# John Danforth

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American politician (born 1936)

"Senator Danforth" redirects here. For the South Dakota state senator, see [George Jonathan Danforth](/source/George_Jonathan_Danforth).

The Reverend John Danforth 24th United States Ambassador to the United Nations In office July 23, 2004 – January 20, 2005 President George W. Bush Preceded by John Negroponte Succeeded by Anne Patterson (acting) Special Counsel for the United States Department of Justice In office September 9, 1999 – c. July 23, 2000 Appointed by Janet Reno Deputy Edward L. Dowd Jr. Preceded by Position not in use Succeeded by Position not in use Chair of the Senate Commerce Committee In office January 3, 1985 – January 3, 1987 Preceded by Bob Packwood Succeeded by Ernest Hollings United States Senator from Missouri In office December 27, 1976 – January 3, 1995 Preceded by Stuart Symington Succeeded by John Ashcroft 37th Attorney General of Missouri In office January 13, 1969 – December 27, 1976 Governor Warren E. Hearnes Kit Bond Preceded by Norman H. Anderson Succeeded by John Ashcroft Personal details Born John Claggett Danforth (1936-09-05) September 5, 1936 (age 89) St. Louis, Missouri, U.S. Party Republican Spouse Sally Dobson ​ (m. 1957)​ Children 5 Relatives William Danforth (brother) William H. Danforth (grandfather) Education Princeton University (BA) Yale University (JD, MDiv)

**John Claggett Danforth** (born September 5, 1936) is an American politician, attorney, diplomat, and [Episcopal priest](/source/Episcopal_priest) who served as the [attorney general of Missouri](/source/Missouri_Attorney_General) from 1969 to 1976 and as a [United States senator](/source/United_States_senator) from 1976 to 1995. A member of the [Republican Party](/source/Republican_Party_(United_States)), he later served as [special counsel](/source/Special_counsel#United_States_appointment_at_the_federal_level) for the [U.S. Department of Justice](/source/U.S._Department_of_Justice) from 1999 to 2000 and as the [United States Ambassador to the United Nations](/source/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations) from 2004 to 2005.

Born in St. Louis, Missouri, Danforth graduated from [Princeton University](/source/Princeton_University) and [Yale University](/source/Yale_University). [George H. W. Bush](/source/George_H._W._Bush) considered [selecting him](/source/1988_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection) as a vice-presidential running mate in [1988](/source/1988_United_States_presidential_election),[1] and Bush's son, [George W. Bush](/source/George_W._Bush), considered [doing the same](/source/2000_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection) in [2000](/source/2000_United_States_presidential_election).[2]

## Early life and education

Danforth was born in St. Louis, Missouri, the son of Dorothy (Claggett) and Donald Danforth.[3] He is the grandson of [William H. Danforth](/source/William_H._Danforth), founder of [Ralston Purina](/source/Ralston_Purina). Danforth's brother, [William Henry Danforth](/source/William_Henry_Danforth), was former chancellor of [Washington University in St. Louis](/source/Washington_University_in_St._Louis).

Danforth attended [St. Louis Country Day School](/source/Mary_Institute_and_St._Louis_Country_Day_School). He graduated from [Princeton University](/source/Princeton_University) in 1958 with an A.B. in religion after completing his senior thesis, "Christ and Meaning: An Interpretation of Reinhold Niebuhr's Christology."[4] He received degrees from [Yale Law School](/source/Yale_Law_School) and [Yale Divinity School](/source/Yale_Divinity_School) in 1963.

## Career

Danforth practiced law at the New York law firm [Davis Polk & Wardwell](/source/Davis_Polk_%26_Wardwell) from 1964 to 1966. He was a partner at the law firm of Bryan, Cave, McPheeters and McRoberts in St. Louis from 1966 to 1968.[5]

Before Danforth entered Republican politics, Missouri was a reliably Democratic state with its [U.S. senators](/source/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Missouri) and [governors](/source/List_of_Governors_of_Missouri) usually being Democrats. Danforth's seat in the Senate was previously held by a succession of Democrats, including [Thomas Hart Benton](/source/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(senator)),[6] [Stuart Symington](/source/Stuart_Symington),[7] and [Harry S. Truman](/source/Harry_S._Truman).[8]

### Missouri Attorney General

In [1968](/source/1968_Missouri_Attorney_General_election), Danforth was elected [Missouri Attorney General](/source/Missouri_Attorney_General), the first Republican elected to the office in 40 years,[9] and the first from his party elected to statewide office in 22 years.[10] Among his staff of assistant attorneys general were future Missouri Governor and U.S. Senator [Kit Bond](/source/Kit_Bond),[11] future Missouri Governor, U.S. Senator and U.S. Attorney General [John Ashcroft](/source/John_Ashcroft),[12] future Supreme Court Justice [Clarence Thomas](/source/Clarence_Thomas),[13] and future federal judge [D. Brook Bartlett](/source/D._Brook_Bartlett).[14] Danforth was reelected in 1972.[15]

### United States Senate

Danforth greeting [President](/source/President_of_the_United_States) [Ronald Reagan](/source/Ronald_Reagan), 1981

#### Elections

In [1970](/source/1970_United_States_Senate_election_in_Missouri), Danforth ran for the [United States Senate](/source/United_States_Senate) for the first time, against Democratic incumbent [Stuart Symington](/source/Stuart_Symington). He lost in a close race.[16]

In 1976, Danforth [ran to succeed](/source/1976_United_States_Senate_election_in_Missouri) Symington, who was retiring.[17] He had little opposition in the Republican primary.[18] The Democrats had a three-way battle among Symington's son [James W. Symington](/source/James_W._Symington), former Missouri Governor [Warren Hearnes](/source/Warren_Hearnes), and rising political star Congressman [Jerry Litton](/source/Jerry_Litton).[17] Litton won the primary, but he and his family were killed when the plane taking them to their victory party in Kansas City crashed on takeoff in [Chillicothe, Missouri](/source/Chillicothe%2C_Missouri).[19] Hearnes, who had finished second in the primary, was chosen to replace Litton as the Democratic nominee.[17][19] In the general election, Danforth defeated Hearnes with nearly 57% of the vote.[20]

In [1982](/source/1982_United_States_Senate_election_in_Missouri), the Democratic nominee for U.S. Senate was [Harriett Woods](/source/Harriett_Woods), a relatively unknown state senator from the St. Louis suburb of [University City](/source/University_City%2C_Missouri). She was active in women's rights organizations and collected union support and was a cousin of Democratic Senator [Howard Metzenbaum](/source/Howard_Metzenbaum) of [Ohio](/source/Ohio). Her speeches denounced [Ronald Reagan](/source/Ronald_Reagan)'s policies so vigorously that she ran on the nickname "Give 'em Hell, Harriett" (a play on the famous [Truman](/source/Harry_S._Truman) phrase). Danforth defeated Woods 51% to 49%, with Woods's pro-choice stance said to be the reason for her loss.[21]

In [1988](/source/1988_United_States_Senate_election_in_Missouri), Danforth defeated Democrat [Jay Nixon](/source/Jay_Nixon), 68%–32%. He chose not to run for a fourth term and retired from the Senate in 1995. He was succeeded by former Missouri governor [John Ashcroft](/source/John_Ashcroft). Nixon was later elected Missouri Attorney General, and, in [2008](/source/2008_Missouri_gubernatorial_election), governor of Missouri.[22]

In January 2001, when Missouri Democrats opposed Ashcroft's nomination for U.S. Attorney General, Danforth's name was invoked. Former U.S. Senator [Tom Eagleton](/source/Thomas_Eagleton) reacted to the nomination by saying: "John Danforth would have been my first choice. John Ashcroft would have been my last choice."[23]

#### Tenure

During the 1991 Senate confirmation hearings for [U.S. Supreme Court](/source/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States) nominee [Clarence Thomas](/source/Clarence_Thomas), Danforth used his clout to support Thomas, who had served Danforth during his state attorney general years and later as an aide in the Senate.[5]

Danforth portrayed himself as a political moderate, but voted like his right-wing Republican colleagues, including sustaining filibusters. He was once quoted as saying he joined the Republican Party for "the same reason you sometimes choose which movie to see—[it's] the one with the shortest line."[24]

Danforth is a longtime opponent of [capital punishment](/source/Capital_punishment), as he made clear on the Senate floor in 1994.[25]

In 1988, [George H. W. Bush](/source/George_H._W._Bush)'s presidential campaign vetted Danforth as a potential running mate. Bush selected Indiana Senator [Dan Quayle](/source/Dan_Quayle) instead.[26]

### UN Ambassador

Danforth's swearing in to be the United States Ambassador to the United Nations by [Justice](/source/Associate_Justice_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court) [Clarence Thomas](/source/Clarence_Thomas), his former assistant, 2004

On July 1, 2004, Danforth was sworn in as the [United States Ambassador to the United Nations](/source/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations), succeeding [John Negroponte](/source/John_Negroponte), who left the post after becoming the [U.S. Ambassador to Iraq](/source/U.S._Ambassador_to_Iraq) in June. He is best remembered for attempts to bring peace to the Sudan but stayed at the UN for just six months. Danforth was mentioned as a successor to Secretary of State [Colin Powell](/source/Colin_Powell). Six days after the announcement that [Condoleezza Rice](/source/Condoleezza_Rice) was going to take the position, Danforth submitted his resignation on November 22, 2004, effective January 20, 2005. His resignation letter[27] said, "Forty-seven years ago, I married the girl of my dreams, and, at this point in my life, what is most important to me is to spend more time with her."[28]

## Post-Senate career

Danforth talks with reporters about his investigation of the 1993 incident involving the FBI and the Branch Davidians in Waco, Texas, 1999

Report to the Deputy Attorney General Concerning the 1993 Confrontation at the Mt. Carmel Complex, [Waco, Texas](/source/Waco%2C_Texas), John Danforth, Independent Counsel, November 8, 2000. Federal government document.

### Political activity

In 1999, [Democratic](/source/Democratic_Party_(United_States)) [U.S. Attorney General](/source/United_States_Attorney_General) [Janet Reno](/source/Janet_Reno) appointed Danforth to lead an investigation into the [FBI](/source/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation)'s role in the 1993 [Waco Siege](/source/Waco_Siege).[29] Danforth appointed Democratic [U.S. Attorney](/source/U.S._Attorney) Edward L. Dowd Jr. for the Eastern District of Missouri as his deputy special counsel.[30] He also hired Bryan Cave partner [Thomas A. Schweich](/source/Tom_Schweich) as his chief of staff.[31] [Assistant U.S. Attorney](/source/Assistant_U.S._Attorney) [James G. Martin](/source/James_Martin_(attorney)) served as Danforth's director of investigative operations for what became known as the "Waco Investigation" and its resulting "[Danforth Report](/source/Waco_siege#Danforth's_report)".[32][33]

In [July 2000](/source/George_W._Bush_2000_presidential_campaign), Danforth's name was leaked as being on the short list of potential vice presidential nominees for Republican nominee [George W. Bush](/source/George_W._Bush), along with Michigan Governor [John Engler](/source/John_Engler), New York Governor [George Pataki](/source/George_Pataki), Pennsylvania Governor [Tom Ridge](/source/Tom_Ridge), and former U.S. Secretary of Transportation, U.S. Secretary of Labor and former [American Red Cross](/source/American_Red_Cross) President [Elizabeth Dole](/source/Elizabeth_Dole). One week before the [2000 Republican National Convention](/source/2000_Republican_National_Convention) was held in Philadelphia, campaign sources said that [Dick Cheney](/source/Dick_Cheney), the man charged with leading the selection process for the nominee, had recommended Danforth.[34] But Danforth wanted to continue living mainly in Missouri, where his family was still based, and formally declined to run for vice president on July 11, 2000.[35] Bush ultimately selected Cheney himself.[36] Bush wrote in his book *[Decision Points](/source/Decision_Points)* that Danforth would have been his choice if Cheney had not accepted;[37][*[additional citation(s) needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] on July 28, 2000, *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)* reported that the choice of Cheney as Bush's running mate was secretly made "weeks" before it was formally announced on July 25.[38] On September 6, 2001, Bush appointed Danforth a special envoy to Sudan.[39] He brokered a peace deal[40] that officially ended the civil war in the South between Sudan's Islamic government and the U.S.-backed Christian rebels, but elements of that conflict still remained unresolved (as had the separate [Darfur conflict](/source/Darfur_conflict)). Known as the [Second Sudanese Civil War](/source/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War), the conflict ended in January 2005 with the signing of a peace agreement.[41]

On June 11, 2004, Danforth presided over the funeral of [Ronald Reagan](/source/Ronald_Reagan), held at [Washington National Cathedral](/source/Washington_National_Cathedral).[42] Danforth also officiated at the funerals of *[Washington Post](/source/Washington_Post)* executive [Katharine Graham](/source/Katharine_Graham),[43] former United States Senator [Harry Flood Byrd Jr.](/source/Harry_Flood_Byrd_Jr.) of Virginia,[44] and Missouri State Auditor [Tom Schweich](/source/Tom_Schweich).[31]

On March 30, 2005, Danforth wrote an [op-ed](/source/Editorial) in *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)* critical of the Republican party. The article began: "By a series of recent initiatives, Republicans have transformed our party into the political arm of conservative Christians".[45] He also penned a June 17, 2005, piece headlined "Onward, Moderate Christian Soldiers".[46] At a [Log Cabin Republicans](/source/Log_Cabin_Republicans) meeting on April 30, 2006, Danford publicly expressed opposition to the proposed [Federal Marriage Amendment](/source/Federal_Marriage_Amendment), which would have banned same sex marriages, calling it "silly" and comparing it to [Prohibition](/source/Prohibition).[47] In 2015, Danforth and 299 other Republicans signed an [amicus brief](/source/Amicus_brief) calling on the [Supreme Court](/source/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States) to legalize [same-sex marriage](/source/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States).[48]

Contributing to the anthology *Our American Story* (2019), Danforth addressed the possibility of a shared American narrative and focused on the "great American purpose" of "hold[ing] together in one nation a diverse and often contentious people." He encouraged continued work "to demand a functioning government where compromise is the norm, to integrate all our people into one indivisible nation, and to incorporate separated individuals into the wholeness of the community."[49] Danforth is a member of the Reformers Caucus of [Issue One](/source/Issue_One).[50]

Danforth was a mentor and political supporter of [Josh Hawley](/source/Josh_Hawley), who became [Attorney General of Missouri](/source/Attorney_General_of_Missouri) in 2017 and U.S. Senator in 2019 with Danforth's encouragement; Danforth also supported Hawley's presidential ambitions.[51] In the wake of the [January 6 United States Capitol attack](/source/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack) and Hawley's efforts to challenge the [2021 United States Electoral College vote count](/source/2021_United_States_Electoral_College_vote_count), Danforth said that supporting Hawley in the [2018 election](/source/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Missouri) "was the worst mistake I ever made in my life".[52] During the [2022 United States Senate election in Missouri](/source/2022_United_States_Senate_election_in_Missouri), Danforth headed a PAC supporting independent candidate John Wood, considered a long shot to win.[53] Wood collected enough signatures to get on the ballot but dropped out after 50 days when [Eric Schmitt](/source/Eric_Schmitt) won the Republican primary. Danforth spent $6 million on the effort.[54]

### Private sector

In 1995, following his departure from the Senate, Danforth again became a partner at the [Bryan Cave](/source/Bryan_Cave) law firm.[5] As of 2021 Danforth is a partner at Dowd Bennett, a Clayton law firm just outside Saint Louis.[55]

In May 2012, [a group](/source/SLB_Acquisition_Holdings_LLC) led by Danforth's son-in-law, Summitt Distributing CEO Tom Stillman,[56] in which Danforth is a minority investor, took controlling ownership of the [St. Louis Blues](/source/St._Louis_Blues) of the [National Hockey League](/source/National_Hockey_League).[57] The group acquired full ownership of the team in June 2019.[58] Danforth has a star on the [St. Louis Walk of Fame](/source/St._Louis_Walk_of_Fame).[59] He is an honorary board member of the humanitarian organization [Wings of Hope](/source/Wings_of_Hope_(charity)).[60]

## Personal life

Danforth married the former Sally Dobson in 1957.[42] They have five children and 15 grandchildren.[61]

## Author

- *Resurrection: The Confirmation of Clarence Thomas,* Viking, 1994

- *Faith and Politics: How the "Moral Values" Debate Divides America and How to Move Forward Together*, Viking Press, 2006. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0670037872](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0670037872)

- *The Relevance of Religion: How Faithful People Can Change Politics*. [Description](https://books.google.com/books?id=Ll85BgAAQBAJ) & [preview](https://books.google.com/books?id=Ll85BgAAQBAJ). Random House, 2015. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0812997903](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812997903)

## See also

Wikiquote has quotations related to ***[John Danforth](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/John_Danforth)***.

- [George H. W. Bush Supreme Court candidates](/source/George_H._W._Bush_Supreme_Court_candidates)

- [List of attorneys general of Missouri](/source/List_of_attorneys_general_of_Missouri)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Ayres, B. Drummond Jr (1988-11-09). ["The 1988 Elections Man in the News: James Danforth Quayle; A Partner Seasoned by the Campaign"](https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/09/us/1988-elections-man-james-danforth-quayle-partner-seasoned-campaign.html). *The New York Times*. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0362-4331](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). Retrieved 2025-04-20.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** ["Cheney, Danforth emerge as Bush's top choices – July 22, 2000"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080112095858/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/07/22/bush.veepstakes/). 2008-01-12. Archived from [the original](http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/07/22/bush.veepstakes/) on 12 January 2008. Retrieved 2022-01-31.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["Current Biography Yearbook"](https://books.google.com/books?id=C4gYAAAAIAAJ&q=Dorothy+Claggett+Donald+Danforth). H. W. Wilson Company. Sep 17, 1992. Retrieved Sep 17, 2020 – via Google Books.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Danforth, John Claggett (1958). [*Christ and Meaning: An Interpretation of Reinhold Niebuhr's Christology*](http://dataspace.princeton.edu/jspui/handle/88435/dsp01tm70mw77t) (Thesis). Princeton University.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-auto1_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-auto1_5-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-auto1_5-2) Wright, Robin (June 5, 2004). ["Danforth tapped for U.N. post / Former senator has reputation for integrity"](https://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/Danforth-tapped-for-U-N-post-Former-senator-2715979.php). *SFGATE*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** ["United States congressional delegations from Missouri: Historical members: Class 1 senators from Missouri"](https://ballotpedia.org/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Missouri#Historical_members). *Ballotpedia*. Retrieved March 10, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** ["Alien Nation?: This Week's Interview: John Danforth"](https://web.archive.org/web/20081021155531/http://www.pbs.org/now/shows/239/). *PBS*. September 29, 2006. Archived from [the original](http://www.pbs.org/now/shows/239/) on October 21, 2008. Danforth succeeded retiring Senator Stuart Symington

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** ["Former Governor Wins Missouri G.O.P. Primary for Governor"](https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/03/us/former-governor-wins-missouri-gop-primary-for-governor.html). *The New York Times*. Associated Press. August 3, 1994. p. A22. Retrieved March 10, 2021. Danforth, a Republican, is retiring after three terms from the seat once held by Harry Truman

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Barr, Diana (October 16, 2015). ["Danforth cites long friendship in choosing Hawley in AG race"](https://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/morning_call/2015/10/danforth-cites-long-friendship-in-choosing-hawley.html). *St. Louis Business Journal*. Retrieved March 9, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** ["GOP '88 Personality Spotlight: John Danforth: Vice presidential possibility"](https://www.upi.com/Archives/1988/08/06/GOP-88-Personality-SpotlightNEWLNJohn-Danforth-Vice-presidential-possibility/7220586843200/). *[United Press International](/source/United_Press_International)*. August 6, 1988. Retrieved March 9, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** ["About the Christopher S. Bond U.S. Court House"](https://www.mow.uscourts.gov/outreach/bond_courthouse). *United States Courts: Western District of Missouri*. Retrieved March 10, 2021. Bond became an assistant attorney general under former U.S. Senator John Danforth

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Austin, Shelbi (June 8, 2017). ["10 Things You Didn't Know About John Ashcroft"](https://www.usnews.com/news/national-news/articles/2017-06-08/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-john-ashcroft). *U.S. News & World Report*. Retrieved March 10, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Salter, Jim (May 5, 2017). ["Clarence Thomas: Sen. Danforth is 'the reason why I'm here'"](https://apnews.com/article/6091a9564d4b4a4d98c6145ecda02901). *Associated Press*. Retrieved March 10, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Delaney, Paul (August 5, 1976). ["Death of Missouri Winner Roils Democratic Politics"](https://www.nytimes.com/1976/08/05/archives/death-of-missouri-winner-roils-democratic-politics-death-of-winner.html). *The New York Times*. Retrieved March 10, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** ["Former Sen. Danforth likely head of independent Waco probe, official says"](http://www.cnn.com/US/9909/03/waco.danforth/). *CNN*. September 3, 1999. Retrieved March 10, 2021. He won re-election as attorney general in 1972.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Ayres, B. Drummond Jr. (November 4, 1970). ["Symington Wins 4th Senate Term"](https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/04/archives/symington-wins-4th-senate-term-missouri-democrat-at-69-edges-a.html). *The New York Times*. p. 35. Retrieved March 9, 2021.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-nytfight_17-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-nytfight_17-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-nytfight_17-2) Delaney, Paul (October 18, 1976). ["Hearnes Is Facing Difficult Fight To Succeed Symington in Senate"](https://www.nytimes.com/1976/10/18/archives/hearnes-is-facing-difficult-fight-to-succeed-symington-in-senate.html). *The New York Times*. p. 33. Retrieved March 11, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** ["MO US Senate – R Primary"](https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=328080). *Our Campaigns*. August 3, 1976. Retrieved March 11, 2021.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-crash_19-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-crash_19-1) Delaney, Paul (August 4, 1976). ["Missouri Senate Nominee Dies In Crash Alter Upset Victory"](https://www.nytimes.com/1976/08/04/archives/missouri-senate-nominee-dies-in-crash-after-upset-victory-missouri.html). *The New York Times*. p. 1. Retrieved March 11, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Guthrie, Benjamin J. ["Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 2, 1976"](https://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1976election.pdf#page=26) (PDF). *Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives*. p. 26. Retrieved March 11, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** ["WHMC-St. Louis sl 490 Woods, Harriett F. (1927– ), Addenda, 1975–1983"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100601195825/http://www.umsl.edu/~whmc/guides/whm0490.htm). Umsl.edu. 1982-01-12. Archived from [the original](http://www.umsl.edu/~whmc/guides/whm0490.htm) on 2010-06-01. Retrieved 2010-03-16.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** ["Jay Nixon"](https://theforum.sph.harvard.edu/expert-participants/jay-nixon/). *The Forum at Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health*. 2017-04-27. Retrieved 2022-05-03.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** ["Testimony for the Judiciary Committee Hearing on the Nomination of John Ashcroft"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174814/http://judiciary.senate.gov/oldsite/te011601hw.htm). *U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee*. January 19, 2001. Archived from [the original](http://judiciary.senate.gov/oldsite/te011601hw.htm) on March 3, 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** Tran, Mark (Nov 15, 2004). ["Names in the frame"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/nov/15/usa.marktran). Retrieved Sep 17, 2020 – via www.theguardian.com.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** ["New Voices – Conservative Voices"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070713112245/http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/article.php?did=1940). Deathpenaltyinfo.org. Archived from [the original](http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/article.php?did=1940) on 2007-07-13. Retrieved 2013-12-30.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** ["Danforth, Cheney on Bush V.P. Short List"](https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/story?id=123349&page=1). *ABC News*. 2006-01-06. Retrieved 2019-03-07.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** Danforth, John C. (November 22, 2004). ["Resignation letter from Ambassador Danforth to President G.W. Bush"](https://web.archive.org/web/20050128202017/http://www.un.int/usa/JCD%20Resignation.pdf) (PDF). *United Nations*. Archived from [the original](http://www.un.int/usa/JCD%20Resignation.pdf) (PDF) on 2005-01-28. Retrieved 2004-12-03.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** Christine Lagorio (2004-12-02). ["U.N. Rep Resigns After 5 Months"](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/un-rep-resigns-after-5-months/). *CBS News*. Retrieved 2010-03-16.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** [Kantor, Jodi](/source/Jodi_Kantor); Alsdorf, Matt (September 7, 1999). ["Danforth on the Case"](https://slate.com/news-and-politics/1999/09/danforth-on-the-case.html). *Slate*. Retrieved March 10, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** Brown, Lisa (June 3, 2015). ["Danforth exits Bryan Cave, joins Dowd Bennett law firm"](https://www.stltoday.com/business/local/danforth-exits-bryan-cave-joins-dowd-bennett-law-firm/article_a71b0d39-fa06-5bff-8057-26e80ea9e5ea.html). *St. Louis Post-Dispatch*. Retrieved March 10, 2021. When Danforth was appointed special counsel to investigate the FBI's 1993 raid ..., Dowd assisted the former senator as deputy special counsel

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-whispering_31-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-whispering_31-1) Young, Virginia; McDermott, Kevin (March 4, 2015). ["Danforth, in eulogy, decries 'whispering campaign' against Schweich"](https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/crime-and-courts/danforth-in-eulogy-decries-whispering-campaign-against-schweich/article_6d81a9c8-0d79-5a1e-9210-9515777afd0f.html). *St. Louis Post-Dispatch*. Retrieved March 9, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** Kelly, Robert (January 31, 2014). ["Dowd Bennett LLP adds James Martin as a partner"](https://www.stltoday.com/business/local/dowd-bennett-llp-adds-james-martin-as-a-partner/article_81c52329-2e2f-5233-b5ad-b97ce6869e8c.html). *St. Louis Post-Dispatch*. Retrieved March 10, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** ["The Waco Investigation"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/waco/keystories.htm). *The Washington Post*. 1999. Retrieved March 10, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** ["Cheney, Danforth emerge as Bush's top choices"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080112095858/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/07/22/bush.veepstakes/). *CNN*. July 22, 2000. Archived from [the original](http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/07/22/bush.veepstakes/) on January 12, 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** Associated Press (July 14, 2000). ["Danforth Scratches Himself Off V.P. List"](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-jun-14-mn-40880-story.html). Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 4, 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** Carney, James; Dickerson, John F. (August 1, 2000). ["How Bush Decided"](http://edition.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/time/2000/07/31/decided.html). *[Time](/source/Time_(magazine))*. Retrieved March 9, 2021 – via CNN.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** Reynolds, Nick (December 29, 2018). ["How fair is Hollywood's treatment of Dick Cheney?"](https://trib.com/news/state-and-regional/how-fair-is-hollywoods-treatment-of-dick-cheney/article_2a76c90d-32fd-51a7-a4c8-7b1253b6b50f.html). *[Casper Star-Tribune](/source/Casper_Star-Tribune)*. Danforth ..., who Bush later concurred would have been his selection for the post if Cheney refused it

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** ["The 2000 Campaign: The Selection; Gatekeeper to Running Mate: Cheney's Road to Candidacy"](https://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/28/us/2000-campaign-selection-gatekeeper-running-mate-cheney-s-road-candidacy.html). New York Times. July 28, 2000. Retrieved November 4, 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-39)** ["President Appoints Danforth as Special Envoy to the Sudan"](https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010906-3.html). *The White House*. September 6, 2001. Retrieved March 11, 2021 – via U.S. National Archives and Records Administration.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** Bixler, Mark (12 Jan 2005). "Historic Peace Agreement: Q&A / John Danforth, former special envoy to Sudan 'Sudan could be a possible model' for all of Africa". *Atlanta Journal-Constitution*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** ["Sudan Government and Rebels in Deal to End Fighting in South"](https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/09/international/africa/sudan-government-and-rebels-in-deal-to-end-fighting-in.html). *The New York Times*. January 9, 2005. Retrieved March 11, 2021.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-auto_42-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-auto_42-1) ["Text: Homily of former Sen. John Danforth at Reagan funeral"](https://www.post-gazette.com/news/nation/2004/06/12/Text-Homily-of-former-Sen-John-Danforth-at-Reagan-funeral/stories/200406120089). *Pittsburgh Post-Gazette*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-43)** Clines, Francis X. (July 24, 2001). ["At Katharine Graham Funeral, Parade of Boldface Names"](https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/24/us/at-katharine-graham-funeral-parade-of-boldface-names.html). *The New York Times*. Retrieved March 9, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-44)** Schapiro, Jeff E. (August 4, 2009). ["Va. governor, six predecessors attend Byrd funeral"](https://richmond.com/news/local/government-politics/va-governor-six-predecessors-attend-byrd-funeral/article_7960e5b9-3293-5484-96ea-1194c1f5dc97.html). *Richmond Times-Dispatch*. Retrieved March 9, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-45)** Danforth, John (March 30, 2005). ["In the Name of Politics"](https://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/30/opinion/30danforth.html?ex=1269838800&en=047f7bb6ae981400&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&_r=0). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. Retrieved November 10, 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-46)** Danforth, John (June 17, 2005). ["Onward, Moderate Christian Soldiers"](https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/17/opinion/17danforth.html?ei=5088&en=25349ae86c8966e1&ex=1276660800&adxnnl=1&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss&adxnnlx=1384150866-9k/YNSwbfMPdP/LrTMW7cg). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. Retrieved November 10, 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-47)** ["Danforth compares same-sex marriage ban to Prohibition"](https://www.stlpr.org/delete1/2006-05-01/danforth-compares-same-sex-marriage-ban-to-prohibition). St. Louis Public Radio. May 1, 2006. Retrieved November 4, 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-48)** Miller, Zeke J. ["GOP Politicians Call for Supreme Court to OK Gay Marriage"](https://time.com/3734626/gay-marriage-supreme-court-republicans/).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-49)** [Claybourn, Joshua](/source/Joshua_Claybourn), ed. (2019). *Our American Story: The Search for a Shared National Narrative*. Lincoln, NE: Potomac Books. pp. 66–74. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1640121706](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1640121706).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-50)** ["ReFormers Caucus Members"](https://www.issueone.org/reformers/#reformer-full-list). *Issue One*. Retrieved 2021-03-09.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-51)** Lowry, Bryan (January 7, 2021). ["'The biggest mistake I've ever made': Former Missouri Sen. Danforth rues mentoring Josh Hawley, blames him for Capitol riot"](https://www.chicagotribune.com/election-2020/ct-josh-hawley-capitol-riot-20210107-paflva2gajfprlir4pyt7ny6mq-story.html). *[Chicago Tribune](/source/Chicago_Tribune)*. Retrieved January 8, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-52)** Levine, Marianne. ["Coons calls on Cruz and Hawley to resign"](https://www.politico.com/news/2021/01/07/coons-cruz-hawley-resign-456196). *POLITICO*. Retrieved 2021-01-08.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-53)** Salter, Jim (August 4, 2022). ["Independent challenge for Eric Schmitt"](https://www.semissourian.com/story/2959581.html). *www.semissourian.com*. Retrieved August 5, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-54)** DesRochers, Daniel (October 11, 2022). ["Former Missouri Sen. John Danforth spent $6 million on independent candidate's short bid"](https://www.kansascity.com/news/politics-government/article267114856.html). *The Kansas City Star*. Retrieved December 22, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-55)** ["As politician and priest, John C. Danforth spent a lifetime trying to do good. He's not sure he succeeded"](https://www.stlmag.com/longform/John-Danforth-Meditations-StJack-senate-politics/). *[St. Louis Magazine](/source/St._Louis_Magazine)*. 18 September 2021. Retrieved September 18, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-56)** ["St. Louis Blues announce local minority partner, new radio deal"](https://www.si.com/hockey/news/st-louis-blues-announce-local-minority-partner-new-radio-deal). *The Hockey News*. Sports Illustrated. The Canadian Press. March 29, 2007. Retrieved March 10, 2021. Stillman, owner of Summit Distributing, ... and the son-in-law for former U.S. Sen. John Danforth

1. **[^](#cite_ref-57)** Pistor, Nicholas J.C. (May 13, 2012). ["New owner is fanatic on Blues, coy about beer"](https://www.stltoday.com/sports/hockey/professional/new-owner-is-fanatic-on-blues-coy-about-beer/article_c0bc9b58-9d22-11e1-bb8b-001a4bcf6878.html). *St. Louis Post-Dispatch*. Retrieved March 10, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-58)** ["Stillman group acquires full ownership of St. Louis Blues"](https://fox2now.com/sports/st-louis-blues/stillman-ownership-group-acquires-full-ownership-of-st-louis-blues/). *[KTVI](/source/KTVI)*. June 19, 2019. Retrieved March 10, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-59)** St. Louis Walk of Fame. ["St. Louis Walk of Fame Inductees"](https://web.archive.org/web/20181008105312/http://www.stlouiswalkoffame.org/inductees/?view=achievement). stlouiswalkoffame.org. Archived from [the original](http://www.stlouiswalkoffame.org/inductees/?view=achievement) on October 8, 2018. Retrieved April 25, 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-60)** ["The Official Wings Of Hope Homepage"](http://wings-of-hope.org). Wings-of-hope.org. Retrieved 2010-03-16.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-61)** ["StackPath"](https://cathedral.org/event/holy-eucharist-4-2019-09-22/). *cathedral.org*.

## External links

Media related to [John Danforth](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:John_Danforth) at Wikimedia Commons

Wikiquote has quotations related to ***[John Danforth](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/John_Danforth)***.

- [Biography](http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=D000030) at the *[Biographical Directory of the United States Congress](/source/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress)*

- [Appearances](https://www.c-span.org/person/?103) on [C-SPAN](/source/C-SPAN)

- [UN Press release on becoming US Ambassador to the UN](https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2004/bio3586.doc.htm)

Party political offices Preceded by Daniel Bartlett Republican nominee for Attorney General of Missouri 1968, 1972 Succeeded by John Ashcroft Preceded by Jean Bradshaw Republican nominee for U.S. Senator from Missouri (Class 1) 1970, 1976, 1982, 1988 Legal offices Preceded by Norman Anderson Attorney General of Missouri 1969–1976 Succeeded by John Ashcroft U.S. Senate Preceded by Stuart Symington United States Senator (Class 1) from Missouri 1976–1995 Served alongside: Thomas Eagleton, Kit Bond Succeeded by John Ashcroft Preceded by Bob Packwood Chair of the Senate Commerce Committee 1985–1987 Succeeded by Ernest Hollings Preceded by Ernest Hollings Ranking Member of the Senate Commerce Committee 1987–1995 Diplomatic posts Preceded by John Negroponte United States Ambassador to the United Nations 2004–2005 Succeeded by Anne Patterson Acting U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial) Preceded by Olympia Snowe as Former U.S. Senator Order of precedence of the United States as Former U.S. Senator Succeeded by Bill Nelson as Former U.S. Senator

v t e United States ambassadors to the United Nations Stettinius Johnson Austin Lodge Wadsworth Stevenson Goldberg Ball Wiggins Yost Bush Scali Moynihan Scranton Young McHenry Kirkpatrick Walters Pickering Perkins Albright Richardson Burleigh Holbrooke Cunningham Negroponte Danforth Patterson Bolton Wolff Khalilzad Rice DiCarlo Power Sison Haley Cohen Craft Mills Thomas-Greenfield Shea Waltz Italics indicates acting

v t e Special prosecutors and independent counsels of the US John B. Henderson and James Broadhead Whiskey Ring William Cook Star Route scandal Holmes Conrad and Charles Bonaparte Post Office bribery Francis J. Heney Oregon land fraud scandal Atlee Pomerene and Owen Roberts Teapot Dome scandal Newbold Morris DOJ corruption allegations Archibald Cox, Leon Jaworski, Henry S. Ruth Jr., and Charles Ruff Watergate scandal Arthur Christy Jordan drug allegations Paul J. Curran Carter business loans Gerald Gallinghouse Kraft drug allegations Leon Silverman Donovan organized crime allegations Jacob Stein Bechtel scandal James C. McKay and Alexia Morrison Olson perjury Mike Seymour Deaver perjury Morrison v. Olson Lawrence Walsh Iran–Contra affair Carl Rauh and James Harper Lawrence Wallace's taxes James C. McKay Wedtech scandal Unknown sealed Arlin Adams and Larry Thompson Pierce HUD mismanagement Unknown sealed Nicholas John Bua Inslaw scandal Malcolm Richard Wilkey House banking scandal Frederick Bernard Lacey Iraqgate Joseph diGenova and Michael Zeldin 1992 Bush administration search of Clinton passport files Robert B. Fiske, Ken Starr, Robert Ray, and Julie Thomas Whitewater controversy Starr Report Donald Smaltz Espy trial David Barrett Cisneros payments controversy Barrett Report Daniel Pearson DOC trade mission controversy Curtis von Kann Segal conflict of interest investigation Carol Elder Bruce Wampumgate Ralph Lancaster Herman corruption allegations John Danforth Waco siege Patrick Fitzgerald Plame affair Robert Mueller 2016 election interference allegations topics Mueller Report John Durham Crossfire Hurricane FBI origins Jack Smith 2020 election obstruction efforts and Trump classified materials Robert Hur Biden classified materials David C. Weiss Hunter Biden investigation

v t e Chairs of the United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation Commerce and Manufactures (1816–1825) Hunter Sanford Dickerson Commerce (1825–1947) Lloyd Johnston Woodbury Forsyth King Silsbee Goldsborough Davis King Huntington Haywood Dix Hamlin Dodge Clay Chandler Conkling Gordon Ransom McMillan Frye Ransom Frye Nelson Clarke Fletcher Jones H. Johnson Stephens Copeland Bailey Interstate Commerce (1887–1947) Cullom Butler Cullom Elkins Clapp Newlands Smith Cummins Smith Watson Couzens Dill Wheeler Interstate and Foreign Commerce/Commerce (1947–1977) White E. Johnson Tobey Bricker Magnuson Commerce, Science, and Transportation (1977–present) Magnuson Cannon Packwood Danforth Hollings Pressler McCain Hollings McCain Hollings McCain Stevens Inouye Rockefeller Thune Wicker Cantwell Cruz

v t e United States senators from Missouri Class 1 Benton Geyer Polk Henderson Schurz Cockrell Warner Reed Patterson Truman Briggs Kem Symington Danforth Ashcroft Carnahan Talent McCaskill Hawley Class 3 Barton Buckner Linn Atchison Green Johnson Wilson Brown Drake Jewett Blair Bogy Armstrong Shields Vest Stone Wilfley Spencer Williams Hawes Clark Donnell Hennings Long Eagleton Bond Blunt Schmitt

v t e Attorneys general of Missouri Edward Bates (1820–1821) Rufus Easton (1821–1826) Robert William Wells (1826–1836) William Barclay Napton (1836–1839) Samuel Bay (1839–1845) B. F. Stringfellow (1845–1849) William A. Robards (1849–1851) James B. Gardenhire (1851–1857) Ephraim Brevard Ewing (1857–1858) J. Proctor Knott (1858–1861) Aikman Welch (1861–1864) T. T. Crittenden (1864–1865) Robert Wingate (1865–1869) Horace B. Johnson (1869–1871) Andrew Baker (1871–1872) Henry Ewing (1872–1875) John A. Hockaday (1875–1877) Jackson Smith (1877–1881) Daniel McIntyre (1881–1885) Banton Boone (1885–1889) John M. Wood (1889–1893) Robert F. Walker (1893–1897) Edward Coke Crow (1897–1905) Herbert S. Hadley (1905–1909) Elliott Woolfolk Major (1909–1913) John Barker (1913–1917) Frank McAllister (1917–1921) Jesse W. Barrett (1921–1925) Robert Otto (1925) North Gentry (1925–1928) Stratton Shartel (1928–1933) Roy McKittrick (1933–1945) Jonathan E. Taylor (1945–1953) John M. Dalton (1953–1961) Thomas Eagleton (1961–1965) Norman H. Anderson (1965–1969) John Danforth (1969–1977) John Ashcroft (1977–1985) William L. Webster (1985–1993) Jay Nixon (1993–2009) Chris Koster (2009–2017) Josh Hawley (2017–2019) Eric Schmitt (2019–2023) Andrew Bailey (2023–2025) Catherine Hanaway (2025–present) Category List

v t e Missouri's delegation(s) to the 94th–103rd United States Congress (ordered by seniority) 94th Senate: ▌S. Symington (D) ▌T. Eagleton (D) ▌J. Danforth (R) House: ▌R. Bolling (D) ▌L. Sullivan (D) ▌W. Randall (D) ▌R. Ichord (D) ▌W. Hungate (D) ▌B. Burlison (D) ▌B. Clay (D) ▌J. Symington (D) ▌J. Litton (D) ▌G. Taylor (R) ▌T. Coleman (R) 95th Senate: ▌T. Eagleton (D) ▌J. Danforth (R) House: ▌R. Bolling (D) ▌R. Ichord (D) ▌B. Burlison (D) ▌B. Clay (D) ▌G. Taylor (R) ▌T. Coleman (R) ▌R. Gephardt (D) ▌I. Skelton (D) ▌H. Volkmer (D) ▌B. Young (D) 96th Senate: ▌T. Eagleton (D) ▌J. Danforth (R) House: ▌R. Bolling (D) ▌R. Ichord (D) ▌B. Burlison (D) ▌B. Clay (D) ▌G. Taylor (R) ▌T. Coleman (R) ▌R. Gephardt (D) ▌I. Skelton (D) ▌H. Volkmer (D) ▌B. Young (D) 97th Senate: ▌T. Eagleton (D) ▌J. Danforth (R) House: ▌R. Bolling (D) ▌B. Clay (D) ▌G. Taylor (R) ▌T. Coleman (R) ▌R. Gephardt (D) ▌I. Skelton (D) ▌H. Volkmer (D) ▌B. Young (D) ▌W. Bailey (R) ▌B. Emerson (R) 98th Senate: ▌T. Eagleton (D) ▌J. Danforth (R) House: ▌B. Clay (D) ▌G. Taylor (R) ▌T. Coleman (R) ▌R. Gephardt (D) ▌I. Skelton (D) ▌H. Volkmer (D) ▌B. Young (D) ▌B. Emerson (R) ▌A. Wheat (D) 99th Senate: ▌T. Eagleton (D) ▌J. Danforth (R) House: ▌B. Clay (D) ▌G. Taylor (R) ▌T. Coleman (R) ▌R. Gephardt (D) ▌I. Skelton (D) ▌H. Volkmer (D) ▌B. Young (D) ▌B. Emerson (R) ▌A. Wheat (D) 100th Senate: ▌J. Danforth (R) ▌K. Bond (R) House: ▌B. Clay (D) ▌G. Taylor (R) ▌T. Coleman (R) ▌R. Gephardt (D) ▌I. Skelton (D) ▌H. Volkmer (D) ▌B. Emerson (R) ▌A. Wheat (D) ▌J. Buechner (R) 101st Senate: ▌J. Danforth (R) ▌K. Bond (R) House: ▌B. Clay (D) ▌T. Coleman (R) ▌R. Gephardt (D) ▌I. Skelton (D) ▌H. Volkmer (D) ▌B. Emerson (R) ▌A. Wheat (D) ▌J. Buechner (R) ▌M. Hancock (R) 102nd Senate: ▌J. Danforth (R) ▌K. Bond (R) House: ▌B. Clay (D) ▌T. Coleman (R) ▌R. Gephardt (D) ▌I. Skelton (D) ▌H. Volkmer (D) ▌B. Emerson (R) ▌A. Wheat (D) ▌M. Hancock (R) ▌J. Horn (D) 103rd Senate: ▌J. Danforth (R) ▌K. Bond (R) House: ▌B. Clay (D) ▌R. Gephardt (D) ▌I. Skelton (D) ▌H. Volkmer (D) ▌B. Emerson (R) ▌A. Wheat (D) ▌M. Hancock (R) ▌P. Danner (D) ▌J. Talent (R)

Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States Israel People US Congress Other IdRef NARA SNAC Yale LUX

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [John Danforth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Danforth) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Danforth?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.