# Javanisation
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{{Short description|Javanese cultural dominance in Indonesia}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2024}}
{{Unbalanced|date=October 2024}}[[File:TMII Sasono Utomo.JPG|thumb|right|340px|The ''Sasono Utomo'' main building in [Taman Mini Indonesia Indah](/source/Taman_Mini_Indonesia_Indah), featuring Javanese [joglo](/source/joglo) architecture, stands in front of ''[Alun-Alun](/source/Alun-alun) [Pancasila](/source/Pancasila_(politics))''. The park was built by [Tien Suharto](/source/Tien_Suharto), former first lady and wife of [Suharto](/source/Suharto).]]
'''Javanisation''' is the process in which [Javanese culture](/source/Javanese_culture) dominates, assimilates, or influences other cultures in general ({{langx|id|Jawanisasi/Penjawaan}}). The term "Javanise" means "to make or to become Javanese in form, idiom, style, or character". This domination could take place in various aspects; such as cultural, language, politics, and social.
In its modern sense within [Indonesia](/source/Indonesia)n social, cultural and politics perspective; Javanization simply means the spreading of rural [Javanese population](/source/Javanese_people) of densely populated [Java](/source/Java) to less populated parts of the archipelago. While to others it could also mean the conscious or unconscious imposition of Javanese patterns of thought and behavior throughout Indonesia, in the sense of [cultural imperialism](/source/cultural_imperialism). In previous sense it is more focused on thinking and practice of those in power.[{{cite book
|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=i4RKmz2aJiEC&pg=PA51
|title =Chapter 3. Javanization, Inside Indonesian Society: Cultural Change in Java
|last =Mulder
|first =Niels
|year =2005
|publisher =Kanisius
|page =51
|isbn =9789792109498
|access-date =7 November 2013
}}
]
While other writer focused on its political aspect, which describes Javanisation as a process whereby [ethnic Javanese](/source/Javanese_people) or Javanised individuals gradually became the overwhelming and disproportionate majority of the governing elite in the Indonesian post-independence era.[{{cite thesis
|url =https://circle.ubc.ca/handle/2429/33606
|title =Javanization of Indonesian politics
|last =Thornton
|first =David Leonard
|year =1972
|publisher =The University of British Columbia
|doi =10.14288/1.0101705
|access-date =7 November 2013
}}
]
The term "Javanise" however, is not only to describe outward process, but also inward; it is also used to describes the adoption and assimilation of foreign social-cultural influences and elements into Javanese culture. These foreign influences are somehow interpreted and adopted to suit Javanese frame of reference, style, needs and social-cultural conditions. The adoption of Indian Hindu epics and cultural elements in 5th to 15th-century Java and the adoption of [Islam](/source/Islam) by [Wali Sanga](/source/Wali_Sanga) also [Roman Catholicism](/source/Catholic_Church) by [Franciscus van Lith](/source/Frans_van_Lith) into Javanese culture in 15th and late 19th - early 20th centuries are the notable examples.
The promotion and expansion of Javanese cultural elements, such as [Javanese language](/source/Javanese_language), architecture, [cuisine](/source/Javanese_cuisine), [batik](/source/batik), [wayang](/source/wayang), [gamelan](/source/gamelan), and [kris](/source/kris) are also can be seen as the manifestation of Javanisation process. The Javanese migration to settle in places out of their traditional homeland in [Central](/source/Central_Java) and [East Java](/source/East_Java) to other places in Indonesia ([Sumatra](/source/Sumatra), [Kalimantan](/source/Kalimantan), [Sulawesi](/source/Sulawesi), [Papua](/source/West_Papua_(region)), etc.), the [Malay Peninsula](/source/Malay_Peninsula) (esp. [Johor](/source/Johor) and [Selangor](/source/Selangor)), [Singapore](/source/Singapore), and [Suriname](/source/Suriname), is also a contributing factor of Javanisation process.
==Javanese domination in Nusantara==
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Wajangfiguur van karbouwenhuid voorstellende een pauzeteken TMnr 4551-27.jpg|thumb|right|Javanese cultural expressions, such as [wayang](/source/wayang) and [gamelan](/source/gamelan), are often used to promote Javanese culture.]]
This Javanese cultural hegemony or domination could take form in various aspects. Such as physical through the expansions and settlements of Javanese diaspora outside their traditional homeland in Java. In spiritual and behavioural aspects, the Javanisation process includes the promotion of [Javanese culture](/source/Javanese_culture) and values; such as obsession with elegance and refinements (Javanese: ''alus''), subtleness, politeness, courtesy, indirectness, emotional restraint and consciousness to one's social stature. Javanese values harmony and social order highly, and abhorred direct conflicts and disagreements. These Javanese values were often promoted through Javanese cultural expressions, such as [Javanese dance](/source/Javanese_dance), [gamelan](/source/gamelan), [wayang](/source/wayang), and [batik](/source/batik) as national culture of Indonesia. It also being reinforced through adherence to Javanese ''adat'' (traditional rules) in ceremonies, such as [slametan](/source/slametan), [satu suro](/source/satu_suro), Javanese wedding, and [naloni mitoni](/source/naloni_mitoni).
In the language aspect, such as the using of [Javanese](/source/Javanese_language) terms, idioms, and vocabularies outside of traditional Javanese language realm. For example, today it is commons for Indonesians to use Javanese terms to address people across Indonesia, such as ''mas'' (to address the same of age or slightly older male) or ''mba'' (for female counterparts). It is common in national capital [Jakarta](/source/Jakarta); however, this phenomenon has somewhat alarmed the [Malay](/source/Malay_language) and [Minangkabau](/source/Minangkabau_language)-speaking realms in [Sumatra](/source/Sumatra), also by the [Sundanese](/source/Sundanese_people) neighbors in western part of Java, that considered it as a form of Javanization and cultural imperialism.[{{cite web|url=https://jabar.inews.id/berita/kenapa-orang-sunda-tidak-mau-disebut-orang-jawa|title=Kenapa Orang Sunda Tidak Mau Disebut Orang Jawa? Ternyata Karena Jati Diri Ini|website=jabar.inews.id|publisher=[INews](/source/INews)|language=id|access-date=10 July 2025|date=28 October 2022|first=Asep|last=Supiandi}}]
In social and politics, the examples of perceived Javanisation such as numbers of [Indonesian President](/source/Indonesian_President)s are always Javanese (even [B. J. Habibie](/source/B._J._Habibie) who is maternally Javanese — and Javanese kinship is bilineal). Also the alleged Javanese political dominance in government administrations, civil service, military and police, as well as Javanese traits in Indonesian political culture.
==Early history==
[[File:Majapahit Empire.svg|thumb|right|The expansion of [Majapahit](/source/Majapahit) empire circa 14th century]]
The island of [Java](/source/Java) has been a centre stage of [Indonesian history](/source/Indonesian_history) for centuries, and [Javanese people](/source/Javanese_people) as the largest [ethnic groups in Indonesia](/source/ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia) have been dominating the [politics](/source/politics) and social landscapes in the past as well as modern [Indonesia](/source/Indonesia).
In its early stages, Javanese culture was heavily influenced by [India](/source/India)n [Hindu](/source/Hindu)-[Buddhist](/source/Buddhist) civilization. The example of this process is the adoption of many [Sanskrit](/source/Sanskrit) loanwords into [old Javanese](/source/old_Javanese), and the Javanisation of Indian Hindu epics such as [Ramayana](/source/Ramayana) and [Mahabharata](/source/Mahabharata) into Javanese version, and incorporating local deities such as [Semar](/source/Semar) and [Punakawan](/source/Punakawan) into their [Wayang](/source/Wayang) Purwa stories. The process of adopting Hindu influences is described as the [Sanskritisation](/source/Sanskritisation) of Java and the Javanisation of the Bharata.[{{cite book
|url =http://epress.anu.edu.au/austronesians/austronesians/mobile_devices/ch15.html
|title =Chapter 15. Indic Transformation: The Sanskritization of Jawa and the Javanization of the Bharata
|last =Supomo
|first =S
|editor-first1 =Peter
|editor-first2 =James J
|editor-first3 =Darrell
|editor-last1 =Bellwood
|editor-last2 =Fox
|editor-last3 =Tryon
|publisher =epress.anu.edu.au
|year =2006
|doi =10.22459/A.09.2006
|isbn =9780731521326
|access-date =6 November 2013
|doi-access =free
}}
] The blossoming of Javanese classical literature for example are the composing of [Kakawin Ramayana](/source/Kakawin_Ramayana) and [Arjunawiwaha](/source/Arjunawiwaha).
The early examples of Javanisation is the expansion of Javanese [Sailendra](/source/Sailendra)n arts — developed in 8th to 9th-century Central Java — that influences the aesthetics of [Srivijaya](/source/Srivijaya)n [Buddhist art](/source/Buddhist_art)s discovered in Sumatra, Southern Thailand and the [Malay Peninsula](/source/Malay_Peninsula). Despite absorbing Indian influences from [Gupta](/source/Gupta) and [Amaravati](/source/Amaravati_(mythology)) arts, to Southern India Pallava influences, Javanese Sailendran art in return influenced the art and aesthethic of the Southeast Asian region.
The early classical period, during Eastern Java [Mataram kingdom](/source/Mataram_kingdom) in the 10th century, saw the expansion of Javanese influence to [Bali](/source/Bali). East Javanese princess [Mahendradatta](/source/Mahendradatta) become the queen consort of King [Udayana Warmadewa](/source/Udayana_Warmadewa) of Bali, signify the Javanese increasing influences upon Bali. During the reign of [Airlangga](/source/Airlangga), Bali had effectively become a part of the East Javanese Hindu realm.
The expansion of [Singhasari](/source/Singhasari) kingdom in the 13th century during the reign of [Kertanegara](/source/Kertanegara) strengthened the Javanese influence in the region, especially upon Bali and [Melayu Kingdom](/source/Melayu_Kingdom) in Eastern coast of Sumatra, through [Pamalayu expedition](/source/Pamalayu_expedition). In 1200 CE, Mpu Jatmika from Java established the Hindu Kingdom of Negara Dipa by the river of Tapin; this was the start of the Javanese-style courts in South Kalimantan.
Followed by the expansion of [Majapahit](/source/Majapahit) empire circa 14th-century, the archipelago saw again the Javanese expansion. It was probably during this period that some of Javanese cultural elements, such as [gamelan](/source/gamelan) and [kris](/source/kris), being expanded and introduced to islands outside of Java; such as Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula and Borneo. It was during this era that the town [Banjarmasin](/source/Banjarmasin) in [South Kalimantan](/source/South_Kalimantan) and [Sukadana](/source/Sukadana) in West Kalimantan has been established as Javanese colony as the vassal of Majapahit. In 1400 CE, Negara Dipa was succeeded by the Hindu Kingdom of [Negara Daha](/source/Negara_Daha). The Javanese influences can be seen on [Banjar people](/source/Banjar_people) art, culture, and costumes that demonstrated Javanese styles.
It was also during the last period of Majapahit in the 15th century that the native [Austronesian](/source/Austronesian_peoples) elements of pre Hindu-Javanese style were revived, as demonstrated in [Sukuh](/source/Sukuh) and [Cetho](/source/Cetho) temples. The stiffer wayang style figures of statues and bas reliefs, and the [stepped pyramid](/source/stepped_pyramid) temple structure replaced the classic towering Hindu temples. This reverse of [Indianised kingdom](/source/Indianised_kingdom) process is also called the "Javanisation" of Hindu-Buddhist prototypes in Javanese art.[{{cite book
|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=CFW1tNel8m0C&q=Javanization&pg=PA71
|title =From Majapahit and Sukuh to Megawati Sukarnoputri: Continuity and Change in Pluralism of Religion, Culture and Politics of Indonesia from the XV to the XXI Century
|last =Fic
|first =Victor M.
|year =2003
|publisher =Abhinav Publications
|isbn =9788170174042
|access-date =7 November 2013
}}
]
==Later history==
[[File:Tropenmuseum Royal Tropical Institute Objectnumber 60006336 Portret van een Javaanse vrouw met ee.jpg|thumb|upright|The Javanese diaspora, such as those to [Suriname](/source/Suriname) in Dutch colonial period, also contributed to the spread of Javanese culture.]]
After the fall of Majapahit, [Demak Sultanate](/source/Demak_Sultanate) replace its hegemony in Southern Sumatra by appointing Javanese regent to rule [Palembang](/source/Palembang). In the early 17th century, the Sultanate of Palembang was established by Ki Gede ing Suro, a Javanese nobleman fleeing the Demak court intrigue after the death of Trenggana Sultan of Demak. The Sultanate of Palembang are known as the combination of various cultures; Malay, Javanese, Islamic and Chinese. The Javanisation process of Palembang Sultanate court is evident in the adoption of Javanese words and vocabularies into local [Malay Palembang dialect](/source/Musi_language), such as ''wong'' (people) and ''banyu'' (water).
During the ambitious [Sultan Agung](/source/Sultan_Agung)'s reign of [Mataram Sultanate](/source/Mataram_Sultanate) in the first half of the 17th century, Javanese culture again expanded, much of western and eastern region of Java are being Javanised. [Mataram's campaign](/source/Mataram_conquest_of_Surabaya) on eastern Javanese principalities such as Surabaya and Pasuruan expanded Mataraman influences on Java. Mataram expansion includes [Sundanese](/source/Sundanese_people) principalities of [Priangan](/source/Priangan) highlands; from Galuh Ciamis, Garut, Sumedang, Bandung, and Cianjur. It was during this period that Sundanese people were exposed and assimilated further into Javanese ''[Kejawen](/source/Kejawen)'' culture. The successful Javanization of Sundanese people can be seen in the examples of the sultanates of [Cirebon](/source/Cirebon_Sultanate) and [Banten](/source/Banten_Sultanate). Where the rulers and people were of Sundanese descent but assimilated themselves as Javanese and spoke his language. [Wayang golek](/source/Wayang_golek) are Sundanese taking on Javanese wayang kulit culture, similar shared culture such as [gamelan](/source/gamelan) and [batik](/source/batik) also flourished. It is probably during this times that [Sundanese language](/source/Sundanese_language) began to adopt the stratified degree of term and vocabulary to denote politeness, as reflected in [Javanese language](/source/Javanese_language). In addition, [Javanese script](/source/Javanese_script)s also used to write Sundanese as ''cacarakan''.
Foreign influences and ideas such as religions and beliefs are sometimes consciously and deliberately undergone changes and adaptations, being "Javanised" to be accepted by popular Javanese audiences. The examples such as the process that took place in the 15th century dubbed as "the [Islamisation](/source/Islamisation) of Java and the Javanisation of Islam."[{{Cite web |last=Ginanjar |first=Dhimas |title=Puasa Perspektif Jawanisasi Islam & Islamisasi Jawa |url=https://www.jawapos.com/opini/01443860/puasa-perspektif-jawanisasi-islam-islamisasi-jawa |access-date=2024-12-23 |publisher=Jawa Pos |language=id}}] The [Wali Sanga](/source/Wali_Sanga)s such as [Sunan Kalijaga](/source/Sunan_Kalijaga) are known to use Javanese cultural expressions such as [gamelan](/source/gamelan) and wayang to promote and spread Islamic faith. [Wayang sadat](/source/Wayang) is a variant of wayang that used to in tabligh and [da'wah](/source/da'wah) to spread Islamic messages. Another example Javanisation of Islam in Java is the construction of [tajug](/source/tajug) pyramidal multi-tiered roof of [Javanese mosque](/source/Java-Malay_architecture). Javanese mosque did not applied dome, minaret, brick or stone masonry, but instead adopted wood carpentry of [pendopo](/source/pendopo) and meru-like roofs derived from previous pre-Islamic art and architecture of Java. The example of this kinds of mosque are [Demak Great Mosque](/source/Demak_Great_Mosque) and Yogyakarta Grand Mosque.
File:DSC00253 Java Bromo Temple Indou Laotian Pasir (6226529310).jpg|A [Hindu](/source/Hindu) temple Pura Poten, [Bromo](/source/Mount_Bromo)
File:Candi Mendut 1.jpg|Mendut Vihara, a Buddhist monastery near [Mendut](/source/Mendut) temple, Magelang
File:Masjid Agung Demak.jpg|[Demak Great Mosque](/source/Demak_Great_Mosque) displaying a meru-like multi-tiered roof
File:Masjid Agung Yogyakarta.jpg|[Masjid Gedhe Kauman](/source/Kauman_Great_Mosque) in [Yogyakarta](/source/Yogyakarta), build in traditional Javanese multi-tiered roof
File:Ganjuran Church, exterior 01.jpg|[Ganjuran Church](/source/Ganjuran_Church) in Bantul, built in traditional Javanese architecture
[Catholics](/source/Catholics) faith for examples are also using Javanese vocabularies and frame of reference by using the term ''romo'' (Javanese: ''father'') for "father" to refer to [Catholic priest](/source/Priesthood_(Catholic_Church)). Catholic proselytising efforts also used traditional wayang art to spread their message; the [wayang wahyu](/source/Wayang) used to perform the biblical story and Christianity. In architecture, Catholicism also adopted Javanese style and architecture for their church, such as the [Ganjuran Church](/source/Ganjuran_Church) in Bantul, Yogyakarta, that constructed the shrine of Jesus in ancient Javanese [candi](/source/Candi_of_Indonesia) architecture. Another example includes Pohsarang Church in Kediri that built in traditional Javanese architecture.
During colonial [Dutch East Indies](/source/Dutch_East_Indies) period, numbers of Javanese are migrated to [Suriname](/source/Suriname) as plantation workers. Within the archipelago, Javanese are also migrate to several places such as Sumatra, Kalimantan and Johor in Malay peninsula. Regions such as northern [West Java](/source/West_Java), [Lampung](/source/Lampung) and [East Kalimantan](/source/East_Kalimantan) are known to have large numbers of Javanese settlers.
==Modern history==
thumb|upright|Javanese cultural identity were reinforced through traditional ceremonies, such as Javanese wedding.
After the [Indonesian revolution](/source/Indonesian_revolution) (1945–1949) and the independence of Indonesia, many of Indonesian national symbols are derived from its [Majapahit](/source/Majapahit) legacy, an empire that centred in Java in 14th to 15th century. [Indonesian flag](/source/Indonesian_flag) displayed Majapahit colours, the national motto [Bhinneka Tunggal Ika](/source/Bhinneka_Tunggal_Ika) and the state ideology [Pancasila](/source/Pancasila_(politics)) also demonstrates its Majapahit legacy. Indonesian founding fathers, especially [Sukarno](/source/Sukarno) did dig into Indonesian past of indigenous wisdom and philosophy to formulate the new nationhood of Indonesia. Naturally Javanese culture as one of the most influential major element in Indonesian culture contributed its share of influences.
During [Suharto](/source/Suharto)'s New Order regime (1966–1998), the political culture of Indonesia was somewhat perceived as being Javanised. The administration levels were also arranged in Javanese styles and idioms, such as ''[Kabupaten](/source/Kabupaten)'' and ''[desa](/source/Villages_of_Indonesia)'', the terms that were originally not familiar in some of Indonesian provinces, such as [West Sumatra](/source/West_Sumatra) and [Irian Jaya](/source/Papua_(province)). In this post-independence Indonesia sense, the term "Javanisation" is used to describe the process whereby [ethnic Javanese](/source/Javanese_people) and Javanised individuals gradually became the overwhelming and disproportionate majority of the governing elite in the Indonesian post-independence era.[{{Cite web |first=Muhamad Wafi |last=Fahriawan|title=Jawanisasi di Indonesia Sudah Berakhir? |url=https://www.netralnews.com/jawanisasi-di-indonesia-sudah-berakhir/M1Bhd0FtYmN1UXZqeGZmdi9ETEQvdz09 |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=netralnews.com |language=id}}] In politics, administration, authority and civil service perspective, this Javanisation is sometimes perceived negatively as it contains the worst elements of Javanese culture, such as rigidity of social hierarchy, [authoritarianism](/source/authoritarianism) and arbitrariness. A development that sometimes called as "[Mataramisation](/source/Mataram_Sultanate)" and "[feudalisation](/source/feudalism)", accompanied by fondness of status display and arrogance.[{{cite book
|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=i4RKmz2aJiEC&pg=PA51
|title =Chapter 3. Javanization, Inside Indonesian Society: Cultural Change in Java
|last =Mulder
|first =Niels
|year =2005
|publisher =Kanisius
|page =53
|isbn =9789792109498
|access-date =7 November 2013
}}
] A typical negative description of [priyayi](/source/priyayi) behaving like the member of Javanese upper class.
The [Transmigration program](/source/Transmigration_program) that relocate people from densely populated Java to other Indonesian islands, such as [Sumatra](/source/Sumatra), [Kalimantan](/source/Kalimantan), [Sulawesi](/source/Sulawesi), and [Indonesian New Guinea](/source/Indonesian_New_Guinea), is also criticised has accelerated and promoted the Javanisation process of Indonesia.[{{Cite web |author=Rusdianto|date=2023-02-20 |title=Sering Dianggap Jawanisasi dan Program Orde Baru, Begini Penjelasan Sebenarnya Tentang Transmigrasi |url=https://korankaltim.com/read/samarinda/59835/sering-dianggap-jawanisasi-dan-program-orde-baru-begini-penjelasan-sebenarnya-tentang-transmigrasi |access-date=2024-12-23 |work=Koran Kaltim|language=id}}] The issue also fuels with development disparity issues, where other islands are dissatisfied with the development and social welfare in their region, in contrast with infrastructure development and wealth distribution that seems to be in favour and focused on Java.[{{Cite web |date=2023-05-11 |first=Mahatma |last=Chryshna|title=Dinamika Transmigrasi di Indonesia: Sejak Kolonial hingga Setelah Reformasi |url=https://kompaspedia.kompas.id/baca/paparan-topik/dinamika-transmigrasi-di-indonesia-sejak-kolonial-hingga-setelah-reformasi |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=Kompas.id |language=id}}]
However, today in the era of [local autonomy](/source/Regional_autonomy), it is not relevant to connect the transmigration program to Javanisation issues, because the migration process is also conducted internally within Java, or within certain provinces. For example currently [Central Java](/source/Central_Java) is the largest source of migrants in Indonesia to other provinces, with most of Central Javanese heading to [Greater Jakarta](/source/Greater_Jakarta), [West Java](/source/West_Java), and [Banten](/source/Banten) regions.[{{Cite web |first=Budiawan |last=Sidik|date=2024-04-18 |title=Central Java is the largest source of migrants in Indonesia |url=https://www.kompas.id/baca/english/2024/04/17/en-jawa-tengah-menjadi-sumber-perantau-terbesar-di-indonesia |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=kompas.id |language=id}}][{{cite web
|url=http://bto.depnakertrans.go.id/trans_update/artikel.php?aid=247
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131106170012/http://bto.depnakertrans.go.id/trans_update/artikel.php?aid=247
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=6 November 2013
|title=Transmigrasi Enyahkan Paradigma Jawanisasi
|date=23 December 2005
|website=Bursa Transmigrasi
|publisher=Ministry of Work Force and Transmigration
|language=id
|access-date=6 November 2013
}}
] While in Eastern Indonesia such as in [Maluku](/source/Maluku_(province)) and Papua, the majority of the non-native settlers are from Sulawesi ([Bugis](/source/Bugis)-Makassar and [Buton](/source/Buton)) and Maluku itself, and not from Java. The transmigration should carefully examine economic potential, as well as social and cultural impact of the area. It is also based on the fact that the provinces which open themselves to [pluralism](/source/Cultural_pluralism) and accept inter-province settlers and migrations are usually developing more rapidly compared to those that isolate themselves.
Java itself has attracted ''perantau'' (migrant settlers) and workers from all over the Indonesian archipelago, and subsequently the demographics of Java are not homogenous. For example, certain ethnic groups with strong migration culture, such as [Minang](/source/Minangkabau_people) people hailed from West Sumatra,[{{Cite web |title=DPW Gebu Minang Jateng Siap Menggerakkan Ekonomi Era Tatanan Kehidupan Baru |url=https://www.beritamagelang.id/dpw-gebu-minang-jateng-siap-menggerakan-ekonomi-era-tatanan-kehidupan-baru |access-date=2024-12-23 |work=Berita Magelang|language=en}}] [Batak](/source/Batak_people) from North Sumatra, and [Bugis](/source/Bugis_people) from South Sulawesi,[{{Cite web |date=2015-09-04 |first=Suryadin |last=Laoddang|title=Diaspora Bugis Makassar di Pulau Jawa; Bagian 1 |url=https://www.suryadinlaoddang.com/2015/09/diaspora-bugis-makassar-di-pulau-jawa.html#google_vignette |access-date=2024-12-23 |language=en}}] has migrated to and settled in Java for generations, although majority of them are attracted to Greater Jakarta area.[{{Cite web |last=Sumandoyo |first=Arbi |date=2017-01-22 |title=Diaspora Orang Batak dan Lapo di Jakarta |url=https://tirto.id/diaspora-orang-batak-dan-lapo-di-jakarta-chuy |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=tirto.id |language=id}}]
==See also==
* [Hinduism in Java](/source/Hinduism_in_Java)
* [Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism](/source/Indonesian_Esoteric_Buddhism)
* [Kejawèn](/source/Kejaw%C3%A8n)
* [Malayisation](/source/Malayisation)
* [Indianised kingdom](/source/Indianised_kingdom)
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Cultural assimilation}}
Category:Cultural assimilation
Category:Javanese culture
---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Javanisation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanisation) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanisation?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.