# John Money

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New Zealand psychologist and sexologist (1921–2006)

For the aeronaut, see [John Money (aeronaut)](/source/John_Money_(aeronaut)).

John Money Money in 1996 Born John William Money (1921-07-08)8 July 1921 Morrinsville, New Zealand Died 7 July 2006(2006-07-07) (aged 84) Towson, Maryland, U.S. Alma mater Victoria University of Wellington Harvard University Awards James McKeen Cattell Fellow Award (1992) Scientific career Fields Psychology Institutions Johns Hopkins University

**John William Money** (8 July 1921 – 7 July 2006)[1] was a [New Zealand American](/source/New_Zealand_Americans) psychologist, [sexologist](/source/Sexologist) and professor at [Johns Hopkins University](/source/Johns_Hopkins_University) known for his research on [human sexual behavior](/source/Human_sexual_behavior) and [gender](/source/Gender).

Money researched [paraphilia](/source/Paraphilia), including [pedophilia](/source/Pedophilia), and pioneered the use of drug treatment to extinguish the [libido](/source/Libido) of sex offenders.[2] He advanced the use of new terminology in sex research, coining the terms *[gender role](/source/Gender_role)* and *[sexual orientation](/source/Sexual_orientation)*.[3][4] Despite popular belief, Money did not coin the term *gender identity*.[5]

Money was a proponent of [genital surgeries for children with intersex conditions](/source/Intersex_medical_interventions), based on his belief that gender was malleable during the first two years of life and that raising a child outside the male–female binary was harmful. The practice proved controversial when many intersex people later rejected the gender assigned to them. Money also applied the protocol to [David Reimer](/source/David_Reimer), who lost his penis in a botched circumcision, and advised his parents to raise him as a girl. Reimer struggled to adapt, exhibiting masculine behavior in childhood, and reverted to living as a male when he became aware of the treatment. He later died by suicide following his twin brother's suicide.[6][7][8]

Money believed that [transgender](/source/Transgender) people had an *[idée fixe](/source/Id%C3%A9e_fixe_(psychology))*, and established the [Johns Hopkins Gender Identity Clinic](/source/Johns_Hopkins_Gender_Identity_Clinic) in 1965. Money screened adult patients for two years prior to granting them a medical transition, and believed sex roles should be de-stereotyped, so that masculine women would be less likely to desire transition.[9] His views have been criticized by transgender scholars and activists.[10]

Today, Money is a subject of academic scrutiny among psychologists, ethicists, and intersex rights activists for his handling of the Reimer case, and his views continue to generate significant controversy. Money was defended by his colleague [Richard Green](/source/Richard_Green_(sexologist)), who believed Money aimed to help rather than "experiment" on Reimer, and operated under accepted medical knowledge of the time. Money's writing has been translated into many languages and includes around 2,000 articles, books, chapters and reviews. He received around 65 honors, awards and degrees in his lifetime.[3]

## Early life

Money was born in [Morrinsville](/source/Morrinsville), New Zealand, to a [Christian fundamentalist](/source/Christian_fundamentalism)[11] family of English and Welsh descent.[12] His parents were members of the [Plymouth Brethren Christian Church](/source/Plymouth_Brethren_Christian_Church).[11] He attended [Hutt Valley High School](/source/Hutt_Valley_High_School)[13] and initially studied psychology at [Victoria University of Wellington](/source/Victoria_University_of_Wellington),[14] graduating with a double master's degree in psychology and education in 1944.[15][16] He was a junior member of the psychology faculty at the [University of Otago](/source/University_of_Otago) in [Dunedin](/source/Dunedin).

Author [Janet Frame](/source/Janet_Frame) attended some of Money's classes at the University of Otago, as part of her teacher training. Frame was attracted to Money, and eager to please him.[17] In October 1945, after Frame wrote an essay mentioning her thoughts of suicide,[18] Money convinced Frame to enter the psychiatric ward at [Dunedin Hospital](/source/Dunedin_Hospital), where she was misdiagnosed as suffering from [schizophrenia](/source/Schizophrenia).[19][20] Frame then spent eight years in psychiatric institutions, during which she was subjected to [electroshock](/source/Electroconvulsive_therapy) and [insulin shock therapy](/source/Insulin_shock_therapy).[21][20] Frame narrowly missed being [lobotomized](/source/Lobotomized).[22][20][21] In Frame's autobiography, *An Angel at My Table*, Money is referred to as John Forrest.[18]

## Career and views

In 1947, at the age of 26, Money emigrated to the United States to study at the Psychiatric Institute of the [University of Pittsburgh](/source/University_of_Pittsburgh). In 1948, he became a doctoral candidate at [Harvard University](/source/Harvard_University), and earned his PhD in 1952.[23]

Money became a professor of [pediatrics](/source/Pediatrics) and [medical psychology](/source/Medical_psychology) at [Johns Hopkins University](/source/Johns_Hopkins_University), where he worked from 1952 until his death.[24]

Money proposed and developed several theories related to the topics of [gender identity](/source/Gender_identity) and [gender roles](/source/Gender_roles), and coined terms like gender role[25] and [lovemap](/source/Lovemap). He popularized the term *paraphilia* (appearing in the [DSM-III](/source/DSM-III), which would later replace *perversions*) and introduced the term *sexual orientation* in place of *sexual preference*, arguing that attraction is not necessarily a matter of free choice.[3][4] Although often misattributed to him, Money did not coin the term *'gender identity'*.[5]

In 1960 and 1961, he co-authored two papers with [Richard Green](/source/Richard_Green_(sexologist)).[26][27] Believing that gender identity was malleable within the first two years of life, Money advocated for the surgical "normalization" of the genitalia of [intersex](/source/Intersex) infants.[28]

### Sex offenders

Money pioneered the use of [drug treatment for sex offenders](/source/Chemical_castration) to extinguish their sex drives.[2][29] According to a 1987 paper, he employed the drug Depo-Provera ([medroxyprogesterone acetate](/source/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate)) for use on sex offenders at Johns Hopkins beginning in 1966. The practice later spread in the United States and Europe.[30]

### Sex reassignment of David Reimer

Main article: [David Reimer](/source/David_Reimer)

In 1966, a botched [circumcision](/source/Circumcision) left eight-month-old Reimer without a penis. Money persuaded the baby's parents that [sex reassignment surgery](/source/Sex_reassignment_surgery) would be in Reimer's best interest. At the age of 22 months, Reimer underwent an [orchiectomy](/source/Orchiectomy), in which his testicles were surgically removed. He was reassigned to be raised as female and his name changed from Bruce to Brenda. Money further recommended hormone treatment, to which the parents agreed. Money then recommended a surgical procedure to create an artificial vagina, which the parents refused. Money published a number of papers reporting the reassignment as successful. David Reimer was raised under the "[optimum gender rearing model](/source/Optimum_gender_rearing_model)" which was the [common model](/source/Medical_model) for sex and gender socialization/[medicalization](/source/Medicalization) for [intersex](/source/Intersex) youth. The model was heavily criticized for being [sexist](/source/Sexist), and for assigning an arbitrary [gender binary](/source/Gender_binary).[28]

According to [John Colapinto](/source/John_Colapinto)'s biography of David Reimer, when Reimer and his twin Brian were six years old, Money showed the brothers pornography and instructed the two to rehearse sexual acts. Money instructed David position himself on all fours, and Brian was told to "come up behind [him] and place his crotch against [his] buttocks". Money also forced Reimer, in another sexual position, to have his "legs spread" with Brian on top. Reimer alleged that on "at least one occasion" Money took a photograph of the two children performing these acts.[31] Colapinto speculated that Money's rationale for his treatment of the children was his belief that "childhood 'sexual rehearsal play' at thrusting movements and copulation" was important for a "healthy adult gender identity".[8] Money was reportedly angered when they resisted. The Reimers recalled that Money was mild-mannered around their parents, but ill-tempered when alone with them. They also alleged that Money made the two children undergo "genital inspections"; when they resisted inspecting each other's genitals, Money got very aggressive. Reimer says, "He told me to take my clothes off, and I just did not do it. I just stood there. And he screamed, 'Now!' Louder than that. I thought he was going to give me a whupping. So I took my clothes off and stood there shaking."[31]

At 14 years old and in extreme psychological agony, David Reimer was told the truth by his parents. He chose to begin calling himself David, and he underwent surgical procedures to revert the feminising bodily modifications.[31]

Money reported on Reimer's progress as the "John/Joan case", describing apparently successful female gender development and using this case to support the feasibility of [sex reassignment](/source/Sex_reassignment_therapy) and [surgical reconstruction](/source/Sex_reassignment_surgery) even in non-[intersex](/source/Intersex) cases.[32]

By the time this deception was discovered, the idea of a purely socially constructed gender identity and infant [intersex medical interventions](/source/Intersex_medical_interventions) had become the accepted medical and sociological standard.[32]

David Reimer's case came to international attention in 1997 when he told his story to [Milton Diamond](/source/Milton_Diamond), an academic [sexologist](/source/Sexology), who persuaded Reimer to allow him to report the outcome in order to dissuade physicians from treating other infants similarly.[7] Soon after, Reimer went public with his story, and [John Colapinto](/source/John_Colapinto) published a widely disseminated and influential account in *[Rolling Stone](/source/Rolling_Stone)* magazine in December 1997.[33] This was later expanded into [*The New York Times* bestselling](/source/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list) biography *[As Nature Made Him](/source/As_Nature_Made_Him): The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl* (2000),[34] in which Colapinto described how—contrary to Money's reports—when living as Brenda, Reimer did not [identify](/source/Gender_identity) as a girl. He was ostracized and bullied by peers (who dubbed him "cavewoman"),[35][36] and neither frilly dresses[37][38] nor female hormones made him feel female.[8]

In July 2002, Brian was found dead from an overdose of antidepressants. In May 2004, David committed suicide by shooting himself in the head with a sawed-off shotgun at the age of 38. According to his mother, "he had recently become depressed after losing his job and separating from his wife."[39]

Money argued that media response to Diamond's exposé was due to right-wing [media bias](/source/Media_bias) and "the antifeminist movement." He said his detractors believed "masculinity and femininity are built into the genes, so women should get back to the mattress and the kitchen".[40] However, intersex activists also criticized Money, stating that the unreported failure had led to the surgical reassignment of thousands of infants as a matter of policy.[41] Privately, Money was mortified by the case, colleagues said, and as a rule did not discuss it.[1]

Money's colleague, Richard Green, defended Money's handling of the Reimer case, as a decision made under accepted medical knowledge of the time.[42]

### Transgender people and the Johns Hopkins gender clinic

Money had a particular interest in gender dysphoria and transgender people.[24] He maintained that transgender people had an [*Idée fixe*](/source/Id%C3%A9e_fixe_(psychology)) which was unlikely to resolve on its own,[24]: 107 and that psychotherapists had failed to alleviate gender dysphoria with therapy.[43]

In 1965, Money co-established the [Gender Identity Clinic at Johns Hopkins](/source/History_of_transgender_care_at_Johns_Hopkins_Hospital) with the endocrinologist [Claude Migeon](/source/Claude_Migeon). Money screened adult patients for two years prior to granting them a medical transition, and reported that none regret the procedure.[44] The hospital began performing sexual reassignment surgery in 1966, and was the first clinic in the United States to do so.[45][46]

According to Goldie, Money is seen as a "negative figure" among transgender people.[10] In one paper, Money described trans women as "devious, demanding and manipulative in their relationships with people on whom they are also dependent" and “possibly also incapable of love.”[47][48]

Money believed that de-stereotyping sex roles might prevent people from wanting to transition, arguing “a tomboy-ish girl, prenatally androgenized, grows up to be a career-minded woman, not a transsexual who claims to need sex reassignment”.[9][49]

### Homosexuality and sexual orientation

John Money was a leading proponent of the idea that human sexual orientation develops through learning and gendered socialization.[50] He believed that males, if surgically reassigned and raised as girls around birth, would grow up to be attracted to males and live as heterosexual women.[51] However, in the case of David Reimer, he grew up to be attracted to women.[50] A 2016 academic review found that in seven total cases of boys surgically reassigned and raised as girls (due to botched circumcision or [cloacal exstrophy](/source/Cloacal_exstrophy)), all were strongly attracted to women, not men, inconsistent with this learning theory of homosexuality.[52]

Money proposed that sexual rehearsal and play between children may be important for a healthy heterosexual development. He referred to aboriginal tribes where he apparently observed sex rehearsal between prepubescent children, and speculated that homosexuality could be prevented entirely if such a practice was embraced.[53] In a 1975 opinion piece published in *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*, Money argued that "The forces of antisex cry in moral outrage when confronted with the evidence of sexual disabilities, and blame the new freedom. In fact they should blame the excess of inhibition and punishment regarding sex during the child hood of those whose sexuality is now disabled."[54]

### Chronophilias

Money coined the term [chronophilia](/source/Chronophilia) and [nepiophilia](/source/Nepiophilia) (sexual attraction to toddlers and infants) in 1986. In two 1983 [case study](/source/Case_study) publications, Money stated that pedophilia, among other chronophilias, could be characterized as combining "devotion, affection, and limerence", "comradeship with a touch of hero-worship" and ultimately as "harmless... in most instances".*[55]*

He stated[*[where?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names))*] that both sexual researchers and the public do not make distinctions between affectional pedophilia and [sadistic](/source/Sexual_sadism_disorder) pedophilia. According to Colapinto, Money told ''[Paidika](/source/Paidika)'', a now defunct Dutch journal of pedophilia, that:

If I were to see the case of a boy aged 10 or 12 who's intensely attracted toward a man in his 20s or 30s, if the relationship is totally mutual, and the bonding is genuinely totally mutual, then I would not call it pathological in any way.[56][57]

Also in 1986, Money postulated the existence of multiple chronophilic forms of erotic [age-roleplaying](/source/Ageplay), or age impersonation, which he named *"*infantilism", "juvenilism", "adolescentilism", "gerontilism"*.[55]*

## Books on sexology

Further information: [Sexual identity](/source/Sexual_identity), [Gender identity](/source/Gender_identity), and [Gender role](/source/Gender_role)

Money co-edited a 1969 book, *[Transsexualism and Sex Reassignment](/source/Transsexualism_and_Sex_Reassignment)*, which helped bring more acceptance to [sexual reassignment surgery](/source/Sexual_reassignment_surgery) and [transsexual](/source/Transsexual) individuals.[1]

Money introduced numerous definitions related to gender in journal articles in the 1950s, many of them as a result of his studies of [intersex](/source/Intersex) morphology. His definition of [gender](/source/Gender) is based on his understanding of sex differences among human beings. According to Money, the fact that one sex produces [ova](/source/Ovum) and the other sex produces [sperm](/source/Sperm) is the irreducible criterion of sex difference. However, there are other *sex-derivative differences* that follow in the wake of this primary dichotomy. These differences involve the way urine is expelled from the human body and other questions of [sexual dimorphism](/source/Sexual_dimorphism). According to Money's theory, *sex-adjunctive differences* are typified by the smaller size of females and their problems in moving around while [nursing](/source/Breastfeeding) infants. This then makes it more likely that the males do the roaming and hunting.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

*Sex-arbitrary differences* are those that are purely conventional: for example, [color selection](/source/Gendered_associations_of_pink_and_blue) (baby blue for boys, [pink for girls](/source/Pink_is_for_girls)). Some of the latter differences apply to life activities, such as career opportunities for men versus women. Finally, Money created the now-common term *[gender role](/source/Gender_role)*, which he differentiated from the concept of the more traditional terminology *sex role*. This grew out of his studies of intersex people.

In his studies of intersex people, Money alleged that there are six variables that define sex. While in the average person all six would line up unequivocally as either all "male" or "female", in an intersex person any one, or more than one, of these could be inconsistent with the others, leading to various kinds of anomalies. In his seminal 1955 paper, he defined these factors as:[58]

1. assigned sex and sex of rearing

1. external genital morphology

1. internal reproductive structures

1. hormonal and secondary sex characteristics

1. gonadal sex

1. chromosomal sex

and added:

"Patients showing various combinations and permutations of these six sexual variables may be appraised with respect to a seventh variable: 7. Gender role and orientation as male or female, established while growing up."[58]

He then defined [gender role](/source/Gender_role) as:

"all those things that a person says or does to disclose himself or herself as having the status of boy or man, girl or woman, respectively. It includes, but is not restricted to, sexuality in the sense of eroticism. Gender role is appraised in relation to the following: general mannerisms, deportment and demeanor; play preferences and recreational interests; spontaneous topics of talk in unprompted conversation and casual comment; content of dreams, daydreams and fantasies; replies to oblique inquiries and projective tests; evidence of erotic practices, and, finally, the person's own replies to direct inquiry."[58]

Money made the concept of *gender* a broader, more inclusive concept than one of masculine/feminine. For him, gender included not only one's status as a man or a woman, but was also a matter of personal recognition, social assignment, or legal determination; not only on the basis of one's genitalia, but also on the basis of somatic and behavioral criteria that go beyond genital differences. In 1972, Money presented his theories in *Man and Woman, Boy and Girl*, a college level textbook. The book featured [David Reimer](/source/David_Reimer) as an example of gender reassignment.[59]

In his book *Gay, Straight and In-Between: The Sexology of Erotic Orientation*, Money develops a conception of "[bodymind](/source/Bodymind)".[60] "Bodymind" is a way for scientists, in developing a science about sexuality, to move on from the platitudes of dichotomy between [nature versus nurture](/source/Nature_versus_nurture), innate versus the acquired, biological versus the social, and psychological versus the physiological. He suggested that all of these capitalize on the ancient, pre-Platonic, pre-biblical conception of body versus the mind, and the physical versus the spiritual. In coining the term "bodymind", in this sense, Money wishes to move beyond these very ingrained principles of our folk or vernacular psychology.

Money also developed a view of "Concepts of Determinism" which, transcultural, transhistorical, and universal, all people have in common, sexologically or otherwise.[61] These include pairbondage, troopbondage, abidance, ycleptance, foredoomance, with these coping strategies: adhibition (engagement), inhibition, explication. Money suggested that the concept of "threshold"[62] – the release or inhibition of sexual (or other) behavior – is most useful for sex research as a substitute for any concept of motivation. Moreover, it confers the distinct advantage of having continuity and unity to what would otherwise be a highly disparate and varied field of research. It also allows for the classification of sexual behavior. For Money, the concept of threshold has great value because of the wide spectrum to which it applies. "It allows one to think developmentally or longitudinally, in terms of stages or experiences that are programmed serially, or hierarchically, or cybernetically (i.e. regulated by mutual feedback)."[60]

## Personal life

Money (right) with sexologist [Romano Forleo](/source/Romano_Forleo) and Forleo's wife in Rome, 1996

Money was briefly married in the 1950s and never had any children.[63] He was reportedly [bisexual](/source/Bisexual).[29]

According to his friends, Money lived an "eccentric lifestyle." He only bought secondhand clothing and rarely threw things away he deemed reusable. For over 40 years, Money lived in a house in [Baltimore](/source/Baltimore) near the Johns Hopkins medical campus. His house had a collection of anthropological art from his travels abroad, including his studies of [aboriginal communities in Australia](/source/Aboriginal_Australians).[64] Money was an early supporter and patron of many famous artists, including New Zealand artists [Rita Angus](/source/Rita_Angus) and [Theo Schoon](/source/Theo_Schoon),[65] and the American artist [Lowell Nesbitt](/source/Lowell_Blair_Nesbitt), whom he provided with an [x-ray](/source/X-ray) for one artwork.[66] Money was also acquainted with [Yoko Ono](/source/Yoko_Ono), visiting her in London with Richard Green, and fashioning some of her sculptures.[29][66]

In 2002, as his [Parkinson's disease](/source/Parkinson's_disease) worsened, Money donated a substantial portion of his art collection to the [Eastern Southland Art Gallery](/source/Eastern_Southland_Art_Gallery) in [Gore](/source/Gore%2C_New_Zealand), New Zealand.[67] In 2003, the New Zealand Prime Minister [Helen Clark](/source/Helen_Clark) opened the John Money wing at the gallery.[68]

Money died on 7 July 2006, one day before his 85th birthday, in [Towson, Maryland](/source/Towson%2C_Maryland), of complications from Parkinson's disease.[1] He was survived by eight nieces and nephews.[63]

## In media

The *[Law & Order: Special Victims Unit](/source/Law_%26_Order%3A_Special_Victims_Unit)* episode "[Identity](/source/Identity_(Law_%26_Order%3A_Special_Victims_Unit_episode))" (2005) was based on David and Brian Reimer's lives and their treatment by Money.[69]

The Money and Reimer case was highlighted in the 2023 documentary *[Every Body](/source/Every_Body)*, in which intersex individuals describe growing up and their struggles due to their gender being mis-identified.*[70]*

## Selected works

- Money, John. (1952). *Hermaphroditism: An Inquiry into the Nature of a Human Paradox*. Thesis (Ph.D.), [Harvard University](/source/Harvard_University).

- ____, and Patricia Tucker. (1975). *Sexual Signatures on Being a Man or a Woman.* Little Brown & Co: [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-316-57825-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-57825-8)

- ____ (1985). *The Destroying Angel*. Prometheus. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-879-75277-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-879-75277-7)

- ____ (1986). *Venuses Penuses*. Prometheus. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0879753276](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0879753276)

- ____ (1986). *Lovemaps: Clinical Concepts of Sexual/Erotic Health and Pathology, Paraphilia, and Gender Transposition in Childhood, Adolescence, and Maturity*. New York: Irvington. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-8264-0852-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-0852-4)

- ____ (1988) *Gay, Straight, and In-Between: The Sexology of Erotic Orientation*. New York: Oxford University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-19-505407-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-505407-5)

- ____ (1989). *Vandalized Lovemaps: Paraphilic Outcome of 7 Cases in Pediatric Sexology*. Prometheus Books: [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-87975-513-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87975-513-X)

- ____ (1994). *Sex Errors of the Body and Related Syndromes: A Guide to Counseling Children, Adolescents, and Their Families*, 2nd ed. Baltimore: P.H. Brooks Publishing Company. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-55766-150-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55766-150-2)

- ____ (1995). *Gendermaps: Social Constructionism, Feminism, and Sexosophical History*. New York: Continuum. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-8264-0852-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-0852-4)

- ____, and Anke Ehrhardt. (1996). *Man & Woman, Boy & Girl: Gender Identity from Conception to Maturity*. Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson. Originally published: 1972 [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-8018-1406-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-1406-5)

- ____ (1999). *The Lovemap Guidebook: A Definitive Statement*. Continuum. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-8264-1203-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-1203-3)

## See also

- *[Comprachicos](/source/Comprachicos)*

- *[Intersexion](/source/Intersexion)* – the impact of Money's theories on the treatment of intersex people is featured in this documentary

- *[Every Body](/source/Every_Body)* - a further documentary featuring the impact of Money's theories on intersex people

- [Robert Stoller](/source/Robert_Stoller)

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-carey2_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-carey2_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-carey2_1-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-carey2_1-3) Carey, Benedict (11 July 2006). ["John William Money, 84, Sexual Identity Researcher, Dies"](https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/11/us/11money.html). *The New York Times*. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0362-4331](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). Retrieved 24 November 2023.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:2_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:2_2-1) Downing, Lisa; Morland, Iain; Sullivan, Nikki (2014). [*Fuckology*](https://academic.oup.com/chicago-scholarship-online/book/19434). University of Chicago Press. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.7208/chicago/9780226186757.001.0001](https://doi.org/10.7208%2Fchicago%2F9780226186757.001.0001). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-226-18661-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-18661-0).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-John_Money,_Ph.D_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-John_Money,_Ph.D_3-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-John_Money,_Ph.D_3-2) Ehrhardt, Anke A. (August 2007). ["John Money, PhD"](https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490701580741). *The Journal of Sex Research*. **44** (3): 223–224. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/00224490701580741](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00224490701580741). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [20620298](https://www.jstor.org/stable/20620298). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [3050136](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3050136). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [147344556](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147344556).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_4-1) Tosh, Jemma (25 July 2014). [*Perverse Psychology: The pathologization of sexual violence and transgenderism*](https://books.google.com/books?id=pRcWBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA45). Routledge. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781317635444](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317635444).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:4_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:4_5-1) Byrne, Alex (5 June 2023). ["The Origin of "Gender Identity""](https://rdcu.be/ddPj8) (PDF). *Archives of Sexual Behavior*. **52** (7): 2709–2711. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/s10508-023-02628-0](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10508-023-02628-0). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[1721.1/153064](https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F153064). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [37277576](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37277576). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [259090258](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:259090258) – via [Springer Nature](/source/Springer_Nature).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Martin, Patricia (2002). ["Moving toward an international standard in informed consent: The impact of intersexuality and the Internet on the standard of care"](https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1061&context=djglp). *Duke Journal of Gender Law & Policy*. **9**: 135–169. [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [14986668](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14986668).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-PCSS_7-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-PCSS_7-1) Diamond, Milton; Sigmundson, HK (March 1997). ["Sex reassignment at birth. Long-term review and clinical implications"](https://www.hawaii.edu/PCSS/biblio/articles/1961to1999/1997-sex-reassignment.html). *Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med*. **151** (3): 298–304. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1001/archpedi.1997.02170400084015](https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchpedi.1997.02170400084015). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [9080940](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9080940). Retrieved 15 May 2013.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:1_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:1_8-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:1_8-2) [Colapinto, John](/source/John_Colapinto) (2001b). [*As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl*](https://archive.org/details/asnaturemadehim00john). New York: Harper Perennial (published 2006). pp. 86–88. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-06-092959-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-092959-6).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldie2014181-182_9-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldie2014181-182_9-1) [Goldie 2014](#CITEREFGoldie2014), p. 181-182.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldie201489_10-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldie201489_10-1) [Goldie 2014](#CITEREFGoldie2014), p. 89.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldie201417_11-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldie201417_11-1) [Goldie 2014](#CITEREFGoldie2014), p. 17.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** ["John William Money, PhD, 1921–2006"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150724204551/http://www.sexualhealth.umn.edu/education/john-money/bio). *Program in Human Sexuality, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health*. University of Minnesota. Archived from [the original](http://www.sexualhealth.umn.edu/education/john-money/bio) on 24 July 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Thomson, Ainsley (12 May 2004). ["NZ psychologist silent on former patient"](https://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/nz-psychologist-silent-on-former-patient/REF36VGPN4UZHFC7IRZFR2SOVA/). *[New Zealand Herald](/source/New_Zealand_Herald)*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-nzhobit_14-0)** ["Kiwi sexologist dies in US hospital"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070930012155/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/category/story.cfm?c_id=204&ObjectID=10390550). *[The New Zealand Herald](/source/The_New_Zealand_Herald)*. 10 July 2006. Archived from [the original](http://www.nzherald.co.nz/category/story.cfm?c_id=204&ObjectID=10390550) on 30 September 2007.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** ["John Money, PhD"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110520133013/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/John+Money,+Ph.D.-a0168586760). Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality. Archived from [the original](http://www.thefreelibrary.com/John+Money,+Ph.D.-a0168586760) on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Money, John (1944). [*Career or culture? : a study of the relation of vocation & culture in education*](https://openaccess.wgtn.ac.nz/articles/thesis/Career_or_culture_a_study_of_the_relation_of_vocation_culture_in_education/17061158/1) (Masters thesis thesis). Open Access Repository Victoria University of Wellington. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.26686/wgtn.17061158](https://doi.org/10.26686%2Fwgtn.17061158).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-King2000-64_17-0)** King, Michael. *An Inward Sun: The World of Janet Frame.* Penguin (NZ), 2002. pp. 64-5.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Angel_18-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Angel_18-1) Evans, Patrick (2010). ["Frame, Janet Paterson"](https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/6f1/frame-janet-paterson/print). *Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Frame1991p375_19-0)** Frame, Janet. *An Autobiography.* (collected edition). Auckland: Century Hutchinson, 1989; New York: George Braziller, 1991. pp. 374–5

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-King2000-186_20-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-King2000-186_20-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-King2000-186_20-2) King, Michael. *An Inward Sun: The World of Janet Frame.* Penguin (NZ), 2002. p. 69, 70, 97, 105, 111, 112, 186,

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Autobio_21-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Autobio_21-1) Janet, Frame (2015). [*An Angel at My Table*](https://books.google.com/books?id=JkIoBgAAQBAJ). Little, Brown Book Group. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780349006697](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780349006697).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Frame1991p222_22-0)** Frame, Janet. *An Autobiography.* (collected edition). Auckland: Century Hutchinson, 1989; New York: George Braziller, 1991. pp. 222–23

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldie201434_23-0)** [Goldie 2014](#CITEREFGoldie2014), p. 34.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:72_24-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:72_24-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:72_24-2) Goldie, Terry (2014). [*The Man Who Invented Gender: Engaging the Ideas of John Money*](https://books.google.com/books?id=kbjjAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1). UBC Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7748-2794-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-2794-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-diamond2_25-0)** Diamond, Milton (2004). ["Sex, gender, and identity over the years: a changing perspective"](https://web.archive.org/web/20081203153327/http://www.hawaii.edu/PCSS/online_artcls/historical/OverTheYears.htm). *Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America*. **13** (3): 591–607. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.chc.2004.02.008](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chc.2004.02.008). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [15183375](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15183375). Archived from [the original](http://www.hawaii.edu/PCSS/online_artcls/historical/OverTheYears.htm) on 3 December 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** Green, Richard; Money, John (August 1960). ["Incongruous Gender Role: Nongenital Manifestations in Prepubertal Boys"](https://journals.lww.com/jonmd/Citation/1960/08000/INCONGRUOUS_GENDER_ROLE__NONGENITAL_MANIFESTATIONS.9.aspx). *[The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease](/source/The_Journal_of_Nervous_and_Mental_Disease)*. **131** (2): 160–168. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1097/00005053-196008000-00009](https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00005053-196008000-00009). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0022-3018](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3018). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [13708206](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13708206). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [45302178](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45302178).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** Green, Richard; Money, John (February 1961). ["Effeminacy in prepubertal boys. Summary of eleven cases and recommendations for case management"](https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article-abstract/27/2/286/41125/EFFEMINACY-IN-PREPUBERTAL-BOYS-Summary-of-Eleven?redirectedFrom=fulltext). *[Pediatrics](/source/Pediatrics_(journal))*. **27**: 286–291. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1542/peds.27.2.286](https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.27.2.286). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0031-4005](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-4005). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [13708205](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13708205). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [245091693](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245091693).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:7_28-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:7_28-1) [Dreger, Alice](/source/Alice_Dreger); Herndon, April (2009). ["Progress and Politics in the Intersex Rights Movement: Feminist Theory in Action"](https://www.aisia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Dreger__Herndon_2009.pdf) (PDF). *GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies*. **15** (2): 199–224. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1215/10642684-2008-134](https://doi.org/10.1215%2F10642684-2008-134). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1064-2684](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1064-2684). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [145754009](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145754009).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:9_29-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:9_29-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:9_29-2) Green, Richard (1 December 2006). ["John Money, Ph.D. (July 8, 1921–July 7, 2006): A Personal Obituary"](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10508-006-9132-5). *Archives of Sexual Behavior*. **35** (6): 629–632. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/s10508-006-9132-5](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10508-006-9132-5). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1573-2800](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-2800). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [17123149](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17123149). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [44468647](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44468647).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:3_30-0)** Downing, Lisa (4 January 2015). ["Pervert or sexual libertarian?: Meet John Money, "the father of f***ology""](https://www.salon.com/2015/01/04/pervert_or_sexual_libertarian_meet_john_money_the_father_of_fology/). *Salon*. Retrieved 21 May 2023.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Colapinto86_31-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Colapinto86_31-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Colapinto86_31-2) [Colapinto, John](/source/John_Colapinto) (2001). [*As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl*](https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780732274337/mode/1up). New York: Harper Perennial (published 2006). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-06-092959-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-092959-6).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Puluka_32-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Puluka_32-1) Puluka, Anne (2015). ["Parent versus State: Protecting Intersex Children from Cosmetic Genital Surgery"](https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/mslr2015&id=2127&div=&collection=). *Michigan State Law Review*. **2015**: 2095.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-JohnJoan-pfc_33-0)** Colapinto, John (11 December 1997). ["The True Story of John/Joan"](https://web.archive.org/web/20000815095602/http://www.pfc.org.uk/news/1998/johnjoan.htm). *Rolling Stone*. pp. 54–97. Archived from [the original](http://www.pfc.org.uk/news/1998/johnjoan.htm) on 15 August 2000. Retrieved 27 September 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** Koch, Michaela (2017). *Discursive Intersexions: Daring Bodies between Myth, Medicine, and Memoir*. Practices of Subjectivation. Vol. 9. Bielefeld, Germany: Transcript Verlag. p. 143. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-8394-3705-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8394-3705-6).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-BBCHealthCheck_35-0)** ["Health Check: The Boy Who Was Raised a Girl"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-11814300). *BBC News*. 23 November 2010. Retrieved 19 December 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** [Karkazis, Katrina](/source/Katrina_Karkazis) (2008). *Fixing Sex: Intersex, Medical Authority, and Lived Experience*. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. p. 74. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8223-8921-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-8921-7).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColapinto2001115_37-0)** [Colapinto 2001](#CITEREFColapinto2001), p. 115.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** [Warnke, Georgia](/source/Georgia_Warnke) (2008). *After Identity: Rethinking Race, Sex, and Gender*. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 21. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-511-39180-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-39180-4).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-39)** ["David Reimer, 38, Subject of the John/Joan Case"](https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/12/us/david-reimer-38-subject-of-the-john-joan-case.html). *The New York Times*. 12 May 2004.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-reason_40-0)** Walker, Jesse (24 May 2004). ["The Death of David Reimer"](https://reason.com/2004/05/24/the-death-of-david-reimer/). *Reason.com*. Retrieved 24 November 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** [Who was David Reimer (also, sadly, known as "John/Joan")?](https://www.isna.org/faq/reimer) via [Intersex Society of North America](/source/Intersex_Society_of_North_America). Retrieved 10 July 2006.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldie2014187_42-0)** [Goldie 2014](#CITEREFGoldie2014), p. 187.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-43)** Ward, Olivia (30 September 1979). ["Sex-change operations: do they help transsexuals?"](https://www.newspapers.com/image/947156279/). *The Toronto Star*. p. 21.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldie201496_44-0)** [Goldie 2014](#CITEREFGoldie2014), p. 96.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-The_Journal_of_Sex_Research3_45-0)** Bullough, Vern (2003). ["The Contributions of John Money: A Personal View"](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00224490309552186). *The Journal of Sex Research*. **40** (3). Taylor and Francis, Ltd.: 230–236. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/00224490309552186](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00224490309552186). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [3813317](https://www.jstor.org/stable/3813317). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [14533016](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14533016). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [22122271](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22122271).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-46)** Day, Meagan (15 November 2016). ["How one of America's best medical schools started a secret transgender surgery clinic"](https://web.archive.org/web/20220518120858/https://timeline.com/americas-first-transgender-clinic-b56928e20f5f). *Timeline*. Archived from [the original](https://timeline.com/americas-first-transgender-clinic-b56928e20f5f) on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-47)** Money, John; Brennan, John G. (1970). ["Heterosexual vs. homosexual attitudes: Male partners' perception of the feminine image of male transexuals∗"](https://transreads.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/2023-06-05_647e170a395a4_JohnMoney.pdf) (PDF). *The Journal of Sex Research*. **6** (3): 201. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/00224497009550666](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00224497009550666). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0022-4499](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-4499).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-48)** Wills, Matthew (1 October 2020). ["A History of Transphobia in the Medical Establishment"](https://daily.jstor.org/a-history-of-transphobia-in-the-medical-establishment/). *JSTOR Daily*. Retrieved 6 November 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-49)** Money, John (1 July 1977). ["Destereotyping sex roles"](https://rdcu.be/dqtiq) (PDF). *Society*. **14** (5): 25–28. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/BF02700823](https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02700823). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1936-4725](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1936-4725). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [145021324](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145021324).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-LeVay_2016_50-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-LeVay_2016_50-1) [LeVay, Simon](/source/Simon_LeVay) (2017). [*Gay, Straight, and the Reason Why: The Science of Sexual Orientation*](https://archive.org/details/gaystraightreaso0000leva_e5c2/mode/1up?view=theater). Oxford University Press. pp. 20–21. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-029737-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-029737-4). [OL](/source/OL_(identifier)) [26246092M](https://openlibrary.org/books/OL26246092M) – via [Open Library](/source/Open_Library).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColapinto2001272-273_51-0)** [Colapinto 2001](#CITEREFColapinto2001), p. 272-273.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:8_52-0)** [Bailey, J. Michael](/source/J._Michael_Bailey); Vasey, Paul L.; Diamond, Lisa M.; Breedlove, S. Marc; Vilain, Eric; Epprecht, Marc (2016). ["Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science"](https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1529100616637616). *Psychological Science in the Public Interest*. **17** (2): 72–74. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1177/1529100616637616](https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1529100616637616). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1529-1006](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1529-1006). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [27113562](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27113562).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldie2014123–124_53-0)** [Goldie 2014](#CITEREFGoldie2014), pp. 123–124.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-54)** Money, John (13 September 1975). ["Recreational — and Procreational — Sex"](https://www.nytimes.com/1975/09/13/archives/recreational-and-procreational-sex.html). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:03_55-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:03_55-1) Janssen, Diederik (2017). ["John Money's "Chronophilia": Untimely Sex between Philias and Phylisms"](http://www.sexual-offender-treatment.org/162.html). *Sexual Offender Treatment*. **12** (1).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-paidika_56-0)** Interview: John Money. *PAIDIKA: The Journal of Paedophilia*, Spring 1991, vol. 2, no. 3, p. 5.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-The_True_Story_of_John_/_Joan_57-0)** Colapinto, John (December 1997). ["The True Story of John / Joan"](https://www.healthyplace.com/gender/inside-intersexuality/the-true-story-of-john-joan). *[Rolling Stone](/source/Rolling_Stone)*. pp. 54–97.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-MHH-1955_58-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-MHH-1955_58-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-MHH-1955_58-2) Money, John; Hampson, Joan G; Hampson, John (October 1955). "An Examination of Some Basic Sexual Concepts: The Evidence of Human Hermaphroditism". *Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp*. **97** (4). Johns Hopkins University: 301–19. [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [13260820](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13260820).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-59)** ["Man & woman, boy & girl : the differentiation and dimorphism of gender identity from conception to maturity / by John Money and Anke A. Ehrhardt"](https://wellcomecollection.org/works/p6c882nw). *Wellcome Collection*. 23 January 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2024.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-GayStraight-p116_60-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-GayStraight-p116_60-1) Money 1988, p. 116.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-GayStraight-p114-119_61-0)** Money 1988, pp. 114–119.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-GayStraight-p115_62-0)** Money 1988, p. 115.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:6_63-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:6_63-1) ["Dr. John Money, pioneer in sexual identity, dies"](http://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/dr-john-money-pioneer-sexual-identity-dies-flna1C9439208). *NBC News*. 9 July 2006. Retrieved 14 September 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-LATimes_64-0)** Brewington, Kelly (13 July 2006). ["John Money, 84; Doctor Pioneered Study of Gender Identity in 1950s"](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-jul-13-me-money13-story.html). *Los Angeles Times*. Retrieved 24 March 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-65)** ["John Money Collection"](https://www.esgallery.co.nz/john-money-collection). Eastern Southland Gallery.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:5_66-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:5_66-1) Green, Richard (2009). ["The Three Kings: Harry Benjamin, John Money, Robert Stoller"](https://rdcu.be/dmTAp). *Archives of Sexual Behavior*. **38** (4): 610–613. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/s10508-008-9392-3](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10508-008-9392-3). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1573-2800](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-2800). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [18568308](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18568308). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [27054069](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27054069).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-sunobit2_67-0)** Brewington, Kelly (9 July 2006). ["Dr. John Money 1921–2006: Hopkins pioneer in gender identity"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100413172855/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2006-07-09/news/0607090031_1_gender-johns-hopkins-john-money). *[Baltimore Sun](/source/Baltimore_Sun)*. Archived from [the original](http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2006-07-09/news/0607090031_1_gender-johns-hopkins-john-money) on 13 April 2010. Retrieved 19 June 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-68)** Office of the Prime Minister (12 December 2003). ["PM opens new wing at Eastern Southland Gallery"](https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/pm-opens-new-wing-eastern-southland-gallery) (Press release). Retrieved 18 September 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-TV_69-0)** ["Treatment of Circumcision on TV"](http://www.circumstitions.com/TVSitcomsA-M.html). *The Intactivism Pages*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20081228111042/http://www.circumstitions.com/TVSitcomsA-M.html) from the original on 28 December 2008. Retrieved 1 February 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-70)** Bugbee, Teo (29 June 2023). ["'Every Body' Review: Celebrating the 'I' in L.G.B.T.Q.I.A.+"](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/29/movies/every-body-review.html). *The New York Times*. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0362-4331](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). Retrieved 24 November 2023.

## Further reading

- Ehrhardt, Anke A. 'John Money, PhD' *[Journal of Sex Research](/source/Journal_of_Sex_Research)* **44.3** (2007): 223–224.

- [Downing, Lisa](/source/Lisa_Downing); [Morland, Iain](/source/Iain_Morland); Sullivan, Nikki (26 November 2014). *Fuckology: Critical Essays on John Money's Diagnostic Concepts*. [Chicago, Illinois](/source/Chicago): [University of Chicago Press](/source/University_of_Chicago_Press).

- Terry Goldie (2014). *The Man Who Invented Gender: Engaging the Ideas of John Money.*

## External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to ***[John Money](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/John_Money)***.

- [John Money](https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1645119/) at [IMDb](/source/IMDb_(identifier))

- [John Money Collection](http://www.indiana.edu/~kinsey/library/money.html) via the [Kinsey Institute](/source/Kinsey_Institute)

- [Review of John Colapinto's book on John Money and David Reimer](https://web.archive.org/web/20060819025926/http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/011/136eioki.asp) from "[The Weekly Standard](/source/The_Weekly_Standard)"

- Joanne Silberner, [The Legacy of Sex Researcher John Money](https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5549668), [NPR](/source/NPR)

- [John Money Kinsey Institute](https://kinseyinstitute.org/collections/archival/john-money.php)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [John Money](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Money) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Money?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.