# Javakheti

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Historical region

Historical region

Javakheti Historical region Map highlighting the historical region of Javakheti in Georgia Largest city Akhalkalaki Area • Total 2,588 km2 (999 sq mi) Elevation (highest point: Didi Abuli) 3,300 m (10,800 ft) Population (2014)[1] • Total 69,561 • Density 26.88/km2 (69.61/sq mi) Javakheti is not an official subdivision of the Georgia; it constitutes a historical region only.

**Javakheti** ([Georgian](/source/Georgian_language): ჯავახეთი [\[d͡ʒäväχe̞t̪ʰi\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Georgian)) or **Javakhk** ([Armenian](/source/Armenian_language): Ջավախք, *Javakhk*)*[a]*[2] is a historical province in southern [Georgia](/source/Georgia_(country)), corresponding to the modern municipalities of [Akhalkalaki](/source/Akhalkalaki), [Aspindza](/source/Aspindza_Municipality) (partly), [Ninotsminda](/source/Ninotsminda), and partly to the Turkey's [Ardahan Province](/source/Ardahan_Province). Historically, Javakheti's borders were defined by the [Kura River](/source/Kura_(South_Caucasus_river)) (Mtkvari) to the west, and the Shavsheti, [Samsari](/source/Samsari_Range) and Nialiskuri mountains to the north, south and east, respectively. The principal economic activities in this region are [subsistence agriculture](/source/Subsistence_agriculture), particularly [potatoes](/source/Potato) and raising [livestock](/source/Livestock).

In 1995, the [Akhalkalaki](/source/Akhalkalaki) and [Ninotsminda](/source/Ninotsminda) districts, comprising the historical territory of Javakheti, were merged with the neighboring land of [Samtskhe](/source/Samtskhe) to form a new administrative region, [Samtskhe–Javakheti](/source/Samtskhe%E2%80%93Javakheti). As of January 2020, the total population of Samtskhe–Javakheti is 152,100 individuals.[3] [Armenians](/source/Armenians) comprise the majority of Javakheti's population. According to the 2014 Georgian census, 93% (41,870) of the inhabitants in [Akhalkalaki Municipality](/source/Akhalkalaki_Municipality) and 95% (23,262) in [Ninotsminda Municipality](/source/Ninotsminda_Municipality) were Armenians, with only tiny numbers of ethnic [Georgians](/source/Georgians) and [Caucasus Greeks](/source/Caucasus_Greeks) remaining.[1]

## Etymology

The name *Javakheti* consists of the root *javakh* with the Georgian suffix *-eti*, commonly found in the names of countries and regions. *Javakheti* means the land of the [Javakhs](/source/Javakhians) (an ethnic subgroup of Georgians).[4] The earliest mention of the name is believed to be from 785 BC, in the inscriptions of the [Urartian](/source/Urartu) king [Argishti I](/source/Argishti_I_of_Urartu), as *Zabakha*.[5]

## History

### Antiquity

The ancient tribe of [Meskhetians](/source/Meskhetians) is the first known inhabitants of the area.[6]

In the sources, the region was recorded as *Zabakha* in 785 BC, by King [Argishti I](/source/Argishti_I_of_Urartu) of [Urartu](/source/Urartu) and, probably, meaning one of the ethnic groups of Urartu. According to [Cyril Toumanoff](/source/Cyril_Toumanoff), Javakheti, together with [Erusheti](/source/Erusheti), was part of the [Iberian](/source/Kingdom_of_Iberia_(antiquity)) duchy of Tsunda from the 4th or 3rd century BC. Since 2nd century BC to 5th century AD this region was a part of an Armenian province - [Gugark](/source/Gugark), in [Greater Armenia](/source/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)).

[Saint Nino](/source/Saint_Nino) entered [Iberia](/source/Kingdom_of_Iberia_(antiquity)) from Javakheti, one of the southern provinces of Iberia, and, following the course of the River Kura, she arrived in [Mtskheta](/source/Mtskheta), the capital of the kingdom, once there, she eventually began to preach Christianity, which culminated by [Christianization of Iberia](/source/Christianization_of_Iberia).

One of the earliest Armenian sources, [Faustus of Byzantium](/source/Faustus_of_Byzantium) (the 5th century) writes: “[Maskut](/source/Maskut) King [Sanesan](/source/Sanesan), extremely angry, was filled with hate for his tribesman, Armenian [King Khosrow](/source/Khosrov_III_the_Small), and gathered all of his troops—Huns, Pokhs, [Tavaspars](/source/Tabasaran_people), Khechmataks, Izhmakhs, Gats, Gluars, Gugars, Shichbs, Chilbs, Balasich, and Egersvans, as well as an uncountable number of other diverse nomadic tribes, all the numerous troops he commanded. He crossed his border, the great River Kura, and invaded the Armenian country.”[7]

In the 5th century during the rule of [Vakhtang I of Iberia](/source/Vakhtang_I_of_Iberia) Javakheti was a province of Iberia and after his death his second wife the Byzantine princess settled in [Tsunda](/source/Tsunda) (part of Javakheti).[8]

### Middle Ages

[Rat'i Surameli](/source/Rat'i_Surameli), Duke of Javakheti and Kartli, wearing a *[sharbush](/source/Sharbush)* and a front-opening *[qaba](/source/Qaba)* with *[tiraz](/source/Tiraz)*, slightly before 1186, [Vardzia](/source/Vardzia), southern Georgia, Inv. No. 5246-262.[9]

In the struggle against the [Arab occupation](/source/Arab_rule_in_Georgia), [Bagrationi](/source/Bagrationi_dynasty) dynasty came to rule over [Tao-Klarjeti](/source/Tao-Klarjeti_(historical_region)) and established the [Kingdom of the Iberians](/source/Kingdom_of_the_Iberians). Rulers of Tao-Klarjeti fought the Arabs from this region, and gradually incorporated surrounding lands of [Samtskhe](/source/Meskheti) and Javakheti, along with a few other lands, into its territory.[10]

10th century Armenian historian, [Ukhtanes](/source/Ukhtanes_of_Sebastia), wrote about the family tree of Kyrion, the Catholicos of Iberia. The literal translation of this text is as follows: Kyrion “came from the Iberians in terms of country and lineage, from the region of the Javakhs.” There can be no doubt that Ukhtanes believed Javakheti to be part of Iberia, and the [Javakhs](/source/Javakhians) to be Iberians.[11] Z. Aleksidze examines the viewpoint of this historian and the enlightened Armenian society of the 10th century on the problem that interests us in depth.[12]

In the mid-10th century, part of Javakheti was incorporated into [Kingdom of Abkhazia](/source/Kingdom_of_Abkhazia). In 964 [Leon III of Abkhazia](/source/Leon_III_of_Abkhazia) extended his influence to Javakheti, and during his reign the [Kumurdo Cathedral](/source/Kumurdo_Cathedral) was built.[13][14] In subsequent centuries, Javakheti remained in the hands of the [unified Georgian monarchy](/source/Kingdom_of_Georgia#Unification_of_the_Georgian_State) and had a period of significant development, during which numerous bridges, churches, monasteries, and royal residences (Lgivi, Ghrtila, Bozhano, [Vardzia](/source/Vardzia), etc.) were built. This territory suffered greatly from the invasions of [Alp Arslan](/source/Alp_Arslan) in 1064. In 1118, the Seljuks again invaded Javakheti and killed its ruling Georgian feudal lord, [Beshken II Jaqeli](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beshken_II_Jaqeli&action=edit&redlink=1) [[ka](https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C_II_%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%A7%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98)]. However, King [David the Builder](/source/David_IV_of_Georgia) managed to take revenge on them and defeat them.[15]

In 1245, Javakheti came under the control of the [Toreli](/source/Toreli) feudal family. In 1268, Javakheti was annexed by the principality of [Samtskhe-Saatabago](/source/Samtskhe-Saatabago), ruled by the [House of Jaqeli](/source/House_of_Jaqeli). In 1587, the region, along with the entirety of the Principality, was occupied by the [Ottoman Empire](/source/Ottoman_Empire) becoming the [Childir Eyalet](/source/Childir_Eyalet). The area's population was devastated by the [Turco-Mongol](/source/Turco-Mongol) incursions. In 1484, [Yaqub bin Uzun Hasan](/source/Yaqub_bin_Uzun_Hasan) of the [Aq Qoyunlu](/source/Aq_Qoyunlu) devastated the principality. Islam began to spread in the area among both Georgians and Armenians.

In the XVI century, as mentioned, the [Ottoman Empire](/source/Ottoman_Empire) conquered the region of Javakheti. Toward the end of the same century, in an effort to maximize tax collection, the [Ottoman](/source/Ottoman_Empire) authorities conducted a comprehensive population survey of the area. According to the data obtained from this survey, it is evident that [Georgians](/source/Georgians) made up approximately 90 – 95 % of Javakheti’s population during the 16th century. Therefore, claims by certain Armenian scholars, publicists, and political commentators suggesting that Javakheti was historically part of the Armenian domain prior to the 19th century are not supported by historical evidence.[16]

As the Georgian Church began to lose influence in the area, many Georgians became [Muslim](/source/Islam), the process is also known as [Turkification](/source/Turkification) of [Meskhetians](/source/Meskhetians) (then [Meskhetian Turks](/source/Meskhetian_Turks)).[17]

### Russian Empire

In the first third of the 19th century, following the [Russo-Persian War (1804-1813)](/source/Russo-Persian_War_(1804-1813)) and the [Russo-Persian War of 1826-1828](/source/Russo-Persian_War_(1826-1828)), Russia conquered the [Southern Caucasus](/source/Southern_Caucasus), and most of Georgia, along with the rest of the Caucasus, was incorporated within the [Russian Empire](/source/Russian_Empire). When the Russians conquered Javakheti it was home to 1,716 [Armenians](/source/Armenians) (67.7%), 639 [Muslim](/source/Meskhetian_Turks) (25.2%), and 179 [Georgian](/source/Georgians) families (7.1%). Many of the Muslim families chose to resettle in the Ottoman Empire following the Russian annexation of the region. The Tsarist government initiated a plan to resettle its new frontier with [Iran](/source/Qajar_Iran) and [Turkey](/source/Ottoman_Empire) with Armenians who they deemed to be loyal. In total some 90,000 Armenians from the [Ottoman Empire](/source/Ottoman_Empire) and 40,000 Armenians from [Qajar Iran](/source/Qajar_Iran) resettled in the Russian Caucasus, primarily the [Armenian Oblast](/source/Armenian_Oblast).[18] In 1829 some 7,300 Armenian families (58,000 people) resettled in [Meskheti](/source/Meskheti), Javakheti, and [Trialeti](/source/Trialeti).[19] Armenians moving to [Trialeti](/source/Trialeti) were joined by Turkish-speaking [Caucasus Greeks](/source/Caucasus_Greeks) known as [Urums](/source/Urums).[20] Armenians moving to Javakheti were joined by a number of [Doukhobors](/source/Doukhobors), a spiritual Christian sect from Russia. In the early 20th century, a large number of [Armenian](/source/Armenians) refugees from the [Armenian genocide](/source/Armenian_genocide) in the [Ottoman Empire](/source/Ottoman_Empire), and [Doukhobor](/source/Doukhobor) sect members of [Russian Empire](/source/Russian_Empire), settled the region.

An 1886 report found 63,799 people living in Javakheti, of which 46,384 were Armenians (72.7%), 6,674 Russians (10.5%), 6,091 Turks (9.5%), and 3,741 Georgians (5.9%). The [Russian Empire Census](/source/Russian_Empire_Census) of 1897 found 72,709 people in Javakheti, of which 52,539 were Armenians (72.3%), 6,868 were Turks (9.4%), 6,448 were Georgians, and 5,155 were Russians (7.1%).

By 1916, the ethno-religious composition of the Javakheti region (Akhalkalaki Uyezd) was the following:[21]

Nationality Urban Rural TOTAL Armenians 6,151 76,624 82,775 77.2% Georgians 265 10,039 10,304 9.6% Russians 429 7,113 7,542 7.0% Shia Muslims 0 5,431 5,431 5.1% Kurds 0 904 904 0.8% Jews 204 0 204 0.2% TOTAL 7,055 100,118 107,173 100.0%

### Brief independence

Following the [Russian Revolution](/source/Russian_Revolution), Javakheti was incorporated into the short-lived [Democratic Republic of Georgia](/source/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia), however, it was strongly disputed by the [Democratic Republic of Armenia](/source/First_Republic_of_Armenia) which claimed the region on grounds of history and ethnography. [Hovannisian](/source/Richard_G._Hovannisian), a notable historian on the topic of the interwar republic of Armenia, describes the fate of the more than eighty-thousand [Armenians](/source/Armenians_in_Georgia) of Javakheti after the region's occupation by the [Ottoman army](/source/Ottoman_army):[22]

Thirty thousand had perished as the result of the [Turkish occupation](/source/Caucasus_campaign), and those who survived were starving. Some mothers attempted to save their daughters by offering them as wives to Georgian militiamen and soldiers ... hundreds of women and children were pressed into servitude in the adjacent Muslim districts. All roads leading away from Akhalkalak were strewn with the bodies of fleeing Armenians. In September ... of the more than 80,000 Armenians in the county at the beginning of 1918, only 40,000 were left and that these were rapidly succumbing to famine, foreign marriages, concubinage, or to even worse fates. Although the Tiflis government regarded Akhalkalak as an integral part of the Republic of Georgia ... it did nothing to relieve the agony.

[Lord Curzon](/source/George_Curzon%2C_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston) during the [Paris Peace Conference](/source/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)) discussions on the fate of the independent Transcaucasian republics assessed the ethnographic situation in the southwestern *uezds* of the Tiflis Governorate:[23][24]

Along the line marking the proposed northeastern boundary of Armenia, the counties of Akhalkalaki and Akhaltsikhe fell on the Georgian side, even though, it was stated, they were populated primarily by the Armenian descendants of refugees from Turkey: “On the grounds of nationality, therefore, these districts ought to belong to Armenia, but they command the heart of Georgia strategically, and on the whole it would seem equitable to assign them to Georgia, and give their Armenian inhabitants the option of emigration into the [wide territories assigned to the Armenians towards the south-west](/source/Wilsonian_Armenia).”

### Soviet era

Georgia came fully under [Soviet](/source/Soviet_Union) control in 1921, and Javakheti, along with other former Georgian territories, became part of the [Georgian SSR](/source/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic). The remaining Muslim minority in Javakheti, also known as "[Meskhetian Turks](/source/Meskhetian_Turks)", were deported to [Uzbekistan](/source/Uzbekistan) in 1944 during the regime of [Stalin](/source/Stalin).[18]

### Modern Georgia

Currently [Armenians](/source/Armenians) form the ethnic majority in the region.[25] Since independence many members of the [Doukhobor](/source/Doukhobor) community have left for Russia.[18] Ecological migrants from Adjara are also present.[26]

## Current situation

Between 2006 and 2011, 220km of the highway from Kvemo Kartli to Samtskhe-Javakheti was improved as part of a program of the [US](/source/United_States) [Millennium Challenge Account](/source/Millennium_Challenge_Account) to more effectively link the region with the rest of Georgia.[27] In more recent years, a railway line has been constructed to run between [Kars](/source/Kars), [Turkey](/source/Turkey) to [Baku](/source/Baku), [Azerbaijan](/source/Azerbaijan) via the area (see: [Baku–Tbilisi–Kars railway](/source/Baku%E2%80%93Tbilisi%E2%80%93Kars_railway)), which opened in 2017. The Armenian population of Javakheti was opposed to this rail link because it excludes and isolates [Armenia](/source/Armenia). There is already another railroad linking Georgia, Armenia and Turkey, which is the [Kars–Gyumri–Tbilisi railway](/source/Kars%E2%80%93Gyumri%E2%80%93Tbilisi_railway) line. The existing line is in working condition and could be operational within weeks, but due to the [Turkish blockade of Armenia since 1993](/source/Turkish%E2%80%93Azeri_blockade_of_Armenia), the railroad is not operational.

## See also

- [Armenians in Georgia](/source/Armenians_in_Georgia) - [Armenians in Samtskhe-Javakheti](/source/Armenians_in_Samtskhe-Javakheti)

- [List of Armenian ethnic enclaves](/source/List_of_Armenian_ethnic_enclaves)

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** [Classical spelling](/source/Classical_Armenian_orthography): Ջաւախք

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Census_2014_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Census_2014_1-1) ["Population Census 2014"](http://www.geostat.ge/index.php?action=page&p_id=2153&lang=eng). *www.geostat.ge*. National Statistics Office of Georgia. November 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Rezvani, Babak (2014). *Conflict and Peace in Central Eurasia: Towards Explanations and Understandings*. BRILL. p. [1](https://books.google.com/books?id=juziBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1&dq=javakheti+javakhk+armenian+georgian). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9789004276369](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004276369). ...**Javakheti** (called Javakhk by Armenians).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** ["Statistical information about Samtskhe–Javakheti region"](https://www.geostat.ge/regions/). *National Statistics Office of Georgia*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Gagloevi, Giorgi (2016). *Historical Regions of Georgia*. Gori. p. 41. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-9941-0-8493-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9941-0-8493-5).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Melkonyan, Ashot (2007). *Javakhk in the 19th century and the 1st quarter of the 20th century : a historical research*. Erevan: National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, Institute of History. p. 36. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-9994173075](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9994173075).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Melikishvili, Giorgi, *Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia*, Vol. 7, Tbilisi, 1984, p. 146.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** ИСТОРИЯ АРМЕНИИ [*History of Armenia*] (in Russian). [Yerevan](/source/Yerevan), [Armenian SSR](/source/Armenian_SSR): [Academy of Sciences of Armenian SSR](/source/Armenian_National_Academy_of_Sciences). 1953.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_of_Georgia201255_9-0)** [History of Georgia 2012](#CITEREFHistory_of_Georgia2012), p. 55.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Flood, Finbarr Barry (2017). [*A Turk in the Dukhang? Comparative Perspectives on Elite Dress in Medieval Ladakh and the Caucasus*](https://www.academia.edu/35061254). Austrian Academy of Science. p. 252, Fig. 19.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_of_Georgia2012192_11-0)** [History of Georgia 2012](#CITEREFHistory_of_Georgia2012), p. 192.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMravaltavi2005269–272_12-0)** [Mravaltavi 2005](#CITEREFMravaltavi2005), pp. 269–272. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMravaltavi2005 ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** ["CA&CC; Press® AB"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120125154352/http://www.ca-c.org/c-g/2011/journal_eng/c-g-1-2/13.shtml). *www.ca-c.org*. Archived from [the original](http://www.ca-c.org/c-g/2011/journal_eng/c-g-1-2/13.shtml#nazad43) on 2012-01-25.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Eparchy_of_Shemoqmedi_14-0)** ["Kumurdo Church"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030203/http://www.shemoqmedi.ge/Shemoqmedi%20site%20english/geo%20church%20monastery/Kumurdo.htm). Georgian patriarchate, Eparchy of Shemoqmedi. Archived from [the original](http://www.shemoqmedi.ge/Shemoqmedi%20site%20english/geo%20church%20monastery/Kumurdo.htm) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** ["Kumurdo"](http://www.parliament.ge/~lika/ancient/kumurdo/kumurdo_show.htm). Parliament of Georgia. Retrieved 5 March 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_of_Georgia2012356_16-0)** [History of Georgia 2012](#CITEREFHistory_of_Georgia2012), p. 356.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbuladze198328–29_17-0)** [Abuladze 1983](#CITEREFAbuladze1983), pp. 28–29.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** Floor, Willem (2001). Safavid Government Institutions. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers, p. 195.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Gammer2004_19-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Gammer2004_19-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Gammer2004_19-2) Moshe Gammer (25 June 2004). *The Caspian Region, Volume 2: The Caucasus*. Routledge. pp. 24–. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-135-77541-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-77541-4).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** [Migration of Armenians](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F) (Russian).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Boeschoten, Hendrik; Rentzsch, Julian (2010). [*Turcology in Mainz*](https://books.google.com/books?id=XtW6cox7CIUC&q=Turcology+in+Mainz). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 142. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-447-06113-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-06113-1). Retrieved 9 July 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** [*Кавказский календарь на 1917 год*](https://web.archive.org/web/20211104233151/https://www.prlib.ru/item/417322) [*Caucasian calendar for 1917*] (in Russian) (72nd ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1917. pp. 206–213. Archived from [the original](https://www.prlib.ru/item/417322) on 4 November 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** Hovannisian, Richard G. (1971–1996). *The Republic of Armenia*. Vol. 2. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 151–152. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-520-01805-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-01805-2). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [238471](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/238471).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** Britain, Cab 27/37, E.C. 2525.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** Hovannisian, Richard G. (1971–1996). *The Republic of Armenia*. Vol. 1. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 267. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-520-01805-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-01805-2). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [238471](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/238471).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** ["Armenians in Javakheti"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110708124400/http://www.caucaz.com/home_eng/breve_contenu.php?id=235). Archived from [the original](http://www.caucaz.com/home_eng/breve_contenu.php?id%3D235) on July 8, 2011. Retrieved February 10, 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** Lyle, Justin. ["Resettlement of Ecological Migrants in Georgia"](https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/140733/Working_Paper_53_en.pdf) (PDF). ECMI. European Center for minority issues. Retrieved 12 October 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-MCC2013_28-0)** ["Rehabilitating the Samtskhe-Javakheti Road in Georgia"](https://www.mcc.gov/resources/doc/evalbrief-011013-geo-sj-roads). *Millennium Challenge Corporation*. Retrieved 12 October 2023.

## Bibliography

- [Lalayan, Yervand](/source/Yervand_Lalayan) (1895). [Ջաւախք](https://archive.org/details/Javakhk) [*Javakhk'*] (in Armenian). Azgagrakan Handes [Ethnographic Review].

- Abuladze, Tsisana (1983). *Turkish Sources for the History of Samtskhe-Saatabago in the First Quarter of the 16th Century* (in Georgian). Tbilisi: Mecniereba.

- Lortkipanidze, Mariam; Japaridze, Otar; Muskhelishvili, David; Metreveli, Roin (2012). [*History of Georgia in four volumes, vol. II - History of Georgia from the 4th century to the 13th century*](https://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/handle/1234/71346). Tbilisi: National Academy of Sciences of Georgia. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-9941-19-585-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9941-19-585-3).

- K. Kekelidze Institute of Manuscripts (2005). [*Mravaltavi: Philological and Historical Researches, Vol. XXI*](https://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/handle/1234/259100). Tbilisi: National Centre of Manuscripts; K. Kekelidze Institute of Manuscripts. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1512-0619](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1512-0619).

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Javakheti](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Javakheti).

[41°24′00″N 43°30′00″E / 41.4000°N 43.5000°E / 41.4000; 43.5000](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Javakheti&params=41.4000_N_43.5000_E_source:wikidata)

v t e Historical regions of Georgia Abkhazia Abkhazeti Abzhua Samurzakano Tsebelda Adjara Lazeti Machakhela Guria Lazika Surebi Imereti Argveti Vake Mukhurisi Okriba Sachino Sajavakho Kakheti Garekakheti Gagmamkhari Gujareti Hereti Kiziki Saingilo Tusheti Kvemo Kartli Borchalo Dmaniskhevi Gardabani Gachiani Trialeti Mtskheta-Mtianeti Chartali Ertso-Tianeti Khada Khandro Khevi Khevsureti Kherki Khorkhi Ksniskhevi Mtiuleti Mukhrani Pshavi Pkhovi Tskhavati Tskhradzmiskhevi Tsanareti Tsilkani Tsobeni Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti Kvemo Svaneti Lechkhumi Racha Takveri Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti Egrisi Odishi Sabediano Samegrelo Zemo Svaneti Shida Kartli Bazaleti Dvaleti Maghrandvaleti Samachablo Zena Sopeli Tao-Klarjeti Tao Klarjeti Speri Kola Shavsheti Artaani Nigali Basiani Sokhoista Zemo Kartli Tori Samtskhe Javakheti

v t e Subregions of Tao-Klarjeti Tao Lower Tao Upper Tao Narimani Panaskerti Parkhali Klarjeti Borchkha Machakheli Nigali Shavsheti Adjara Samtskhe Tori Trialeti Meskheti Javakheti Artaani Erusheti Kola Chrdili (Palakazio) Abotsi Other Speri Basiani Tchaneti

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