# Jarlig

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Historical Mongol government edict

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Jarlig of [Temür Qutlugh](/source/Tem%C3%BCr_Qutlugh) khan (copy), 1397.

A **jarlig,**[1][2][3] also written ***yarlyk*** (from [Russian](/source/Russian_language): [ярлы́к](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA) and [Ukrainian](/source/Ukrainian_language): ярлик), is an edict, permission, license, or written commandant of [Mongol](/source/Mongol_Empire) and [Chinggisid](/source/Chinggisid) rulers' "formal diplomas."[4] It was one of three non-fundamental [law](/source/Law) pronouncements that had the effect of regulation or ordinance, the other two being *debter* (a record of precedence cases for administration and judicial decisions) and *billing* (maxims or sayings attributed to [Genghis Khan](/source/Genghis_Khan)). The jarlig provides important information about the running of the [Mongol Empire](/source/Mongol_Empire).

[Ögedei](/source/%C3%96gedei) Khagan prohibited the nobility from issuing [gergees](/source/Paiza) (tablet that gave the bearer authority to demand goods and services from civilian populations) and jarligs in the 1230s.

From the mid-13th to mid-15th centuries, all princes of Northeastern Rus received jarligs authorizing their rule. The issuing of jarligs on governing of Rus finalized the establishment of the title of [Grand Duke of Vladimir](/source/Grand_Duke_of_Vladimir) (Grand Prince). Initially, those jarligs came from the [qaghan](/source/Khagan) in [Karakorum](/source/Karakorum), but after [Batu](/source/Batu_Khan) established the [khanate](/source/Khanate) of the Golden Horde (c. 1227), they came from [Sarai](/source/Sarai_(city)). None of these jarligs, however, is extant. In the mid-15th century, Grand Duke [Basil II](/source/Basil_II_of_Muscovy) of Moscow began forbidding other Rus princes from receiving the jarlig from Mongol khans, thus establishing the right of the Moscow grand prince to authorize local princely rule. Mongol leaders gave the jarlig to emissaries, travelers, monks, and merchants to give them free passage, exemptions from taxes and imposts and security.[5]

[Kublai Khan](/source/Kublai_Khan) began the practice of having the four great aristocrats in his [kheshig](/source/Kheshig) sign all jarligs (decrees), a practice that spread to all other Mongol khanates in 1280.

[Ghazan](/source/Ghazan) reformed the issuance of jarligs (edicts), creating set forms and graded seals, ordering that all jarligs be kept on file at court in Persia. Jarligs older than 30 years were to be canceled, along with old [paizas](/source/Paiza) (Mongol seals of authority).

Even after 1260, the [Yuan Dynasty](/source/Yuan_Dynasty) in China still considered *jarlig* must be issued by only Qa'an/Khagan (Emperor) but *linkji* by khans (princes) of three western khanates.[6] However, some high-ranking officials continued to issue jarligs under the name of a khan or Emperor in [Central Asia](/source/Central_Asia).[7]

The Rus' metropolitan archive[*[which?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words)*] preserves six jarligs, constituting the so-called Short Collection, which are considered to be translations into Russian of authentic patents issued from the [Qipchaq Khanate](/source/Qipchaq_Khanate):[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

1. from Khan Tiuliak (Tulunbek) of [Mamai](/source/Mamai)'s Horde to Metropolitan Mikhail (Mitia) (1379)

1. from [Khatun](/source/Khatun) Taydula to the Rus' princes (1347)

1. from Khan [Mengu-Timur](/source/Mengu-Timur) to [Metropolitan Peter](/source/Peter_of_Moscow) (1308)

1. from Khatun Taydula to Metropolitan Feognost (1343)

1. from Khan [Berdibeg](/source/Berdibeg) to [Metropolitan Alexius](/source/Metropolitan_Alexius) (Alexei) (1357)

1. from Khatun Taydula to Metropolitan Alexius (1354)

A seventh jarlig, which purports to be from [Khan Özbeg](/source/Khan_%C3%96zbeg) to Metropolitan Peter, found in the so-called full collection, has been determined to be a sixteenth-century forgery. The jarlig to the metropolitans affirm the freedom of the Church from taxes and tributes, and declare that the Church's property should be protected from expropriation or damage as long as Rus' churchmen pray for the well-being of the khan and his family.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

## Contemporary use

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In modern [Mongolian](/source/Mongolian_language), the term ([Mongolian](/source/Mongolian_language): зарлиг, [romanized](/source/Romanization_of_Mongolian): *zarlig*) is used to refer to official edicts.

In Russian culture, the word is used to refer to a [label](/source/Label), or, rarely, a [price tag](/source/Price). It may also refer to an icon [shortcut](/source/Shortcut_(computing)) in modern [graphical user interfaces](/source/Graphical_user_interface).

As an example of a [reborrowing](/source/Reborrowing), the word also re-entered the Mongolian language with the Russian meaning and pronunciation.

## See also

- [Firman](/source/Firman)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** ["Большой Энциклопедический Словарь"](http://www.vedu.ru/bigencdic/ya20/). www.vedu.ru. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191210164808/http://www.vedu.ru/bigencdic/ya20/) from the original on 2019-12-10. Retrieved 2019-12-10.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Георгиева Н. Г., Георгиев В. А., Орлов А.С (2016). [*Иллюстрированный исторический словарь*](https://books.google.com/books?id=-_bpDQAAQBAJ). Проспект. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-5-392-23221-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-392-23221-5).{{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Бунимович Н. Т., Макаренко В. А. (2002). *Словарь современных понятий и терминов*. Республика. p. 523.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKołodziejczyk20113_4-0)** [Kołodziejczyk 2011](#CITEREFKołodziejczyk2011), p. 3.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** [Enerelt Enkhbold (2019) The role of the ortoq in the Mongol Empire in forming business partnerships, Central Asian Survey, DOI: 10.1080/02634937.2019.1652799](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02634937.2019.1652799)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Reuven Amitai, Michal Biran *Mongols, Turks, and others: Eurasian nomads and the sedentary world*, p. 342

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Dai Mastui ["A Mongolian Decree from the Chaghataid Khanate Discovered at Dunhuang"](https://hirosaki-u.academia.edu/DaiMatsui/Papers/1083481/A_Mongolian_Decree_from_the_Chaghataid_Khanate_Discovered_at_Dunhuang), in: P. Zieme (ed.), *Aspects of Research into Central Asian Buddhism: In Memoriam Kōgi Kudara*, Turnhout (Belgium), Brepols, 2008, pp. 160

## Bibliography

- [Kołodziejczyk, Dariusz](/source/Dariusz_Ko%C5%82odziejczyk) (2011). [*The Crimean Khanate and Poland-Lithuania: International Diplomacy on the European Periphery (15th-18th Century). A Study of Peace Treaties Followed by Annotated Documents*](https://web.archive.org/web/20170630003555/http://www.brill.com/crimean-khanate-and-poland-lithuania). Leiden: Brill. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9789004191907](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004191907). Archived from [the original](http://www.brill.com/crimean-khanate-and-poland-lithuania) on 2017-06-30. Retrieved 2016-01-23.

v t e Mongol Empire Terminology Titles Khagan Khan Khatun Khanum Jinong Khong Tayiji Noyan Tarkhan Political Military Jarlig Örtöö Orda Pax Mongolica Yassa Kurultai Paiza / Gerege Manghit / Mangudai Tümen Kheshig Darughachi Politics Organization Life Topics Administrative divisions and vassals Conquests Destructiveness Imperial Seal Military Religion Society and economy House of Borjigin House of Ögedei Mongol Armenia Byzantine–Mongol Alliance Franco-Mongol alliance Khanates Yuan dynasty Northern Yuan Chagatai Khanate House of Ögedei Golden Horde Wings Ilkhanate Major cities Almalik Avarga Azov (Azaq) Bukhara Bolghar Karakorum Dadu Majar Maragheh Qarshi Samarkand Sarai Batu/Berke Saray-Jük Shangdu (Xanadu) Soltaniyeh Tabriz Ukek Xacitarxan Campaigns Battles Asia Rise of Genghis Khan Dalan Baljut Khalakhaljid Sands Chakirmaut Central Siberia (1207-1308) Sakhalin (1264–1308) Qara Khitai (1216–18) Khwarazmian Empire (1219–1221) Persia (1219–1256) East Western Xia (1205–27) Northern China (1211–34) Korea (1231–60) Southern China (1235–79) Tibet (1236 / 1240 / 1252) Yunnan (1253–56) Japan (1274 / 1281) Southeast Burma (1277 / 1283 / 1287) Java (1293) Vietnam (1257 / 1284–88) Burma (1300–02) South India (1221–1327) Europe (lists) Georgia (1220–22 / 1226–31 / 1237–64) Circassia (1237–1300s) Chechnya and Ingushetia (1237–1300s) Volga Bulgaria (1229–36) Alania (1238–1239) Kievan Rus' (1223 / 1236–40) (list) Poland and Bohemia (1240–41) Hungary (1241–42) Holy Roman Empire (1241–42) Serbia and Bulgaria (1242) Latin Empire (1242) Lithuania (1258–59) Poland (1259–60) Thrace (1264–65) Hungary (1285–86) Poland (1287–88) Serbia (1291) Middle East Anatolia (1241–43) Alamut (1253–1256) Baghdad (1258) Levant (1260–1323) Palestine (1260 / 1301) Civil wars Division of the Mongol Empire Toluid Civil War (1260–64) Berke–Hulegu war (1262) Kaidu–Kublai war (1268–1301) Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war (1314–1318) People Great Khans Genghis Khan Tolui (regent) Ögedei Khan Töregene Khatun (regent) Güyük Khan Oghul Qaimish (regent) Möngke Khan Kublai Khan (Khagans of the Yuan) Khans Jochi Batu Khan Sartaq Khan Orda Khan Berke Toqta Özbeg Khan Chagatai Khan Duwa Kebek Hulegu Abaqa Tekuder Arghun Ghazan Military Subutai Jebe Muqali Negudar Bo'orchu Guo Kan Boroqul Jelme Khubilai Aju Bayan Kadan Boroldai Nogai Khan Timeline of the Mongol Empire

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Jarlig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarlig) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarlig?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.