinger, David R., ed. (1984). *Volume I: Time series, 1949–1964*. [Wadsworth, Inc.](/source/Wadsworth%2C_Inc.) [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-534-03303-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-534-03303-3). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [10998116](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10998116).

- Brillinger, David R., ed. (1985). *Volume II: Time series, 1965–1984*. [Wadsworth, Inc.](/source/Wadsworth%2C_Inc.) [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-534-03304-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-534-03304-0). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [159731367](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/159731367).

- Jones, Lyle V., ed. (1985). *Volume III: Philosophy and principles of data analysis, 1949–1964*. [Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole](/source/Wadsworth_%26_Brooks%2FCole). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-534-03305-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-534-03305-7). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [159731367](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/159731367).

- Jones, Lyle V., ed. (1986). *Volume IV: Philosophy and principles of data analysis, 1965–1986*. [Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole](/source/Wadsworth_%26_Brooks%2FCole). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-534-05101-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-534-05101-3). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [165832503](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/165832503).

- [Cleveland, William S.](/source/William_S._Cleveland), ed. (1988). *Volume V: Graphics, 1965–1985*. [Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole](/source/Wadsworth_%26_Brooks%2FCole). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-534-05102-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-534-05102-0). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [230023465](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/230023465).

- Mallows, Colin L., ed. (1990). *Volume VI: More mathematical, 1938–1984*. [Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole](/source/Wadsworth_%26_Brooks%2FCole). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-534-05103-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-534-05103-7). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [232966724](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/232966724).

- Cox, David R., ed. (1992). *Volume VII: Factorial and ANOVA, 1949–1962*. [Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole](/source/Wadsworth_%26_Brooks%2FCole). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-534-05104-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-534-05104-4). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [165366083](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/165366083).

- Braun, Henry I., ed. (1994). *Volume VIII: Multiple comparisons, 1949–1983*. [Chapman & Hall](/source/Chapman_%26_Hall)/[CRC Press](/source/CRC_Press). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-412-05121-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-412-05121-0). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [165099761](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/165099761).

**About John Tukey**

- O'Connor, John J.; [Robertson, Edmund F.](/source/Edmund_F._Robertson), ["John Tukey"](https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Tukey.html), *[MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive](/source/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive)*, [University of St Andrews](/source/University_of_St_Andrews)

- [Interview of John Tukey about his experience at Princeton](https://web.archive.org/web/20150310080320/http://www.princeton.edu/~mudd/finding_aids/mathoral/pmc41.htm)

- [Frederick Mosteller](/source/Frederick_Mosteller) and John W. Tukey: [A Conversation moderated by Francis J. Anscombe, *Statistical Science* Vol. 3, No. 1 (Feb. 1988), pp. 136–144.](https://projecteuclid.org/download/pdf_1/euclid.ss/1177013020)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** ["Deming Medalists"](https://asq.org/about-asq/asq-awards/honors/deming). American Society for Quality, 2025. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241204032747/https://asq.org/about-asq/asq-awards/honors/deming) 2024-12-04 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). Accessed June 19, 2025.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-math_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-math_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-math_2-2) [John Tukey](https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=15860) at the [Mathematics Genealogy Project](/source/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** [*A Discussion. John Tukey, Ram Gnanadesikan and David Hoaglin (1994)*](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kZTQ7G1LwBM&t=50). *[YouTube](/source/YouTube)*. 2021-09-14.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Sande, Gordon (July 2001). ["Obituary: John Wilder Tukey"](https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1397408). *[Physics Today](/source/Physics_Today)*. **54** (7): 80–81. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1063/1.1397408](https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1397408).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Leonhardt_2000_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Leonhardt_2000_5-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Leonhardt_2000_5-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Leonhardt_2000_5-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Leonhardt_2000_5-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-Leonhardt_2000_5-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-Leonhardt_2000_5-6) Leonhardt, David (2000-07-28). ["John Tukey, 85, Statistician; Coined the Word 'Software'"](https://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/28/us/john-tukey-85-statistician-coined-the-word-software.html). *[New York Times](/source/New_York_Times)*. Retrieved 2025-07-15.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Tukey, John W. (1939). [*On denumerability in topology*](https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/2700812).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** ["John Tukey"](http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/John_Tukey). *IEEE Global History Network*. IEEE. Retrieved 2011-07-18.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** ["APS Member History"](https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=John+W.+Tukey&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced). *search.amphilsoc.org*. Retrieved 2021-01-28.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** ["John Wilder Tukey"](https://corporate-awards.ieee.org/recipient/john-wilder-tukey/). *IEEE Awards*. Retrieved 2025-07-24.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Shannon_1948_1_10-0)** [Shannon, Claude Elwood](/source/Claude_Elwood_Shannon) (July 1948). ["A Mathematical Theory of Communication"](https://web.archive.org/web/19980715013250/http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/ms/what/shannonday/shannon1948.pdf) (PDF). *[Bell System Technical Journal](/source/Bell_System_Technical_Journal)*. **27** (3): 379–423. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[11858/00-001M-0000-002C-4314-2](https://hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-002C-4314-2). Archived from [the original](http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/ms/what/shannonday/shannon1948.pdf) (PDF) on 1998-07-15. The choice of a logarithmic base corresponds to the choice of a unit for measuring information. If the base 2 is used the resulting units may be called binary digits, or more briefly *[bits](/source/Bit)*, a word suggested by J. W. Tukey.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Shannon_1948_2_11-0)** [Shannon, Claude Elwood](/source/Claude_Elwood_Shannon) (October 1948). "A Mathematical Theory of Communication". *[Bell System Technical Journal](/source/Bell_System_Technical_Journal)*. **27** (4): 623–666. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb00917.x](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1538-7305.1948.tb00917.x). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[11858/00-001M-0000-002C-4314-2](https://hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-002C-4314-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Shannon_1949_12-0)** [Shannon, Claude Elwood](/source/Claude_Elwood_Shannon); [Weaver, Warren](/source/Warren_Weaver) (1949). [*A Mathematical Theory of Communication*](https://web.archive.org/web/19980715013250/http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/ms/what/shannonday/shannon1948.pdf) (PDF). [University of Illinois Press](/source/University_of_Illinois_Press). Archived from [the original](http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/ms/what/shannonday/shannon1948.pdf) (PDF) on 1998-07-15. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-252-72548-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-72548-4).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** [Friedman, Jerome H.](/source/Jerome_H._Friedman); Tukey, John Wilder (September 1974). "A Projection Pursuit Algorithm for Exploratory Data Analysis". *[IEEE Transactions on Computers](/source/IEEE_Transactions_on_Computers)*. **C-23** (9): 881–890. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1109/T-C.1974.224051](https://doi.org/10.1109%2FT-C.1974.224051). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0018-9340](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-9340). [OSTI](/source/OSTI_(identifier)) [1442925](https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1442925). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [7997450](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7997450).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** David Donoho (2017), 50 Years of Data Science, Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, 2017, [https://doi.org/10.1080/10618600.2017.1384734](https://doi.org/10.1080/10618600.2017.1384734)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** John W. Tukey (1962) The Future of Data Analysis. Ann. Math. Statist. 33(1): 1-67. DOI: 10.1214/aoms/1177704711.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Friedman, J. H., & Stuetzle, W. (2002). John W. Tukey’s Work on Interactive Graphics. The Annals of Statistics, 30(6), 1629-1639. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1558733](http://www.jstor.org/stable/1558733)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-mathshistory_17-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-mathshistory_17-1) ["John Tukey - Biography"](https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Tukey/). *Maths History*. Retrieved 2022-02-18.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** P McCullagh, John Wilder Tukey, *Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society* 49 (2003), 538-559.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** ["Bit definition by The Linux Information Project (LINFO)"](http://www.linfo.org/bit.html). *www.linfo.org*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Tukey, John W. (1958). ["The Teaching of Concrete Mathematics"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/2310294). *American Mathematical Monthly*. **65** (1): 1–9. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/2310294](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2310294). Retrieved 2025-07-15.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** ["software (n.), sense 2.a"](https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/3803978366). *Oxford English dictionary*. Oxford University Press. 2024. Retrieved 2025-07-15.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Talbot, M. (June 2000). *Biometrics*. **56** (2): 649–650. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/j.0006-341X.2000.00647.x](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0006-341X.2000.00647.x). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [2677019](https://www.jstor.org/stable/2677019).{{[cite journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal)}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_untitled_periodical))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** Cooper, Mark (July–August 2000). *Crop Science*. **40** (4): 1184. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2135/cropsci2000.0015br](https://doi.org/10.2135%2Fcropsci2000.0015br).{{[cite journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal)}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_untitled_periodical))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** Heckler, Charles E. (February 2001). *Technometrics*. **43** (1): 97–98. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1198/tech.2001.s547](https://doi.org/10.1198%2Ftech.2001.s547). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [1270862](https://www.jstor.org/stable/1270862). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [26430218](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26430218).{{[cite journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal)}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_untitled_periodical))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** Broadfoot, L. (June 2001). *[The Journal of Agricultural Science](/source/The_Journal_of_Agricultural_Science)*. **136** (4): 471–475. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1017/s002185960124893x](https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs002185960124893x). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [86230606](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86230606).{{[cite journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal)}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_untitled_periodical))

## External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to ***[John Tukey](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/John_Tukey)***.

- [Royal Society obit. by Peter McCullagh](http://rsbm.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/49/537.full.pdf+html)

- [John W. Tukey: His Life and Professional Contributions](http://www.stat.berkeley.edu/~brill/Papers/life.pdf) published in *The Annals of Statistics*

- [John Wilder Tukey (1915–2000)](https://www.ams.org/notices/200202/fea-tukey.pdf) in *[Notices of the American Mathematical Society](/source/Notices_of_the_American_Mathematical_Society)*

- [Memories of John Tukey](https://archive.today/20121205150114/http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/ms/departments/sia/tukey/index.html)

- [Short biography](https://archive.today/20130102063037/http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/ms/departments/sia/tukey/bio.html) by Mary Bittrich

- ["John Tukey, 85, Statistician; Coined the Word 'Software'"](https://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/28/us/john-tukey-85-statistician-coined-the-word-software.html?pagewanted=print), *The New York Times*, 2000-07-28

- ["Remembering John W. Tukey"](http://projecteuclid.org/Dienst/UI/1.0/Summarize/euclid.ss/1076102421), special issue of *[Statistical Science](/source/Statistical_Science)*

v t e IEEE Medal of Honor 1976–2000 H. Earle Vaughan (1977) Robert Noyce (1978) Richard Bellman (1979) William Shockley (1980) Sidney Darlington (1981) John Tukey (1982) Nicolaas Bloembergen (1983) Norman Ramsey (1984) John Roy Whinnery (1985) Jack Kilby (1986) Paul Lauterbur (1987) Calvin Quate (1988) C. Kumar Patel (1989) Robert G. Gallager (1990) Leo Esaki (1991) Amos E. Joel, Jr. (1992) Karl Johan Åström (1993) Alfred Y. Cho (1994) Lotfi A. Zadeh (1995) Robert Metcalfe (1996) George H. Heilmeier (1997) Donald Pederson (1998) Charles Concordia (1999) Andrew Grove (2000)

v t e Laureates of the United States National Medal of Science Behavioral and social science 1960s 1964 Neal Elgar Miller 1980s 1986 Herbert A. Simon 1987 Anne Anastasi George J. Stigler 1988 Milton Friedman 1990s 1990 Leonid Hurwicz Patrick Suppes 1991 George A. Miller 1992 Eleanor J. Gibson 1994 Robert K. Merton 1995 Roger N. Shepard 1996 Paul Samuelson 1997 William K. Estes 1998 William Julius Wilson 1999 Robert M. Solow 2000s 2000 Gary Becker 2003 R. Duncan Luce 2004 Kenneth Arrow 2005 Gordon H. Bower 2008 Michael I. Posner 2009 Mortimer Mishkin 2010s 2011 Anne Treisman 2014 Robert Axelrod 2015 Albert Bandura 2020s 2023 Huda Akil Shelley E. Taylor 2025 Larry Bartels Biological sciences 1960s 1963 C. B. van Niel 1964 Theodosius Dobzhansky Marshall W. Nirenberg 1965 Francis P. Rous George G. Simpson Donald D. Van Slyke 1966 Edward F. Knipling Fritz Albert Lipmann William C. Rose Sewall Wright 1967 Kenneth S. Cole Harry F. Harlow Michael Heidelberger Alfred H. Sturtevant 1968 Horace Barker Bernard B. Brodie Detlev W. Bronk Jay Lush Burrhus Frederic Skinner 1969 Robert Huebner Ernst Mayr 1970s 1970 Barbara McClintock Albert B. Sabin 1973 Daniel I. Arnon Earl W. Sutherland Jr. 1974 Britton Chance Erwin Chargaff James V. Neel James Augustine Shannon 1975 Hallowell Davis Paul Gyorgy Sterling B. Hendricks Orville Alvin Vogel 1976 Roger Guillemin Keith Roberts Porter Efraim Racker E. O. Wilson 1979 Robert H. Burris Elizabeth C. Crosby Arthur Kornberg Severo Ochoa Earl Reece Stadtman George Ledyard Stebbins Paul Alfred Weiss 1980s 1981 Philip Handler 1982 Seymour Benzer Glenn W. Burton Mildred Cohn 1983 Howard L. Bachrach Paul Berg Wendell L. Roelofs Berta Scharrer 1986 Stanley Cohen Donald A. Henderson Vernon B. Mountcastle George Emil Palade Joan A. Steitz 1987 Michael E. DeBakey Theodor O. Diener Harry Eagle Har Gobind Khorana Rita Levi-Montalcini 1988 Michael S. Brown Stanley Norman Cohen Joseph L. Goldstein Maurice R. Hilleman Eric R. Kandel Rosalyn Sussman Yalow 1989 Katherine Esau Viktor Hamburger Philip Leder Joshua Lederberg Roger W. Sperry Harland G. Wood 1990s 1990 Baruj Benacerraf Herbert W. Boyer Daniel E. Koshland Jr. Edward B. Lewis David G. Nathan E. Donnall Thomas 1991 Mary Ellen Avery G. Evelyn Hutchinson Elvin A. Kabat Robert W. Kates Salvador Luria Paul A. Marks Folke K. Skoog Paul C. Zamecnik 1992 Maxine Singer Howard Martin Temin 1993 Daniel Nathans Salome G. Waelsch 1994 Thomas Eisner Elizabeth F. Neufeld 1995 Alexander Rich 1996 Ruth Patrick 1997 James Watson Robert A. Weinberg 1998 Bruce Ames Janet Rowley 1999 David Baltimore Jared Diamond Lynn Margulis 2000s 2000 Nancy C. Andreasen Peter H. Raven Carl Woese 2001 Francisco J. Ayala George F. Bass Mario R. Capecchi Ann Graybiel Gene E. Likens Victor A. McKusick Harold Varmus 2002 James E. Darnell Evelyn M. Witkin 2003 J. Michael Bishop Solomon H. Snyder Charles Yanofsky 2004 Norman E. Borlaug Phillip A. Sharp Thomas E. Starzl 2005 Anthony Fauci Torsten N. Wiesel 2006 Rita R. Colwell Nina Fedoroff Lubert Stryer 2007 Robert J. Lefkowitz Bert W. O'Malley 2008 Francis S. Collins Elaine Fuchs J. Craig Venter 2009 Susan L. Lindquist Stanley B. Prusiner 2010s 2010 Ralph L. Brinster Rudolf Jaenisch 2011 Lucy Shapiro Leroy Hood Sallie Chisholm 2012 May Berenbaum Bruce Alberts 2013 Rakesh K. Jain 2014 Stanley Falkow Mary-Claire King Simon Levin 2020s 2023 Gebisa Ejeta Eve Marder Gregory Petsko Sheldon Weinbaum 2025 Bonnie Bassler Angela Belcher Helen Blau Emery N. Brown G. David Tilman Teresa Woodruff Chemistry 1960s 1964 Roger Adams 1980s 1982 F. Albert Cotton Gilbert Stork 1983 Roald Hoffmann George C. Pimentel Richard N. Zare 1986 Harry B. Gray Yuan Tseh Lee Carl S. Marvel Frank H. Westheimer 1987 William S. Johnson Walter H. Stockmayer Max Tishler 1988 William O. Baker Konrad E. Bloch Elias J. Corey 1989 Richard B. Bernstein Melvin Calvin Rudolph A. Marcus Harden M. McConnell 1990s 1990 Elkan Blout Karl Folkers John D. Roberts 1991 Ronald Breslow Gertrude B. Elion Dudley R. Herschbach Glenn T. Seaborg 1992 Howard E. Simmons Jr. 1993 Donald J. Cram Norman Hackerman 1994 George S. Hammond 1995 Thomas Cech Isabella L. Karle 1996 Norman Davidson 1997 Darleane C. Hoffman Harold S. Johnston 1998 John W. Cahn George M. Whitesides 1999 Stuart A. Rice John Ross Susan Solomon 2000s 2000 John D. Baldeschwieler Ralph F. Hirschmann 2001 Ernest R. Davidson Gábor A. Somorjai 2002 John I. Brauman 2004 Stephen J. Lippard 2005 Tobin J. Marks 2006 Marvin H. Caruthers Peter B. Dervan 2007 Mostafa A. El-Sayed 2008 Joanna Fowler JoAnne Stubbe 2009 Stephen J. Benkovic Marye Anne Fox 2010s 2010 Jacqueline K. Barton Peter J. Stang 2011 Allen J. Bard M. Frederick Hawthorne 2012 Judith P. Klinman Jerrold Meinwald 2013 Geraldine L. Richmond 2014 A. Paul Alivisatos 2025 R. Lawrence Edwards Engineering sciences 1960s 1962 Theodore von Kármán 1963 Vannevar Bush John Robinson Pierce 1964 Charles S. Draper Othmar H. Ammann 1965 Hugh L. Dryden Clarence L. Johnson Warren K. Lewis 1966 Claude E. Shannon 1967 Edwin H. Land Igor I. Sikorsky 1968 J. Presper Eckert Nathan M. Newmark 1969 Jack St. Clair Kilby 1970s 1970 George E. Mueller 1973 Harold E. Edgerton Richard T. Whitcomb 1974 Rudolf Kompfner Ralph Brazelton Peck Abel Wolman 1975 Manson Benedict William Hayward Pickering Frederick E. Terman Wernher von Braun 1976 Morris Cohen Peter C. Goldmark Erwin Wilhelm Müller 1979 Emmett N. Leith Raymond D. Mindlin Robert N. Noyce Earl R. Parker Simon Ramo 1980s 1982 Edward H. Heinemann Donald L. Katz 1983 Bill Hewlett George Low John G. Trump 1986 Hans Wolfgang Liepmann Tung-Yen Lin Bernard M. Oliver 1987 Robert Byron Bird H. Bolton Seed Ernst Weber 1988 Daniel C. Drucker Willis M. Hawkins George W. Housner 1989 Harry George Drickamer Herbert E. Grier 1990s 1990 Mildred Dresselhaus Nick Holonyak Jr. 1991 George H. Heilmeier Luna B. Leopold H. Guyford Stever 1992 Calvin F. Quate John Roy Whinnery 1993 Alfred Y. Cho 1994 Ray W. Clough 1995 Hermann A. Haus 1996 James L. Flanagan C. Kumar N. Patel 1998 Eli Ruckenstein 1999 Kenneth N. Stevens 2000s 2000 Yuan-Cheng B. Fung 2001 Andreas Acrivos 2002 Leo Beranek 2003 John M. Prausnitz 2004 Edwin N. Lightfoot 2005 Jan D. Achenbach 2006 Robert S. Langer 2007 David J. Wineland 2008 Rudolf E. Kálmán 2009 Amnon Yariv 2010s 2010 Shu Chien 2011 John B. Goodenough 2012 Thomas Kailath 2020s 2023 Subra Suresh 2025 John Dabiri Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences 1960s 1963 Norbert Wiener 1964 Solomon Lefschetz H. Marston Morse 1965 Oscar Zariski 1966 John Milnor 1967 Paul Cohen 1968 Jerzy Neyman 1969 William Feller 1970s 1970 Richard Brauer 1973 John Tukey 1974 Kurt Gödel 1975 John W. Backus Shiing-Shen Chern George Dantzig 1976 Kurt Otto Friedrichs Hassler Whitney 1979 Joseph L. Doob Donald E. Knuth 1980s 1982 Marshall H. Stone 1983 Herman Goldstine Isadore Singer 1986 Peter Lax Antoni Zygmund 1987 Raoul Bott Michael Freedman 1988 Ralph E. Gomory Joseph B. Keller 1989 Samuel Karlin Saunders Mac Lane Donald C. Spencer 1990s 1990 George F. Carrier Stephen Cole Kleene John McCarthy 1991 Alberto Calderón 1992 Allen Newell 1993 Martin David Kruskal 1994 John Cocke 1995 Louis Nirenberg 1996 Richard Karp Stephen Smale 1997 Shing-Tung Yau 1998 Cathleen Synge Morawetz 1999 Felix Browder Ronald R. Coifman 2000s 2000 John Griggs Thompson Karen Uhlenbeck 2001 Calyampudi R. Rao Elias M. Stein 2002 James G. Glimm 2003 Carl R. de Boor 2004 Dennis P. Sullivan 2005 Bradley Efron 2006 Hyman Bass 2007 Leonard Kleinrock Andrew J. Viterbi 2009 David B. Mumford 2010s 2010 Richard A. Tapia S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan 2011 Solomon W. Golomb Barry Mazur 2012 Alexandre Chorin David Blackwell 2013 Michael Artin 2020s 2025 Ingrid Daubechies Cynthia Dwork Physical sciences 1960s 1963 Luis W. Alvarez 1964 Julian Schwinger Harold Urey Robert Burns Woodward 1965 John Bardeen Peter Debye Leon M. Lederman William Rubey 1966 Jacob Bjerknes Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Henry Eyring John H. Van Vleck Vladimir K. Zworykin 1967 Jesse Beams Francis Birch Gregory Breit Louis Hammett George Kistiakowsky 1968 Paul Bartlett Herbert Friedman Lars Onsager Eugene Wigner 1969 Herbert C. Brown Wolfgang Panofsky 1970s 1970 Robert H. Dicke Allan R. Sandage John C. Slater John A. Wheeler Saul Winstein 1973 Carl Djerassi Maurice Ewing Arie Jan Haagen-Smit Vladimir Haensel Frederick Seitz Robert Rathbun Wilson 1974 Nicolaas Bloembergen Paul Flory William Alfred Fowler Linus Carl Pauling Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer 1975 Hans A. Bethe Joseph O. Hirschfelder Lewis Sarett Edgar Bright Wilson Chien-Shiung Wu 1976 Samuel Goudsmit Herbert S. Gutowsky Frederick Rossini Verner Suomi Henry Taube George Uhlenbeck 1979 Richard P. Feynman Herman Mark Edward M. Purcell John Sinfelt Lyman Spitzer Victor F. Weisskopf 1980s 1982 Philip W. Anderson Yoichiro Nambu Edward Teller Charles H. Townes 1983 E. Margaret Burbidge Maurice Goldhaber Helmut Landsberg Walter Munk Frederick Reines Bruno B. Rossi J. Robert Schrieffer 1986 Solomon J. Buchsbaum H. Richard Crane Herman Feshbach Robert Hofstadter Chen-Ning Yang 1987 Philip Abelson Walter Elsasser Paul C. Lauterbur George Pake James A. Van Allen 1988 D. Allan Bromley Paul Ching-Wu Chu Walter Kohn Norman Foster Ramsey Jr. Jack Steinberger 1989 Arnold O. Beckman Eugene Parker Robert Sharp Henry Stommel 1990s 1990 Allan M. Cormack Edwin M. McMillan Robert Pound Roger Revelle 1991 Arthur L. Schawlow Ed Stone Steven Weinberg 1992 Eugene M. Shoemaker 1993 Val Fitch Vera Rubin 1994 Albert Overhauser Frank Press 1995 Hans Dehmelt Peter Goldreich 1996 Wallace S. Broecker 1997 Marshall Rosenbluth Martin Schwarzschild George Wetherill 1998 Don L. Anderson John N. Bahcall 1999 James Cronin Leo Kadanoff 2000s 2000 Willis E. Lamb Jeremiah P. Ostriker Gilbert F. White 2001 Marvin L. Cohen Raymond Davis Jr. Charles Keeling 2002 Richard Garwin W. Jason Morgan Edward Witten 2003 G. Brent Dalrymple Riccardo Giacconi 2004 Robert N. Clayton 2005 Ralph A. Alpher Lonnie Thompson 2006 Daniel Kleppner 2007 Fay Ajzenberg-Selove Charles P. Slichter 2008 Berni Alder James E. Gunn 2009 Yakir Aharonov Esther M. Conwell Warren M. Washington 2010s 2011 Sidney Drell Sandra Faber Sylvester James Gates 2012 Burton Richter Sean C. Solomon 2014 Shirley Ann Jackson 2020s 2023 Barry Barish Myriam Sarachik 2025 Richard Alley Wendy Freedman Keivan Stassun

v t e John von Neumann Lecturers Lars Ahlfors (1960) Mark Kac (1961) Jean Leray (1962) Stanislaw Ulam (1963) Solomon Lefschetz (1964) Freeman Dyson (1965) Eugene Wigner (1966) Chia-Chiao Lin (1967) Peter Lax (1968) George F. Carrier (1969) James H. Wilkinson (1970) Paul Samuelson (1971) Jule Charney (1974) James Lighthill (1975) René Thom (1976) Kenneth Arrow (1977) Peter Henrici (1978) Kurt O. Friedrichs (1979) Keith Stewartson (1980) Garrett Birkhoff (1981) David Slepian (1982) Joseph B. Keller (1983) Jürgen Moser (1984) John W. Tukey (1985) Jacques-Louis Lions (1986) Richard M. Karp (1987) Germund Dahlquist (1988) Stephen Smale (1989) Andrew Majda (1990) R. Tyrrell Rockafellar (1992) Martin D. Kruskal (1994) Carl de Boor (1996) William Kahan (1997) Olga Ladyzhenskaya (1998) Charles S. Peskin (1999) Persi Diaconis (2000) David Donoho (2001) Eric Lander (2002) Heinz-Otto Kreiss (2003) Alan C. Newell (2004) Jerrold E. Marsden (2005) George C. Papanicolaou (2006) Nancy Kopell (2007) David Gottlieb (2008) Franco Brezzi (2009) Bernd Sturmfels (2010) Ingrid Daubechies (2011) John M. Ball (2012) Stanley Osher (2013) Leslie Greengard (2014) Jennifer Tour Chayes (2015) Donald Knuth (2016) Bernard J. Matkowsky (2017) Charles F. Van Loan (2018) Margaret H. Wright (2019) Nick Trefethen (2020) Chi-Wang Shu (2021) Leah Keshet (2022) Yousef Saad (2023) Jorge Nocedal (2024)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [John Tukey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tukey) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tukey?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.