# Job safety analysis > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Job_safety_analysis > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Job_safety_analysis.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_safety_analysis > Source revision: 1354659107 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) Procedure to integrate safety practices into a particular task This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A **Job Safety Analysis** (**JSA**) is a systematic process used to incorporate established safety and health principles into specific job tasks or operations. The primary purpose of a JSA is to identify potential hazards associated with a task and to develop procedures to eliminate or reduce those risks. [1] JSA is used to identify hazards before work begins and to implement measures that reduce the likelihood of workplace injuries and illnesses. It is also a core element of broader occupational safety and health programs that emphasize proactive hazard identification and risk control. The process is also referred to as: Job Hazard Analysis: (JHA), "Hazardous Task Analysis" (HTA), or "Job Hazard Breakdown". In this context, the terms "job" and "task" are often used interchangeably to describe a specific work assignment. [2]Examples of such assignments include operating machinery, using fire suppression equipment, or performing vehicle maintenance, each of which may involve distinct hazards that can be identified and controlled through analysis. A **JSA** supports the identification and implementation of appropriate control measures, including engineering controls, administrative changes to work procedures, and the use of [Personal protective equipment](/source/Personal_protective_equipment). It is generally applied as a continuous process rather than a one-time activity, allowing hazards to be reassessed as workplace conditions, equipment, or processes change.[2] ## Purpose and Applications Job safety analysis is used to identify hazards associated with specific tasks and to establish controls before work is performed. By breaking tasks into steps and evaluating each for potential risk, JSAs support the prevention of workplace injuries and illnesses.[3] JSAs are commonly applied in industries such as construction, manufacturing, maintenance, and healthcare, particularly for high-risk or non-routine tasks. They are also used as training tools and as part of occupational safety and health management systems to improve hazard awareness and standardize safe work practices. [4] ## Terminology and definitions **Workplace hazard categories** Workplace hazards can be allocated to six categories:[5] - Safety hazards: Examples: spills, working from heights, confined spaces - Biological hazards: Examples; bodily fluids, animal droppings, pathogens - Physical hazards: Examples: radiation, extreme temperatures, loud noises - Ergonomic hazards: Examples: awkward postures, incorrect lifting, vibration - Chemical hazards: Examples: vapors and fumes, pesticides, flammable liquids - Work organization hazards: Examples: workload demands, job stress, lack of respect **Mechanism of injury** Mechanism of injury (MOI) is the means by which an injury occurs.[6] It is important because in the absence of an MOI there is no hazard. Common mechanisms of injury are "slips, trips and falls", for example: - Hazard: a tool bag obstructing a walkway (the tool bag of itself would not be a hazard, the bad placement is necessary to make it a hazard) - Mechanism of injury: tripping over tool bag, falling onto hard surface. - Injury: bone fracture Other common mechanisms of injury include:[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] - Struck against or by - Contact with or by - Caught in, on, by or between - Exposure to - Fall to same or lower level **Likelihood** [Likelihood](/source/Likelihood) is how often an event is reasonably and realistically expected to occur in a given time, and may be expressed as a [probability](/source/Probability), [frequency](/source/Frequency) or percentage.[7] **Consequence** - Consequence diagram Consequence is the outcome of an event expressed qualitatively or quantitatively, being a loss, injury, disadvantage or gain. There may be a range of possible outcomes associated with an event.[8] Consequence is the severity of the injury or harm that can be reasonably and realistically expected from exposure to the mechanism of injury of the hazard being rated. An implemented control may affect the severity of the injury, but it has no effect on the way the injury occurred. Therefore, when rating risk, the consequence remains the same for both the initial rating and the residual rating. People inherently tend to overestimate severity of consequence when rating risk,[8] but the rating should be both reasonable and realistic. **Risk** [Risk](/source/Risk) is the combination of likelihood and consequence. The risk at hand ties directly into the likelihood and severity of an incident. **Risk authority** The risk authority is the organizational level of the person authorized to accept a specified level of risk. For example, different levels of risk authorities may be assigned as follows: Risk level Risk authority Low risk Supervisor Moderate risk Superintendent Significant risk Manager High risk Unacceptable without mitigation **"As low as reasonably practicable" (ALARP)** - "As low as reasonably practicable" (ALARP) carrot diagram [As low as reasonably practicable](/source/As_low_as_reasonably_practicable)[9] when applied to job safety analysis means that it is not necessary to reduce risk beyond the point where the cost of further control becomes disproportionate to any achievable safety benefit. The "ALARA" acronym ("As low as reasonably *achievable*") is also in common usage.[10] **Reasonably practicable** In relation to a duty to ensure health and safety, reasonably practicable means that which is, or was at a particular time, reasonably able to be done to ensure health and safety, taking into account and weighing up all relevant matters including:[11] - The likelihood of the hazard or the risk concerned occurring - The degree of harm that might result from the hazard or the risk - What the person concerned knows, or ought reasonably to know, about the hazard or risk, and about the ways of eliminating or minimizing the risk - The availability and suitability of ways to eliminate or minimize the risk - After assessing the extent of the risk and the available ways of eliminating or minimizing the risk, the cost associated with available ways of eliminating or minimizing the risk, including whether the cost is grossly disproportionate to the expected reduction of risk **Work process** - The way in which work is performed is called the [work process](/source/Workflow). This entails all actions taken to do a specific role in the workplace. **PEPE** PEPE is used to assist in identifying hazards. It is an acronym for the four elements that are present in every task of the work process: - **P**rocess, - **E**nvironment, - **P**eople, - **E**MT, which is itself an acronym for 'equipment, materials and tools'. **Process** In this context, process is about procedures, standards, legislation, safe work instructions, permits and permit systems, risk assessments and policies. Key factors for effective process are that the relevant components are in place, easy to follow and regularly reviewed and updated. **Environmental hazards** People may be exposed to issues related to: - Access and egress - Obstructions - Weather - Dust, heat, cold, noise - Darkness - Contaminants - Isolated workers - Other workers **Personnel hazards** To assist people to be safe in their workplace they need to be provided with sufficient information, training, instructions and supervision. People may be: - Untrained - Not yet competent - Uncertified - Inexperienced - Unsupervised - Affected by alcohol or other drugs - Fatigued - Inadequately instructed - Suffering from stress from home life or [workplace bullying](/source/Workplace_bullying) - Have a poor attitude to, or refuse to follow procedures **Equipment, materials and tools** The right equipment, materials and tools must be selected for the task, and incorrect selections may be hazardous in themselves. - The equipment, materials and/or tools may be hazardous, e.g. sharp, hot, vibrating, heavy, fragile, contain pinch points, a hazardous substance containing hydrocarbons, acids, alkalis, glues, solvents, asbestos, et cetera - There may be a need for isolating personnel from energy sources such as electricity, hydraulic, pneumatic, radiation and gravitational sources - Are the equipment, materials, and tools in date? Does it require certification and/or calibration, tested and tagged? - Obstructions should be kept out of walkways and leads and hoses suspended? ## Hazard controls Controls are the barriers between people and/or assets and the hazards. Controls can also be thought of as "[guardrails](/source/Guardrails)" that prevent negative impacts from occurring. - A hard control provides a physical barrier between the person and the hazard. Hard controls include machine guards, restraint equipment, fencing/barricading. - A soft control does not provide a physical barrier between the person and the hazard. Soft controls include signage, procedures, permits, verbal instructions etc. ### Control effectiveness criteria Controls measures identified through a JSA are typically selected using the [Hierarchy of hazard controls](/source/Hierarchy_of_hazard_controls), which prioritizes eliminating hazards over relying on less effective measures such as personal protective equipment. This approach supports more effective and sustainable risk reduction strategies. [12] The effectiveness of a control is measured by its ability to reduce the likelihood of a hazard causing injury or damage. A control is either effective or not. To gauge this effectiveness several control criteria are used, which:[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] - Address the relevant aspects of process, environment, people, and equipment, materials and tools (PEPE), - Reduce likelihood to as low as reasonably practicable ([ALARP](/source/ALARP)), - Selected hard controls in preference to soft controls, and - Contain a 'doing word'. There is no commonly used mathematical way in which multiple controls for a single hazard can be combined to give a score that meets an organizations acceptable risk level. In instances where the residual risk is greater than the organizations acceptable risk level, consultation with the organizations relevant risk authority should occur. ### Hierarchy of controls Hierarchy of controls [Hierarchy of control](/source/Hierarchy_of_hazard_control) is a system used in industry to minimize or eliminate exposure to hazards.[13] It is a widely accepted system promoted by numerous safety organizations. This concept is taught to managers in industry, to be promoted as a standard practice in the workplace.[13] Various illustrations are used to depict this system, most commonly a triangle.[13] The hierarchy of hazard controls are, in descending order of effectiveness: [Elimination](/source/Hazard_elimination), [substitution](/source/Hazard_substitution), [engineering controls](/source/Engineering_controls), [administrative controls](/source/Administrative_controls), and [personal protective equipment](/source/Personal_protective_equipment). ## Limitations While job safety analysis is widely used to identify and control hazards, it has several limitations. The effectiveness of a JSA depends on the knowledge and experience of those conducting the analysis, and hazards may be overlooked if tasks are not fully evaluated.[1] JSAs may also be less effective in addressing long-term or less obvious exposures, such as those related to chronic health risk. In addition, analyses can become outdated if they are not regularly reviewed and updated to reflect changes in equipment, processes, or work conditions. [14] ## Scope of application A job safety analysis is a documented risk assessment developed when company policy directs employees to do so. Workplace hazard identification and an assessment of those hazards may be required before every job. Analyses are usually developed when directed to do so by a supervisor, when indicated by the use of a first tier risk assessment and when a hazard associated with a task has a likelihood rating of 'possible' or greater. Generally, high consequence, high likelihood task hazards are addressed by way of a job safety analysis. These may include, but are not limited to, those with a history of, or potential for, injury, harm or damage such as those involving: - Fire, chemicals or a toxic or oxygen deficient atmosphere - Tasks carried out in new environments - Rarely performed tasks - Tasks that may impact on the integrity or output of a processing system It is important that employees understand that it is not the JSA form that will keep them safe on the job, but rather the process it represents. It is of little value to identify hazards and devise controls if the controls are not put in place. Workers should never be tempted to "sign on" the bottom of a JSA without first reading and understanding it. JSAs are quasi-legal documents and are often used in [incident investigations](/source/Accident_analysis) and court cases. ## Structure of a Job Safety Analysis A Job Safety Analysis (JSA) is typically developed through collaborative process involving workers who perform the task, along with Supervisors and Safety personnel. Involving individuals with direct task experience improves hazard recognition and supports the development of practical effective of control measures.[15] Previously completed JSAs may be used as references for similar work activities; however, each analysis should be reviewed to ensure that current site conditions, equipment, and environmental factors are adequately addressed. [16] JSAs are commonly documented in a standardized tabular format. The most basic structure consists of three columns: - Job Step - a sequential breakdown of the task into observable actions - Hazard - potential source of injury, illness, damage, or loss associated with each step[17] - Control - measures implemented to eliminate or reduce identified hazards[18] More detailed formats may include additional columns, such as risk ratings, responsible personnel, required permits, or verification steps, depending on organizational practices. A "hazard" is generally defined as any sources or situation with the potential to cause harm to personnel, property, or the environment. [17] A "control" refers to any measure used to eliminate or reduce a hazard. [18] ## Methodology A job safety analysis typically follows a structured process that includes selecting the task, breaking it into steps, identifying hazards, and implementing controls to reduce risk. A comprehensive job safety analysis typically follows a structured process: [19] 1. **Select the job** - Prioritize task with high injury potential, severity, or frequency. 1. **Break the job into steps** - Divide the job into sequential, observable actions. 1. **Identify hazards** - Evaluate each step for potential hazards, including: - Physical (noise, heat, radiation) - Chemical (vapors, dust, fumes) - Biological (pathogens) - Ergonomic (repetition, force, posture) - Psychosocial and organizational factors. 1. **Assess risk** - Determine risk by evaluating likelihood and severity of harm. 1. **Implement controls** - Apply the hierarchy of controls: 1. Elimination 1. Substitution 1. Engineering controls 1. Administrative controls 1. Personal protective equipment (PPE) 1. **Review and update** - The JSA should be reviewed periodically and updated when changes occur in equipment, processes, or work conditions. Continuous review ensures that hazards are effectively managed over time.[20] ## Example The following simplified example illustrates a job safety analysis for scaffolding and welding tasks: Job Hazard Control Erecting scaffolding Falling scaffolding components Barricade work area while erecting and dismantling scaffolding Working at height Verify scaffolder competence Inspect scaffold components and structure Tag scaffolding after approval Wear appropriate protective equipment (harness, hard hats, safety footwear etc.) Tether tools Welding Electrical current Wear insulated gloves Inspect cables, connections and tools before use Welding fumes Ventilate using intrinsically safe fume extraction fans Wear respiratory protection when appropriate Welding arc Wear welding helmet with eye protection, fire resistant overalls, welding gloves and apron Erect welding screens if appropriate Hot weld metal, sparks and slag Remove all combustibles from work area Lay out fireproof drop cloths. Set up appropriate fire fighting equipment in work area Maintain a fire watch during task plus 30 minutes. Housekeeping Obstacles in work area Maintain a clear path work area Remove unnecessary and vulnerable equipment Display warning signage Barricade danger areas ***Note:** This example is provided for illustrative purposes and may vary depending on specific tasks, environments, and organizational practices. ### Assessing risk levels Some organizations add columns for risk levels. The risk rating of the hazard prior to applying the control is known as the 'inherent risk rating'. The risk rating of the hazard with the control in place is known as the 'residual' risk rating. Risk, within the occupational health and safety sphere, is defined as the 'effect of uncertainties on objectives[21]'. In the context of rating a risk, it is the correlation of 'likelihood' and 'consequence', where likelihood is a quantitative evaluation of frequency of occurrences over time, and consequence is a qualitative evaluation of both the "Mechanism of Injury" and the reasonable and realistic estimate of "severity of injury". Example: - There is historical precedent to reasonably and realistically evaluate that the likelihood of an adverse event occurring while operating a hot particle producing tool, (grinder), is "possible", therefore the activity of grinding meets the workplace hazard criteria. - It would also be reasonable and realistic to assume that the mechanism of injury of an eye being struck at high speed with hot metal particles may result in a permanent disability, whether it be the eye of the grinder operator, a crew member or any person passing or working adjacent to, above or below the grinding operation. - The severity of reasonably and realistically expected injury may be blindness. Therefore, grinding warrants a high severity rating. - Wearing eye protection while in the vicinity of grinding operations reduces the likelihood of this adverse event occurring. - If the eye protection was momentarily not used, not fitted correctly or failed and hot high speed particles struck an eye, the expected mechanism of injury (adverse event) has still occurred, hence the consequence rating remains the same for both the inherent and residual consequence rating. - It is accepted that the control may affect the severity of injury, however, the rated consequence remains the same as the effect is not predictable. One of the known risk rating anomalies is that likelihood and the severity of injury can be scaled, but mechanism of injury cannot be scaled. This is the reason why the mechanism of injury is bundled with severity, to allow a rating to be given.[6] The MoI is an important factor as it suggests the obvious controls. ### Identifying responsibilities Another column that is often added to a JSA form or worksheet is the *Responsible* column. The Responsible column is for the name of the individual who will put the particular control in place. Defining who is responsible for actually putting the controls in place that have been identified on the JSA worksheet ensures that an individual is accountable for doing so. ### Application of the JSA After the JSA worksheet is completed, the work group that is about to perform the task would have a [toolbox talk](/source/Toolbox_talk), to discuss the hazards and controls, delegate responsibilities, ensure that all equipment and personal protective equipment described in the JSA are available, that contingencies such as [fire fighting](/source/Fire_fighting) are understood, communication channels and hand signals are agreed etc. Then, if everybody in the work group agrees that it is safe to proceed with the task, work can commence. If at any time during the task circumstances change, then work should be stopped (sometimes called a "time-out for safety"), and the hazards and controls described in the JSA should be reassessed and additional controls used or alternative methods devised. Again, work should only continue when every member of the work group agrees it is safe to do so. When the task is complete it is often of benefit to have a close-out or "tailgate" meeting, to discuss any lessons learned so that they may be incorporated into the JSA the next time the task is undertaken. ## References 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:7_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:7_1-1) ["Oregon Occupational Safety and Health : Job safety analysis : State of Oregon"](https://osha.oregon.gov/Pages/topics/job-safety-analysis.aspx). *osha.oregon.gov*. Retrieved 2026-03-25. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:6_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:6_2-1) Government of Canada, Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (2025-08-28). ["CCOHS: Job Safety Analysis"](https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms/job-haz.html). *www.ccohs.ca*. Retrieved 2026-04-13. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["What Is a Job Hazard Analysis (JHA)? | OSHA Guide - JSABuilder"](https://jsabuilder.com/resources/job-hazard-analysis.php). *jsabuilder.com*. Retrieved 2026-04-20. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Government of Canada, Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (2025-08-28). ["CCOHS: Job Safety Analysis"](https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms/job-haz.html). *www.ccohs.ca*. Retrieved 2026-04-20. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-:0_5-0)** OSHA. ["Recommended Practices for Safety and Health Programs"](https://www.osha.gov/safety-management/hazard-Identification#:~:text=Health%20hazards%20include%20chemical%20hazards,%2C%20repetitive%20motions%2C%20vibration).). *osha.gov*. OSHA. Retrieved November 13, 2023. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:2_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:2_6-1) Toney-Butler, Tammy J.; Varacallo, Matthew (2023), ["Motor Vehicle Collisions"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441955/), *StatPearls*, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [28722984](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28722984), retrieved 2023-11-16 1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** ["Likelihood In Risk Assessment: Scales, Calibration, And Scoring Methods | Risk Publishing"](https://riskpublishing.com/definition-of-likelihood-in-risk-assessment/,%20https://riskpublishing.com/). *riskpublishing.com*. 2023-07-13. Retrieved 2026-04-01. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:3_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:3_8-1) *AS/NZS4360:2009 Risk Management/year=2009*, Australian Standards 1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** *Risk Management - Risk assessment techniques - International Standard IEC/ISO 31010*, ISO, 2011, p. 90 1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** CDC (2022-05-18). ["ALARA - As Low As Reasonably Achievable"](https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/radiation/alara.html). *Centers for Disease Control and Prevention*. Retrieved 2023-11-16. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** How to determine what is reasonably practicable to meet a health and safety duty - Guidance note - Safe Work Australia - May 2013 1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** CDC (2026-03-13). ["Hierarchy of Controls"](https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/hierarchy-of-controls/about/index.html). *Hierarchy of Controls*. Retrieved 2026-04-20. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:1_13-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:1_13-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:1_13-2) ["Hierarchy of Controls | NIOSH | CDC"](https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/hierarchy/default.html). *www.cdc.gov*. 2023-01-17. Retrieved 2023-11-16. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** ["Job Safety Analysis (JSA) | Environmental Health and Safety - Office of the Vice President for Research | The University of Iowa"](https://ehs.research.uiowa.edu/occupational/job-safety-analysis-jsa). *ehs.research.uiowa.edu*. Retrieved 2026-04-20. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** ["Job Safety Analysis (JSA) | Environmental Health and Safety - Office of the Vice President for Research | The University of Iowa"](https://ehs.research.uiowa.edu/occupational/job-safety-analysis-jsa). *ehs.research.uiowa.edu*. Retrieved 2026-04-13. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** CDC (2026-03-13). ["Hierarchy of Controls"](https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/hierarchy-of-controls/about/index.html). *Hierarchy of Controls*. Retrieved 2026-04-01. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:4_17-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:4_17-1) ["What is a Hazard? Complete Guide to Types, Examples, and Control Measures"](https://ohse.ca/what-is-a-hazard/). *OHSE*. 2026-03-20. Retrieved 2026-04-01. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:5_18-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:5_18-1) ["Safety Management - Hazard Prevention and Control | Occupational Safety and Health Administration"](https://www.osha.gov/safety-management/hazard-prevention). *www.osha.gov*. 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[ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7337-9289-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7337-9289-2). v t e Occupational safety and health Occupational diseases and injuries Acrodynia Asbestosis Asthma Barotrauma Berylliosis Brucellosis Burnout Byssinosis ("brown lung") Cardiovascular Chalicosis Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy Chronic stress Chimney sweeps' carcinoma Coalworker's pneumoconiosis ("black lung") Concussions in sport Decompression sickness De Quervain syndrome Erethism Exposure to human nail dust Farmer's lung Fiddler's neck Flock worker's lung Glassblower's cataract Golfer's elbow Hearing loss Hospital-acquired infection Indium lung Laboratory animal allergy Lead poisoning Low back pain Mesothelioma Metal fume fever Mule spinners' cancer Noise-induced hearing loss Phossy jaw Pneumoconiosis Radium jaw Repetitive strain injury Silicosis Silo-filler's disease Sports injury Surfer's ear Tennis elbow Tinnitus Writer's cramp Occupational hygiene 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cylinder Independent doubles Manifolded twin set Scuba manifold Pony bottle Scuba configuration Sidemount Sling cylinder Diving rebreathers Carbon dioxide scrubber Carleton CDBA Clearance Divers Life Support Equipment Cryogenic rebreather CUMA DSEA Dolphin Halcyon PVR-BASC Halcyon RB80 IDA71 Interspiro DCSC LAR-5 LAR-6 LAR-V LARU Mark IV Amphibian Porpoise Ray Siebe Gorman CDBA Salvus Siva Surface-supplied diving equipment Air line Diver's umbilical Diving air compressor Gas panel Hookah Scuba replacement Snuba Standard diving dress Diving equipment manufacturers AP Diving Apeks Aqua Lung America Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique Beuchat René Cavalero Cis-Lunar Cressi-Sub Dacor DESCO Dive Xtras Divex Diving Unlimited International Drägerwerk Faber Fenzy Maurice Fernez Technisub Oscar Gugen Heinke HeinrichsWeikamp Johnson Outdoors Mares Morse Diving Nemrod Oceanic Worldwide Porpoise Shearwater Research Siebe Gorman Submarine Products Suunto Diving support equipment Access equipment Boarding stirrup Diver lift Diving bell Diving ladder Diving platform (scuba) Diving stage Downline Jackstay Launch and recovery system Messenger line Moon pool Breathing gas handling Air filtration Activated carbon Hopcalite Molecular sieve Silica gel Booster pump Carbon dioxide scrubber Cascade filling system Diver's pump Diving air compressor Diving air filter Water separator High pressure breathing air compressor Low pressure breathing air compressor Gas blending Gas blending for scuba diving Gas panel Gas reclaim system Gas storage bank Gas storage quad Gas storage tube Helium analyzer Nitrox production Membrane gas separation Pressure swing adsorption Oxygen analyser Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor Oxygen compatibility Decompression equipment Air-lock Built-in breathing system Decompression tables Diving bell Bell cursor Closed bell Clump weight Launch and recovery system Wet bell Diving chamber Diving stage Recreational Dive Planner Saturation diving system Platforms Dive boat Canoe and kayak diving Combat rubber raiding craft Liveaboard Subskimmer Diving support vessel HMS Challenger (K07) Underwater habitat Aquarius Reef Base Continental Shelf Station Two Helgoland Habitat Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station SEALAB Tektite habitat Remotely operated underwater vehicles 8A4-class ROUV ABISMO Atlantis ROV Team COTSBot CURV Deep Drone Épaulard Global Explorer ROV Goldfish-class ROUV Kaikō ROV Kaşif ROUV Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System Mini Rover ROV OpenROV ROV KIEL 6000 ROV PHOCA Scorpio ROV Sea Dragon-class ROV Seabed tractor Seafox drone SeaPerch SJT-class ROUV T1200 Trenching Unit VideoRay UROVs Safety equipment Diver down flag Diving shot ENOS Rescue-System Hyperbaric lifeboat Hyperbaric stretcher Jackstay Jonline Reserve gas supply General Diving spread Air spread Saturation spread Hot water system Sonar Underwater acoustic positioning system Underwater acoustic communication Freediving Activities Aquathlon Apnoea finswimming Freediving Haenyeo Pearl hunting Ama Snorkeling Spearfishing Underwater football Underwater hockey Underwater rugby Underwater target shooting Competitions Nordic Deep Vertical Blue Disciplines Constant weight (CWT) Constant weight bi-fins (CWTB) Constant weight without fins (CNF) Dynamic apnea (DYN) Dynamic apnea without fins (DNF) Free immersion (FIM) No-limits apnea (NLT) Static apnea (STA) Skandalopetra diving Variable weight apnea (VWT) Variable weight apnea without fins Equipment Diving mask Diving suit Hawaiian sling Polespear Snorkel (swimming) Speargun Swimfins Monofin Water polo cap Freedivers Deborah Andollo Simone Arrigoni Peppo Biscarini Michael Board Sara Campbell Derya Can Göçen Goran Čolak Carlos Coste Robert Croft Mandy-Rae Cruickshank Yasemin Dalkılıç Leonardo D'Imporzano Flavia Eberhard Şahika Ercümen Emma Farrell Francisco Ferreras Pierre Frolla Flavia Eberhard Mehgan Heaney-Grier Elisabeth Kristoffersen Andriy Yevhenovych Khvetkevych Loïc Leferme Enzo Maiorca Jacques Mayol Audrey Mestre Karol Meyer Kate Middleton Stéphane Mifsud Alexey Molchanov Natalia Molchanova Dave Mullins Patrick Musimu Guillaume Néry Herbert Nitsch Umberto Pelizzari Liv Philip Annelie Pompe Stig Severinsen Tom Sietas Martin Štěpánek Walter Steyn Tanya Streeter William Trubridge Devrim Cenk Ulusoy Fatma Uruk Danai Varveri Alessia Zecchini Nataliia Zharkova Kateryna Sadurska Hazards Barotrauma Drowning Freediving blackout Deep-water blackout Shallow-water blackout Hypercapnia Hypothermia Historical Ama Octopus wrestling Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming Organisations AIDA International Scuba Schools International Australian Underwater Federation British Freediving Association Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins Performance Freediving International Professional diving Occupations Ama Commercial diver Commercial offshore diver Hazmat diver Divemaster Diving instructor Diving safety officer Diving superintendent Diving supervisor Haenyeo Media diver Police diver Public safety diver Scientific diver Underwater archaeologist Military diving Army engineer diver Canadian Armed Forces Divers Clearance diver Frogman Minentaucher Royal Navy ships diver United States military divers U.S. Navy diver U.S.Navy master diver Military diving units 7th Marine Brigade Clearance Diving Branch (RAN) Commando Hubert Combat Divers Service (Lithuania) Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei Decima Flottiglia MAS Frogman Corps (Denmark) Fuerzas Especiales Fukuryu GRUMEC Grup Gerak Khas Jagdkommando JW Formoza JW GROM JW Komandosów Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine KOPASKA MARCOS Marine Commandos Marinejegerkommandoen Marine Raider Regiment Minedykkerkommandoen Namibian Marine Corps Operational Diving Unit Naval Diving Unit (Singapore) Naval Service Diving Section Naval Special Operations Command Operational Diving Division (SA Navy) Royal Engineers Russian commando frogmen Sappers Divers Group Shayetet 13 Special Air Service Special Air Service Regiment Special Actions Detachment Special Boat Service Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka) Special Forces Command (Turkey) Special Forces Group (Belgium) Special Operations Battalion (Croatia) Special Service Group (Navy) Special Warfare Diving and Salvage Tactical Divers Group US Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance US Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions US Navy SEALs Underwater Construction Teams Underwater Demolition Command Underwater Demolition Team Underwater Offence (Turkish Armed Forces) UNGERIN Underwater work Commercial offshore diving Dive leader Diver training Recreational diver training Hazmat diving Hyperbaric welding Marine construction Offshore construction Underwater construction Media diving Pearl hunting Police diving Potable water diving Public safety diving Scientific diving Ships husbandry Sponge diving Submarine pipeline Underwater archaeology Archaeology of shipwrecks Underwater cutting and welding Underwater demolition Underwater inspection Nondestructive testing Underwater logging Underwater photography Underwater search and recovery Underwater searches Underwater videography Underwater survey Salvage diving SS Egypt Kronan La Belle SS Laurentic RMS Lusitania Mars Mary Rose USS Monitor HMS Royal George Vasa Diving contractors COMEX Helix Energy Solutions Group International Marine Contractors Association Tools and equipment Abrasive waterjet Airlift Baited remote underwater video In-water surface cleaning Brush cart Cavitation cleaning Pressure washing Pigging Hot stab Lifting bag Remotely operated underwater vehicle Thermal lance Tremie Underwater weapons Limpet mine Speargun Hawaiian sling Polespear Underwater firearm Gyrojet Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun Powerhead Underwater pistols Heckler & Koch P11 SPP-1 underwater pistol Underwater revolvers AAI underwater revolver Underwater rifles ADS amphibious rifle APS underwater rifle ASM-DT amphibious rifle QBS-06 Recreational diving Recreational dive sites Index of recreational dive sites List of wreck diving sites Outline of recreational dive sites Children in scuba diving Specialties Altitude diving Cave diving Deep diving Ice diving Muck diving Open-water diving Rebreather diving Sidemount diving Solo diving Technical diving Underwater photography Wreck diving Diver organisations British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC) Cave Divers Association of Australia (CDAA) Cave Diving Group (CDG) Comhairle Fo-Thuinn (CFT) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas (FEDAS) Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins (FFESSM) International Association for Handicapped Divers (IAHD) Quintana Roo Speleological Survey (QRSS) Woodville Karst Plain Project (WKPP) Diving tourism industry Dive center Diving in Timor-Leste Diving in the Maldives Environmental impact of recreational diving Scuba diving tourism Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands Shark tourism Sinking ships for wreck diving sites Underwater diving in Guam Diving events and festivals Diversnight Underwater Bike Race Diving safety Human factors in diving equipment design Human factors in diving safety Life-support system Safety-critical system Scuba diving fatalities Underwater diving emergency Water safety Water surface searches Diving hazards List of diving hazards and precautions Environmental Current Delta-P Entanglement hazard Overhead Silt out Wave action Equipment Freeflow Use of breathing equipment in an underwater environment Failure of diving equipment other than breathing apparatus Single point of failure Physiological Cold shock response Decompression Nitrogen narcosis Oxygen toxicity Seasickness Uncontrolled decompression Diver behaviour and competence Incompetence Overconfidence effect Panic Task loading Trait anxiety Willful violation Consequences Barotrauma Decompression sickness Drowning Hypothermia Hypoxia Hypercapnia Hyperthermia Non-freezing cold injury Diving procedures Ascending and descending Emergency ascent Boat diving Canoe and kayak diving Buddy diving buddy check Decompression Decompression practice Pyle stop Ratio decompression Dive briefing Dive log Dive planning Rule of thirds Scuba gas planning Diver communications Diver rescue Diver training Doing It Right Drift diving Gas blending for scuba diving Night diving Rebreather diving Scuba gas management Solo diving Wall diving Risk management Checklist Hazard identification and risk assessment Hazard analysis Job safety analysis Risk assessment Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue Risk control Hierarchy of hazard controls Incident pit Lockout–tagout Permit To Work Redundancy Safety data sheet Situation awareness Diving team Bellman Chamber operator Diver medical technician Diver's attendant Diving supervisor Diving systems technician Gas man Life support technician Stand-by diver Equipment safety Breathing gas quality Testing and inspection of diving cylinders Hydrostatic test Sustained load cracking Diving regulator Breathing performance of regulators Occupational safety and health Association of Diving Contractors International International Marine Contractors Association Code of practice Contingency plan Diving regulations Emergency response plan Diving safety officer Diving superintendent Diving supervisor Operations manual Standard operating procedure Diving medicine Diving disorders List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders Cramp Motion sickness Surfer's ear Pressure related Alternobaric vertigo Barostriction Barotrauma Air embolism Aerosinusitis Barodontalgia Dental barotrauma Middle ear barotrauma Pulmonary barotrauma Compression arthralgia Decompression illness Dysbarism Oxygen Freediving blackout Hyperoxia Hypoxia Oxygen toxicity Inert gases Avascular necrosis Decompression sickness Dysbaric osteonecrosis Inner ear decompression sickness Isobaric counterdiffusion Taravana High-pressure nervous syndrome Hydrogen narcosis Nitrogen narcosis Carbon dioxide Hypercapnia Hypocapnia Breathing gas contaminants Carbon monoxide poisoning Immersion related Asphyxia Drowning Hypothermia Immersion diuresis Instinctive drowning response Laryngospasm Salt water aspiration syndrome Swimming-induced pulmonary edema Treatment Demand valve oxygen therapy First aid Hyperbaric medicine Hyperbaric treatment schedules In-water recompression Oxygen therapy Therapeutic recompression Personnel Diving Medical Examiner Diving Medical Practitioner Diving Medical Technician Hyperbaric nursing Screening Atrial septal defect Effects of drugs on fitness to dive Fitness to dive Psychological fitness to dive Research Researchers in diving physiology and medicine Arthur J. Bachrach Albert R. Behnke Peter B. Bennett Paul Bert George F. Bond Robert Boyle Alf O. Brubakk Albert A. Bühlmann John R. Clarke Guybon Chesney Castell Damant Kenneth William Donald William Paul Fife John Scott Haldane Robert William Hamilton Jr. Henry Valence Hempleman Leonard Erskine Hill Brian Andrew Hills Felix Hoppe-Seyler Christian J. Lambertsen Simon Mitchell Charles Momsen Neal W. Pollock John Rawlins Charles Wesley Shilling Edward D. Thalmann Jacques Triger Diving medical research organisations Aerospace Medical Association Divers Alert Network (DAN) Diving Diseases Research Centre (DDRC) Diving Medical Advisory Council (DMAC) European Diving Technology Committee (EDTC) European Underwater and Baromedical Society (EUBS) National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine Rubicon Foundation South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society (SPUMS) Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society (UHMS) United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit (NEDU) Law Civil liability in recreational diving Diving regulations Duty of care List of legislation regulating underwater diving Investigation of diving accidents Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage History of underwater diving History of decompression research and development History of dive computers History of Diving Museum History of scuba diving List of researchers in underwater diving Lyons Maritime Museum Man in the Sea Museum Timeline of atmospheric diving suits Timeline of diving technology Pearling in Western Australia US Navy decompression models and tables Archeological sites SS Commodore USS Monitor Queen Anne's Revenge Whydah Gally Underwater art and artists The Diver Jason deCaires Taylor Engineers and inventors Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont William Beebe Georges Beuchat Giovanni Alfonso Borelli Joseph-Martin Cabirol John R. Clarke Jacques Cousteau Charles Anthony Deane John Deane Louis de Corlieu Auguste Denayrouze Ted Eldred Henry Fleuss Émile Gagnan Karl Heinrich Klingert Peter Kreeft Christian J. Lambertsen Yves Le Prieur John Lethbridge Ernest William Moir Joseph Salim Peress Auguste Piccard Joe Savoie Willard Franklyn Searle Gordon Smith Augustus Siebe Pierre-Marie Touboulic Jacques Triger Historical equipment Aqua-Lung RV Calypso SP-350 Denise Magnesium torch Nikonos Porpoise regulator Standard diving dress Sub Marine Explorer Vintage scuba Diver propulsion vehicles Advanced SEAL Delivery System Cosmos CE2F series Dry Combat Submersible Human torpedo Motorised Submersible Canoe Necker Nymph R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle SEAL Delivery Vehicle Shallow Water Combat Submersible Siluro San Bartolomeo Welfreighter Wet Nellie Military and covert operations Raid on Alexandria (1941) Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior Scientific projects 1992 cageless shark-diving expedition Mission 31 Awards and events Hans Hass Award International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures NOGI Awards Women Divers Hall of Fame Incidents Dive boat incidents Sinking of MV Conception Diver rescues Alpazat cave rescue Tham Luang cave rescue Early diving John Day (carpenter) Charles Spalding Ebenezer Watson Freediving fatalities Stephen Keenan Loïc Leferme Audrey Mestre Nicholas Mevoli Natalia Molchanova Offshore diving incidents Byford Dolphin diving bell accident Drill Master diving accident Star Canopus diving accident Stena Seaspread diving accident Venture One diving accident Waage Drill II diving accident Wildrake diving accident Professional diving fatalities Roger Baldwin John Bennett Victor F. Guiel Jr. Francis P. Hammerberg Craig M. Hoffman Peter Henry Michael Holmes Johnson Sea Link accident Edwin Clayton Link Gerard Anthony Prangley Per Skipnes Robert John Smyth Albert D. Stover Richard A. Walker Lothar Michael Ward Joachim Wendler Bradley Westell Arne Zetterström Scuba diving fatalities 1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident 2026 Dhekunu Kandu cave diving incident Ricardo Armbruster Allan Bridge David Bright Berry L. Cannon Cotton Coulson Cláudio Coutinho E. Yale Dawson Deon Dreyer Milan Dufek Sheck Exley Maurice Fargues Fernando Garfella Palmer Guy Garman Steve Irwin death Jim Jones Henry Way Kendall Artur Kozłowski Yuri Lipski Kirsty MacColl Agnes Milowka François de Roubaix Chris and Chrissy Rouse Dave Shaw Wesley C. Skiles Dewey Smith Rob Stewart Esbjörn Svensson Josef Velek Publications Manuals NOAA Diving Manual U.S. Navy Diving Manual Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival Underwater Handbook Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving The new science of skin and scuba diving Professional Diver's Handbook Basic Scuba Standards and Codes of Practice Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO) DIN 7876 IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers General non-fiction The Darkness Beckons Goldfinder The Last Dive Shadow Divers The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure Research List of Divers Alert Network publications Dive guides Training and registration Diver training Competence and assessment Competency-based learning Refresher training Skill assessment Diver training standard Diving instructor Diving school Occupational diver training Commercial diver training Military diver training Public safety diver training Scientific diver training Recreational diver training Introductory diving ISO training standards Teaching method Muscle memory Overlearning Stress exposure training Skills Combat sidestroke Diver navigation Diver trim Ear clearing Frenzel maneuver Valsalva maneuver Finning techniques Scuba skills Buddy breathing Low impact diving Diamond Reef System Surface-supplied diving skills Underwater searches Recreational scuba certification levels Core diving skills Advanced Open Water Diver Autonomous diver CMAS* scuba diver CMAS** scuba diver Introductory diving Low Impact Diver Master Scuba Diver Open Water Diver Supervised diver Leadership skills Dive leader Divemaster Diving instructor Master Instructor Specialist skills Rescue Diver Solo diver Diver training certification and registration organisations European Underwater Federation (EUF) International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum (IDRCF) International Diving Schools Association (IDSA) International Marine Contractors Association (IMCA) List of diver certification organizations National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Nautical Archaeology Society Recreational diver course referral World Recreational Scuba Training Council (WRSTC) Commercial diver certification authorities Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme (ADAS) Commercial diver registration in South Africa Divers Institute of Technology Health and Safety Executive (HSE) Department of Employment and Labour Commercial diving schools Divers Academy International Norwegian diver school Free-diving certification agencies AIDA International (AIDA) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Performance Freediving International (PI) Scuba Schools International (SSI) Recreational scuba certification agencies American Canadian Underwater Certifications (ACUC) American Nitrox Divers International (ANDI) Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée (ANMP) British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC) Comhairle Fo-Thuinn (CFT) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas (FEDAS) Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins (FFESSM) Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee (FIAS) Global Underwater Explorers (GUE) International Association for Handicapped Divers (IAHD) International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (IANTD) International Life Saving Federation (ILS) Israeli Diving Federation (TIDF) National Academy of Scuba Educators (NASE) National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI) Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond (NOB) Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI) Professional Diving Instructors Corporation (PDIC) Professional Technical and Recreational Diving (ProTec) Rebreather Association of International Divers (RAID) Sub-Aqua Association (SAA) Scuba Diving International (SDI) Scuba Educators International (SEI) Scuba Schools International (SSI) Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu (TSSF) United Diving Instructors (UDI) YMCA SCUBA Program Scientific diver certification authorities American Academy of Underwater Sciences (AAUS) CMAS Scientific Committee Technical diver certification agencies American Nitrox Divers International (ANDI) British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Diving Science and Technology (DSAT) Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee (FIAS) International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (IANTD) Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI) Professional Diving Instructors Corporation (PDIC) Professional Technical and Recreational Diving (ProTec) Rebreather Association of International Divers (RAID) Trimix Scuba Association (TSA) Cave diving Cave Divers Association of Australia (CDAA) Cave Diving Group (CDG) Global Underwater Explorers (GUE) National Speleological Society#Cave Diving Group (CDG) National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI) Technical Diving International (TDI) Military diver training centres Defence Diving School Navy Diving Salvage and Training Center Underwater Escape Training Unit Military diver training courses United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course Underwater sports Surface snorkeling Finswimming Snorkeling/breath-hold Spearfishing Underwater football Underwater hockey Australia Turkey Underwater rugby Colombia United States Underwater target shooting Breath-hold Aquathlon Apnoea finswimming Freediving Open Circuit Scuba Immersion finswimming Sport diving Underwater cycling Underwater orienteering Underwater photography Rebreather Underwater photography Sports governing organisations and federations International AIDA International Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques) National AIDA Hellas Australian Underwater Federation British Freediving Association British Octopush Association British Underwater Sports Association Comhairle Fo-Thuinn Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins South African Underwater Sports Federation Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu Underwater Society of America) Competitions 14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship Underwater Hockey World Championships Underwater Orienteering World Championships Underwater Rugby World Championships Underwater divers Pioneers of diving Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro Aquanaut John Bevan Mary Bonnin Amelia Behrens-Furniss James F. Cahill Jacques Cousteau Billy Deans Dottie Frazier Trevor Hampton Hans Hass Hannes Keller Dick Rutkowski Teseo Tesei Arne Zetterström Underwater scientists archaeologists and environmentalists Michael Arbuthnot Robert Ballard George Bass Mensun Bound Louis Boutan Jeffrey Bozanic Hugh Bradner Cathy Church Eugenie Clark James P. Delgado Sylvia Earle John Christopher Fine George R. Fischer Anders Franzén Honor Frost Fernando Garfella Palmer David Gibbins Graham Jessop Swietenia Puspa Lestari Pilar Luna Robert F. Marx Anna Marguerite McCann Innes McCartney Charles T. Meide Mark M. Newell Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova John Peter Oleson Mendel L. Peterson Richard Pyle Andreas Rechnitzer William R. Royal Margaret Rule Gunter Schöbel Stephanie Schwabe Myriam Seco E. Lee Spence Robert Sténuit Peter Throckmorton Cristina Zenato Scuba record holders Pascal Bernabé Jim Bowden Mark Ellyatt Sheck Exley Nuno Gomes Claudia Serpieri Krzysztof Starnawski Underwater filmmakers and presenters Samir Alhafith David Attenborough Ramón Bravo Jean-Michel Cousteau Richie Kohler Paul Rose Andy Torbet Ivan Tors Andrew Wight James Cameron Underwater photographers Doug Allan Tamara Benitez Georges Beuchat Adrian Biddle Jonathan Bird Eric Cheng Neville Coleman Jacques Cousteau John D. Craig Ben Cropp Bernard Delemotte David Doubilet Candice Farmer John Christopher Fine Rodney Fox Ric Frazier Stephen Frink Peter Gimbel Monty Halls Hans Hass Henry Way Kendall Rudie Kuiter Joseph B. MacInnis Luis Marden Agnes Milowka Noel Monkman Pete Oxford Steve Parish Zale Parry Pierre Petit Leni Riefenstahl Fred Roberts Peter Scoones Brian Skerry Wesley C. Skiles E. Lee Spence Philippe Tailliez Ron Taylor Valerie Taylor Albert Tillman John Veltri Stan Waterman Michele Westmorland John Ernest Williamson J. Lamar Worzel Underwater explorers Caves Graham Balcombe Sheck Exley Martyn Farr Jochen Hasenmayer Jill Heinerth Jarrod Jablonski Brian Kakuk William Hogarth Main Tom Mount Jack Sheppard Bill Stone Reefs Arthur C. Clarke Wrecks Leigh Bishop John Chatterton Clive Cussler Bill Nagle Valerie van Heest Aristotelis Zervoudis Aquanauts Andrew Abercromby Joseph M. Acaba Clayton Anderson Richard R. Arnold Serena Auñón-Chancellor Michael Barratt (astronaut) Robert A. Barth Robert L. Behnken Randolph Bresnik Timothy J. Broderick Justin Brown Berry L. Cannon Scott Carpenter Gregory Chamitoff Steve Chappell Catherine Coleman Robin Cook Craig B. Cooper Fabien Cousteau Philippe Cousteau Timothy Creamer Jonathan Dory Pedro Duque Sylvia Earle Jeanette Epps Sheck Exley Albert Falco Andrew J. Feustel Michael Fincke Satoshi Furukawa Ronald J. Garan Jr. Michael L. Gernhardt Christopher E. Gerty David Gruber Chris Hadfield Jeremy Hansen José M. Hernández John Herrington Paul Hill Akihiko Hoshide Mark Hulsbeck Emma Hwang Norishige Kanai Les Kaufman Scott Kelly Karen Kohanowich Timothy Kopra Dominic Landucci Jon Lindbergh Kjell N. Lindgren Michael López-Alegría Joseph B. MacInnis Sandra Magnus Thomas Marshburn Matthias Maurer K. Megan McArthur Craig McKinley Jessica Meir Simone Melchior Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger Andreas Mogensen Karen Nyberg John D. Olivas Takuya Onishi Luca Parmitano Nicholas Patrick Tim Peake Thomas Pesquet Marc Reagan Garrett Reisman Kathleen Rubins Dick Rutkowski Tara Ruttley David Saint-Jacques Josef Schmid Robert Sheats Dewey Smith Steve Squyres Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper Robert Sténuit Hervé Stevenin Nicole Stott James Talacek Daniel M. Tani Robert Thirsk Bill Todd Mark T. Vande Hei Koichi Wakata Rex J. Walheim Shannon Walker John Morgan Wells Joachim Wendler Douglas H. Wheelock Peggy Whitson Dafydd Williams Jeffrey Williams Sunita Williams Reid Wiseman Kimiya Yui Writers and journalists Michael C. Barnette Victor Berge Philippe Diolé Gary Gentile Bret Gilliam Bob Halstead Hillary Hauser Trevor Jackson Steve Lewis John Mattera Rescuers Craig Challen Richard Harris Rick Stanton John Volanthen Frogmen Lionel Crabb Ian Edward Fraser Sydney Knowles James Joseph Magennis Commercial salvors Keith Jessop Science of underwater diving List of researchers in underwater diving Diving physics Metre sea water Neutral buoyancy Underwater acoustics Modulated ultrasound Underwater vision Underwater computer vision Diving physiology Blood shift Cold shock response Diving reflex Equivalent narcotic depth Maximum operating depth Physiological response to water immersion Thermal balance of the underwater diver Underwater vision Work of breathing Decompression theory Decompression models: Bühlmann decompression algorithm Haldane's decompression model Reduced gradient bubble model Thalmann algorithm Thermodynamic model of decompression Varying Permeability Model Equivalent air depth Oxygen window Physiology of decompression Diving environments Underwater exploration Deep-sea exploration Classification List of diving environments by type Altitude diving Benign water diving Confined water diving Deep diving Inland diving Inshore diving Muck diving Night diving Open-water diving Black-water diving Blue-water diving Penetration diving Cave diving Torricellian chamber Ice diving Wreck diving Recreational dive sites Underwater environment Underwater diving environment Impact Environmental impact of recreational diving Low impact diving Other Bathysphere Defense against swimmer incursions Diver detection sonar Offshore survey Rugged compact camera Underwater domain awareness Underwater vehicle Deep-submergence vehicle Aluminaut DSV Alvin American submarine NR-1 Bathyscaphe Archimède FNRS-2 FNRS-3 Harmony class bathyscaphe Sea Pole-class bathyscaphe Trieste II Deepsea Challenger Ictineu 3 JAGO Jiaolong Konsul-class submersible Limiting Factor Russian submarine Losharik Mir Nautile Pisces-class deep submergence vehicle DSV Sea Cliff DSV Shinkai DSV Shinkai 2000 DSV Shinkai 6500 DSV Turtle DSV-5 Nemo Submarine rescue International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office Submarine Escape and Rescue system (Royal Swedish Navy) McCann Rescue Chamber Submarine rescue ship Deep-submergence rescue vehicle LR5 LR7 MSM-1 Mystic-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle DSRV-1 Mystic DSRV-2 Avalon NATO Submarine Rescue System Priz-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28 Russian submarine AS-34 ASRV Remora SRV-300 Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System Type 7103 DSRV URF (Swedish Navy) Submarine escape Escape trunk Submarine escape training facility Submarine Escape Training Facility (Australia) Escape set Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus Momsen lung Steinke hood Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment Special interest groups Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia CMAS Europe Coral Reef Alliance Divers Alert Network Green Fins Finger Lakes Underwater Preserve Association Karst Underwater Research Nautical Archaeology Program Nautical Archaeology Society Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club PADI AWARE Reef Check Reef Life Survey Rubicon Foundation Save Ontario Shipwrecks SeaKeys Sea Research Society Society for Underwater Historical Research Society for Underwater Technology Underwater Archaeology Branch, Naval History & Heritage Command Neutral buoyancy facilities for Astronaut training Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory Neutral buoyancy pool Neutral buoyancy simulation as a training aid Neutral Buoyancy Simulator Space Systems Laboratory Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center Other Nautilus Productions Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device Scuba diving therapy Seabed mining Category Commons Glossary Indexes: Dive sites Divers Diving Outline Portal Authority control databases International GND National Israel Other Yale LUX --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Job safety analysis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_safety_analysis) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_safety_analysis?action=history)). 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