# Jarawan languages

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Bantu language group of Central Africa

Not to be confused with [Jarawa language (Andaman Islands)](/source/Jarawa_language_(Andaman_Islands)).

Jarawan Geographic distribution Southwest Cameroon (formerly), Southeast Nigeria Linguistic classification Niger–Congo? Atlantic–Congo Volta-Congo Benue–Congo Bantoid Southern Bantoid Jarawan Proto-language Proto-Jarawan Language codes Glottolog jara1262 The Jarawan languages shown within Nigeria and Cameroon

**Jarawan** is a group of languages spoken mostly in [Bauchi State](/source/Bauchi_State), Nigeria, with some also scattered in [Plateau State](/source/Plateau_State), [Taraba State](/source/Taraba_State), and [Adamawa State](/source/Adamawa_State) in the same country. Two related languages formerly spoken in Cameroon are now extinct but are believed to have belonged to the group. This connection between Nigerian and Cameroonian Jarawan is attributed to Thomas (1925).

## Classification

The classification of Jarawan according to Blench (2011) is:[1]

- [Mboa](/source/Mboa_language) (Mbonga) (extinct)

- [Nagumi](/source/Nagumi_language) (Ngong) (extinct)

- Nigerian Jarawan - Numan - ['Bile](/source/Bile_language) (Bille) - [Mbula-Bwazza](/source/Mbula-Bwazza_language) (dialect cluster): Mbula, Bwazza, Tambo - [Mama](/source/Mama_language) (also sometimes called Kantana) - [Lame](/source/Lame_language) (dialect cluster)–[Gwa](/source/Gwa_language) - [Kulung](/source/Kulung_language_(Jarawan)) - Jaku–Gubi: [Shiki](/source/Shiki_language) (Gubi), [Dulbu](/source/Dulbu_language), [Labir](/source/Labir_language) (Jaku) - [Jarawa](/source/Jarawa_language_(Nigeria)) (dialect cluster): Mbat (Baɗa), Galamkya, Duguri (Doori), Bankal, Kantana, Gwak

Whether Jarawan languages are best classified alongside other [Bantu languages](/source/Bantu_languages) or among non-Bantu [Bantoid languages](/source/Bantoid_languages) is a matter of ongoing debate. A number of descriptions and classifications in the early 20th century suggest that they may be historically related to Bantu languages but not necessarily Bantu themselves. Other perspectives based on lexicostatistic modeling and other phylogenetic techniques for language comparison argue instead that Jarawan languages are properly classified alongside Zone A Bantu languages (A31-A40-A60). For classifications based on these more recent studies, see for example Blench (2006), Piron (1997), and Grollemund (2012).

## Names and locations

Below is a list of language names, populations, and locations adapted from Blench (2019).[2]

Language Cluster Dialects Alternate spellings Own name for language Endonym(s) Other names (location-based) Other names for language Exonym(s) Speakers Location(s) Damlanci unclassified Damlawa Damlanci 500-1000 ethnic population, but language now spoken by those over 50, although not moribund Bauchi State, Alkaleri LGA, Maccido village Gwa unclassified Fewer than 1,000 (LA 1971) Bauchi State, Toro LGA Jar cluster Dṣ’arawa (Koelle 1854), Jarawa Jar, Jarawan Kogi, Jarawan Kasa, Jaracin Kogi/Kasa Plateau, Bauchi and Adamawa States Bobar (?) Jar Bauchi State, precise Location(s) unknown. May not exist as survey in 2007 failed to find such a language Doori Jar Previous sources (e.g. Maddieson & Williamson 1975) divided Duguri into a number of regional dialects, but this may not be valid since all Doori essentially speak mutually intelligible lects Dõõri Duguranci Dugurawa Bauchi State, Alkaleri, Tafawa Balewa LGAs; Plateau State, Kanam LGA Galamkya Jar may be dialect of Mbat Kanna Jar, Jarawan Kogi, Garaka Badawa, Mbadawa 10,000 (SIL) North-western Kanam LGA, southwest of Mbat, including Gyangyang 2 and Gidgid Gwak Jar Gingwak Jaranci Jarawan Bununu, Jaracin Kasa 19,000 (LA 1971) Dass town and southward to Tafawa Balewa, west of the Gongola River, in Dass and Tafawa Balewa LGAs, Bauchi State Kantana Jar Kantanawa Plateau State, Kanam LGA Ligri Jar 800 speakers (Ayuba est. 2008). Taraba State, Karim Lamido LGA Mbat Jar Mbada, Bat, Bada, Baɗa Kanna Jar, Jarawan Kogi, Garaka Badawa, Mbadawa 10,000 (SIL) North-central part of Kanam LGA, Plateau State, centered at Gagdi-Gum Zhar Jar Dumbulawa (Sutumi village) may speak a Ɓankal dialect Zhar Ɓankal, Bankal, Bankala Bankalanci, Baranci Bankalawa 20,000 (LA 1971) Dass town and northward to Bauchi town, west of the Gongola River, in Dass, Bauchi, and Toro LGAs, Bauchi State Jaku-Gubi cluster Labɨr Lábɨ́r Jaku, Jaaku Jakanci Spoken in about 10 villages, perhaps 5000 speakers (2019 est.) Bauchi State, south of the Bauchi-Gombe Road, from the Gongola River at Kanyallo, in Bauchi LGA, to Gar in Alkaleri LGA Shɨkɨ Gubi, Guba Gubawa 300 (LA 1971) Bauchi State, Bauchi LGA Dulbu 80 (LA 1971) Bauchi State, Bauchi LGA Lame cluster 2,000 (1973 SIL) Bauchi State, Toro LGA, Lame district Ruhu Lame Rufu, Rùhû Rufawa There were said to be no speakers remaining in 1987 Mbaru Lame Mbárù, Bambaro, Bamburo, Bambara, Bombaro, Bomboro, Bamboro Bomborawa, Bunborawa 3500-4500 (CAPRO 1995a). Tulu town, Toro LGA, Bauchi State Gura Lame Tu–Gura sg. Ba–Gura, pl. Mo–Gura Agari, Agbiri Mbula cluster 7,900 (1952); 25,000 (1972 Barrett); 23,447 (1977) Blench: not clear as to whether for Mbula or both Mbula and Bwazza.) Adamawa State, Numan, Shelleng and Song LGAs Mbula Mbula Tambo Mbula Bwazza Mbula No dialects Ɓwà Ɓwàzà pl. àɓwàzà Ɓwázà Bare, Bere [name of a town] Adamawa State, Demsa, Numan, Shelleng and Song LGAs. 26 villages. Ɓile Mbula Kun–Ɓíilé is said to be mutually intelligible with Mbula Bille, Bili, Bilanci Kun–Ɓíilé ɓa Ɓíilé 30,000 (CAPRO, 1992); there are 36 villages reported to be entirely Ɓile-speaking, and another 16 where some Ɓile is spoken Adamawa State, Numan LGA, 25 km south of Numan, east of the Wukari road. Mama n/a Kwarra 7,891 (1922 Temple); 6,155 (1934 Ames); 20,000 (1973 SIL) Nasarawa State, Akwanga LGA Kulung n/a Kúkùlúŋ Bákùlúng Bambur, Wurkum Wurkunawa (Gowers 1907) 15,000 (SIL) Taraba State, Karim Lamido LGA, at Balasa, Bambur and Kirim; Wukari LGA, at Gada Mayo

## Characteristics

The vast majority of what is known by linguists about Jarawan languages is gleaned from wordlists, many of which were compiled very early in the 20th century, and contain anywhere from a couple dozen to approximately 400 words, and occasionally a few phrases or simple sentences. Jarawan languages are sometimes argued to be [Bantu languages](/source/Bantu_languages) given the presence of certain Bantu cognates, but the number and types of these cognates are not robust. The Jarawan lexicon is heavily influenced by Chadic languages, and particularly Hausa, due to contact.

Perhaps due to contact with [Chadic languages](/source/Chadic_languages), Jarawan languages have "frozen" prefixes that are likely vestiges of a lost noun class system; this is discussed in Blench (2007) and earlier in Maddieson & Williamson (1975). This is not to say that the prefixes themselves are from Chadic, but rather likely from an earlier ancestor. The prefixes are no longer productive, and there is no related system of agreement or concord, as found in modern day Bantu languages. Jarawan languages for which information is available appear to make a simple opposition between singular and plural wherein a singular noun is equivalent to the noun stem, and the plural is formed by the same prefix, at least for countable nouns.

Jarawan languages exhibit predominantly isolating (analytic) morphology. Other than plural prefixes on nouns, the only affixation yet noted is aspectual Habitual and Perfective suffixes, or verb "extensions" whose form depends on the shape of the verb stem. This is discussed in Gerhardt (1988) for "Jar" and Kantana, but also by Green (2020, 2021) for Mbat (Bada).

Although Jarawan had undergone Chadic influence during its earlier days, the reverse situation of a Chadic language being influenced by Jarawan is found in the curious case of [Chadic Kulung](/source/Kulung_language_(West_Chadic)) being extensively influenced by the surrounding [Jarawan Kulung](/source/Kulung_language_(Jarawan)) language. Speakers of both languages identify as ethnic Kulung, but the languages belong to unrelated language families.[2]

## Previous studies

Blench (2006) presents the early research as follows: "The Jarawan Bantu languages have always been something of a poor relation to Bantu proper. Scattered across northern Cameroun and east-central Nigeria, they remain poorly documented and poorly characterised. The first record of Jarawan Bantu is Koelle (1854), whose Dṣạ̄rāwa probably corresponds to modern-day [Bankal](/source/Bankal_dialect). Gowers (1907) has six wordlists of Jarawan Bantu (Bomborawa, Bankalawa, Gubawa, Jaku, [Jarawa](/source/Jarawa_language_(Nigeria)), and Wurkunawa) included in his survey of the largely Chadic languages of the Bauchi area. Strümpell (1910) has a wordlist of the Jarawan Bantu language Mboa, formerly spoken on the Cameroon/CAR border near Meiganga. Strümpell (1922) and Baudelaire (1944) are the only records of Nagumi, based around Natsari, SE of Garoua in northern Cameroun. Johnston (1919: 716 ff.) assigned the language recorded by Koelle to a "Central-Bauci" one of his "Semi-Bantu" language groups. Thomas (1925, 1927) recognised the Bantu affinities of the Nigerian Jarawan Bantu languages, but Doke (1947) and Guthrie (1969–71) make no reference to Jarawan Bantu, and the latest reference book on Bantu also excludes it (Nurse & Philippson 2003). Some Jarawan Bantu languages are listed in the Benue–Congo Comparative wordlist (henceforth BCCW) (Williamson & Shimizu 1968; Williamson 1973) and a student questionnaire at the University of Ibadan in the early 1970s provided additional sketchy data on others."[3]

In addition, Kraft's (1981) Chadic wordlists includes data on Bankal and Jaku. Sachnine & Dieu (1974) and Mohammadou (1979) include word lists for Ngong, which may be the same language as the now extinct Cameroonian language Nagumi. Also for Cameroonian Jarawan, Mohammadou (1980) contains a wordlist for Mboa, also called Mbɔŋa. These are summarized in Mohammadou (2002/2020). In 2016, Adelberger & Kleinewillinghöfer published a history sketch and lexicon of Kulung, as compiled by the missionary Ira McBride.

According to Blench (2006): "Maddieson & Williamson (1975) represents the first attempt to synthesise this data on the position of these languages. Since that period, publications have been limited. . . . Lukas and Gerhardt (1981) analyse some rather hastily collected data on Mbula, while Gerhardt (1982) published an analysis of some of this new data and memorably named the Jarawan Bantu "the Bantu who turned back". Gerhardt (1982) provides data on verbal extensions in Mama and Kantana. Blench (2006) likewise classified them as Bantu languages. Ulrich Kleinewillinghöfer has made available a comparative wordlist of six Jarawan Bantu lects; Zaambo (Dukta), Bwazza, Mbula, Bile, Duguri and Kulung, collected in the early 1990s as part of the SFB 268."

Wycliffe Nigeria has conducted two surveys of Jarawan groups in Nigeria, the Mbula-Bwazza (Rueck et al. 2007) and the Jar cluster (Rueck et al. 2009) providing much new and more accurate data in the status of Jarawan in Nigeria.

Work begun in 2018 by Green at [Syracuse University](/source/Syracuse_University) has focused on languages of the "Jar" cluster, and particularly on description and documentation of Mbat (Bada) and Duguri.

## Bibliography

- Adelberger, Jörg & Ulrich Kleinewillinghöfer. 2016. A Kulung vocabulary: compiled by the missionary Ira McBride. Johannes Gutenberg Universitat: Mainz.

- ALCAM 1984. Atlas linguistique du Cameroun. ACCT.

- Blench, Roger. 2006. [Jarawan Bantu: New Data and Its Relation to Bantu.](http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Bantu/A60/Jarawan/Jarawan%20Bantu.pdf)

- Dieu, M. & M. Sachnine. 1974. Vocabulaire Ngong: Yaoundéː CERDETOLA.

- Gerhardt, L. 1982. Jarawan Bantu: The mistaken identity of the Bantu who turned north. Afrika und Übersee, LXV:75-95.

- Gerhardt, L. 1988. A note on verbal extensions in Jarawan Bantu. Journal of West African Languages, XVIII,2:3-8.

- Gowers, W.F. 1907. 42 vocabularies of languages spoken in Bauchi Province, N. Nigeria. ms. National Archives, Kaduna.

- Green, Christopher R. 2020. Harmony and disharmony in Mbat (Jarawan Bantu) verbs. Linguistique et Langues Africaines 6, 43-72.

- Green, Christopher R. 2021. On the link between onset clusters and codas in Mbat (Jarawan Bantu). Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 39, 97-122.

- Grollemund, Rebecca. 2012. Nouvelles approaches en classification: Application aux langues bantu du nord-ouest. PhD dissertation, Université Lumière Lyon 2.

- Guthrie, M. 1969-71. Comparative Bantu. (4 vols.) Farnborough: Gregg.

- ̈Kraft, Charles (1981). Chadic wordlists. Berlin: Reimer.

- Maddieson, I. and K. Williamson 1975. Jarawan Bantu. African Languages, 1:125-163.

- Meek, C.K. 1925. The Northern Tribes of Nigeria. 2 vols. London: Oxford University Press.

- Meek, C. K. 1931. Tribal Studies in Northern Nigeria. (2 vols) London: Kegan Paul.

- Mohammadou, Eldridge. 2002/2020. Jarawan Bantu expansion from the eastern upper Benue Basin, ca. 1700-1750. In Environmental and cultural dynamic in the West African Savanna, Proceedings of the International Conference, Maiduguri, 4-8 March 2002.

- Piron, Pascale. 1997. Classification interne du group bantoïde. Munichː Lincom Europa.

- Rueck, Michael J. Nengak Bako, Luther Hon, John Muniru, Linus Otronyi, and Zachariah Yoder 2009. Preliminary Impressions from the Sociolinguistic Survey of the Jar Dialects. ms. Jos.

- Rueck, Michael J. Zachariah Yoder & Katarína Hannelova. 2007. Sociolinguistic Survey of the Mbula, Tambo, Bakopi, Gwamba, Bwazza, Kulung and Bille people, of Adamawa and Taraba States, Nigeria. ms. Jos.

- Shimizu, K. 1983. Die Jarawan-Bantusprachen des Bundesstaates Bauchi, Nordnigeria. In Sprache Geschichte und Kultur in Afrika. R. Vossen & Claudi, U. (eds.) 291-301. Hamburg: Buske.

- Strümpell, F. 1910. Vergleichendes Wörterverzeichnis der Heidensprachen Adamauas. Mit Vorbemerkungen von B. Struck. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie. XLII:444-488.

- Thomas, N.W. 1925 The Languages. In: The Northern Tribes of Nigeria. C.K. Meek ed. 132-247. London: Oxford University Press.

- Williamson, K. (1971) The Benue–Congo languages and Ijo. In Current Trends in Linguistics, 7 (pp. 245–306) ed. T. Sebeok.

- Williamson, Kay 1972. Benue–Congo comparative wordlist: Vol.2. Ibadan: West African Linguistic Society.

- Williamson, K., and K. Shimizu. 1968. Benue–Congo comparative wordlist, Vol. 1. Ibadan: West African Linguistic Society.

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Blench, Roger (2011). ["'The membership and internal structure of Bantoid and the border with Bantu"](http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Bantoid/General/Blench%20Bantu%20IV%20Berlin%20Bantoid%202011.pdf) (PDF). Berlin: Humboldt University. p. 32.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-BlenchAtlas4_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-BlenchAtlas4_2-1) Blench, Roger (2019). *An Atlas of Nigerian Languages* (4th ed.). Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Blench, Roger (2006). ["Jarawan Bantu: New Data and Its Relation to Bantu"](http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Bantu/A60/Jarawan/Jarawan%20Bantu.pdf) (PDF). p. 1.

v t e Mbam languages Sanaga Leti Tuki West Bati Nomaande Nyokon Tunen Tuotomb Yambeta Yambasa Elip Mmaala Mbule Nubaca Nugunu Yangben Jarawan Bile Damlanci Dulbu Gwa Jarawa Kulung Labir Lame Mama Mbula-Bwazza Shiki Other Bube

Narrow Bantu languages (Zones A–S) (by Guthrie classification) v t e Narrow Bantu languages (Zones A–B) (by Guthrie classification) Zone A A10 A11[101] Londo A12[101] Barue A13 Balong A14 Bonkeng A15 Mbo [A141 Bafo A151 Nkongho A20 A21 Bomboko A22 Baakpe A23 Su A24 Duala A25 Oli A26 Pongo A27 Mulimba [A221 Bubia A231 Kole A30 A31a North Bobe A31b Southwest Bobe A31c Southeast Bobe A32a Banoo A32b Bapoko A33a Yasa A33b Kombe A34 Benga A40 A41 Lombi A42 Bankon A43a Mbene A43b North Kogo A43c South Kogo A44 Banen A45 Nyokon A46 Mandi [A441 Aling'a A461 Bonek A462 Yambeta A50 A51 Fa’ A52 Kaalong A53 Kpa A54 Ngayaba [A501 Hijuk A60 A61[601] Ngoro A62 Yambasa A63 Mangisa A64[601] Bacenga A65 Bati [A621 Baca A622 Gunu A623 Mbule A70 A71 Eton A72a Ewondo A72b Mvele A72c Bakja A72d Yangafek A73a Bëbëlë A73b Gbïgbïl A74 Bulu A75 Fang [A751 South-West Fang A80 A81 Mvumbo A82 So A83 Makaa A84 Njem A85a Konabem A85b Bekwil A86a Medjime A86b Mpompo A86c Mpiemo A87 Bomwali [A801 Gyele A802 Ukwedjo A803 Shiwe A831 Byep A832 Bekol A841 Bajue A842 Koonzime A90 A91 Kwakum A92a Pol A92b Pomo A93 Kako Zone B B10 B11a Mpongwe B11b Rongo B11c Galwa B11d Dyumba B11e Nkomi B20 B21 Sekiyani B22a West Kele B22b Ngom B22c Bubi B23 Mbangwe B24 Wumbvu B25 Kota [B201 Ndasa B202 Sighu B203 Sama B204 Ndambomo B205 Metombola B221 Molengue B251 Shake B252 Mahongwe B30 B31 Tsogo B32 Kande [B301 Viya B302 Himbaka B303 Bongwe B304 Pinzi B305 Vove B40 B41 Sira B42 Sangu B43 Punu B44 Lumbu [B401 Bwisi B402 Varama B403 Vungu B404 Ngubi B411 Bwali B50 B51 Duma B52 Nzebi B53 Tsaangi [B501 Wanzi B502 Mwele B503 Vili B60 B61 Mbete B62 Mbaama B63 Nduumo [B602 Kaning'i B603 Yangho (spurious) B70 B71a Tege-Kali B71b Njiningi B72a Ngungwele B72b Mpumpu B73a Tsaayi B73b Laali B73c Yaa B73d Kwe B74a Ndzindziu B74b Boma B75 Bali B76a Musieno B76b Ngee B77a Kukwa B77b Fumu B78 Wuumu [B701 Tsitsege B80 B81 Tiene B82 Boma B83 Mfinu B84a[84] Mpuon B84b[84] Mpuun B85a Mbiem B85b East Yans B85c Yeei B85d Ntsuo B85e Mpur B86 Di B87[84] Mbuun [B821 Mpe B822 Nunu B861 Ngul (Ngwi) B862 Lwel B863 Mpiin B864 West Ngongo B865 Nzadi Italics indicate extinct languages. Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left. The Guthrie classification is geographic and its groupings do not imply a relationship between the languages within them. Narrow Bantu languages by Guthrie classification zone templates Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones A–B) Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D) Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H) Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M) Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S) v t e Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D) (by Guthrie classification) Zone C C10 C11 Ngondi C12a Pande C12b Bogongo C13 Mbati C14 Mbomotaba C15 Bongili C16 Lobala [C101 Dibole C102 Ngando C103 Kota C104 Yaka C105 Mbenga C141 Enyele C142 Bondongo C143 Mbonzo C161 Bomboli C162 Bozaba C20 C21 Mboko C22 Akwa C23[21] Ngare C24 Koyo C25 Mbosi C26 Kwala C27 Kuba [C201 Bwenyi C30 C31a Loi C31b Ngiri C31c Nunu C32 Bobangi C33 Sengele C34 Sakata C35a Ntomba C35b Bolia C36a Poto C36b Mpesa C36c Mbudza C36d Mangala C36e Boloki C36f Kangana C36g Ndolo C37 Buja [C301 Doko C302 Bolondo C311 Mabaale C312 Ndoobo C313 Litoka C314 Balobo C315 Enga C321 Binza C322 Dzamba C323 Mpama C371 Tembo (Litembo) C372 Kunda C373 Gbuta C374 Babale C40 C41 Ngombe C42 Bwela C43 Bati C44 Boa C45 Angba [C401 Pagibete C403 Kango C411 Bomboma C412 Bamwe C413 Dzando C414 Ligendza C415 Likula C441 Bango C50 C51 Mbesa C52 So C53 Poke C54 Lombo C55 Kele C56 Foma [C501 Likile C502 Linga C60 C61a Northeast Mongo C61b Northwest Mongo C62 Lalia [C63 Ngando C611 Bafoto C70 C71 Tetela C72 Kusu C73 Nkutu C74 Yela C75 Kela C76 Ombo [C701 Langa C80 C81 Dengese C82 Songomeno C83 Busoong C84 Lele C85 Wongo Zone D D10 D11 Mbole D12 Lengola D13 Metoko D14 Enya [D141 Zura D20 D21 Bali D22 Amba D23 Komo D24 Songola D25 Lega D26 Zimba D27 Bangubangu D28a West Holoholo D28b East Holoholo [D201 Liko D211 Kango D251 Lega-Malinga D281 Tumbwe D282 Lumbwe D30 D31 Peri D32 Bira D33 Nyali [D301 Kari D302 Guru D303 Ngbinda D304 Homa D305 Nyanga-li D306 Gbati-ri D307 Mayeka D308 Bodo D311 Bila D312 Kaiku D313 Ibutu D331 Bvanuma D332 Budu D333 Ndaaka D334 Mbo D335 Beeke D336 Ngbee [J]D40 [J]D41 Konzo [J]D42 Ndandi [J]D43 Nyanga [J]D50 [J]D51 Hunde [J]D52 Haavu [J]D53 Nyabungu [J]D54 Bembe [J]D55 Buyi [J]D56 Kabwari [JD501 Nyindu [J]JD502 Yaka [J]JD531 Tembo (Chitembo) [J]D60 [J]D61 Ruanda [J]D62 Rundi [J]D63 Fuliiro [J]D64 Shubi [J]D65 Hangaza [J]D66 Ha [J]D67 Vinza [JD631 Vira Italics indicate extinct languages. Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left. The Guthrie classification is geographic and its groupings do not imply a relationship between the languages within them. Narrow Bantu languages by Guthrie classification zone templates Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones A–B) Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D) Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H) Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M) Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S) v t e Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H) (by Guthrie classification) Zone E [J]E10 [J]E11 Nyoro [J]E12 Tooro [J]E13 Nyankore [J]E14 Ciga [J]E15 Ganda [J]E16 Soga [J]E17 Gwere [J]E18 Nyala [JE101 Gungu JE102 Talinga-Bwisi JE103 Ruli JE121 Hema [J]E20 [J]E21 Nyambo [J]E22 Ziba [J]E23 Dzindza [J]E24 Kerebe [J]E25 Jita [JE221 Rashi JE251 Kwaya JE252 Kara JE253 Ruri [J]E30 [J]E31a Gisu [J]E31b Kisu [J]E31c Bukusu [J]E32a Hanga [J]E32b Tsotso [J]E33 Nyore [J]E34 Saamia [J]E35 Nyuli [JE341 Xaayo JE342 Marachi JE343 Songa [J]E40 [J]E41 Logooli [J]E42 Gusii [J]E43 Koria [J]E44 Zanaki [J]E45 Nata E46 Sonjo [JE401 Nguruimi JE402 Ikizu JE403 Suba/Suba-Simbiti JE404 Shashi JE405 Kabwa JE406 Singa JE407 Ware JE411 Idaxo JE412 Isuxa JE413 Tiriki JE431 Simbiti JE432 Hacha JE433 Surwa JE434 Sweta E50 E51 Kikuyu E52 Embu E53 Meru E54 Saraka E55 Kamba E56 Daiso [E531 Mwimbi-Muthambi E541 Cuka E60 E61[621a] Rwo E62a[621b,622a] Hai E62b[622c] Wunjo E62c[623] Rombo E63 Rusa E64 Kahe E65 Gweno E70 E71 Pokomo E72a Gyriama E72b Kauma E72c Conyi E72d Duruma E72e Rabai E73 Digo E74a Dabida E74b[741] Sagala [E701 Elwana E731 Segeju E732 Degere E74 Taita Zone F F10 F11 Tongwe F12 Bende [J]F20 [J]F21 Sukuma [J]F22 Nyamwezi [J]F23 Sumbwa [J]F24 Kimbu [J]F25 Bungu F30 F31 Nilamba F32 Remi F33 Langi F34 Mbugwe Zone G G10 G11 Gogo G12 Kaguru G20 G21 Tubeta G22 Asu G23 Shambala G24 Bondei [G221 Mbugu G30 G31 Zigula G32 Ngwele G33 Zaramo G34 Ngulu G35 Ruguru G36 Kami G37 Kutu G38 Vidunda G39 Sagala [G301 Doe G311 Mushungulu G40 G41 Tikuu G42a Amu G42b Mvita G42c Mrima G42d Unguja G43a Phemba G43b Tumbatu G43c Hadimu G44a Ngazija G44b Njuani [G402 Makwe G403 Mwani G404 Sidi G411 Socotra Swahili G412 Mwiini G50 G51 Pogolo G52 Ndamba G60 G61 Sango G62 Hehe G63 Bena G64 Pangwa G65 Kinga G66 Wanji G67 Kisi [G651 Magoma Zone H H10 H11 Beembe H12 Vili H13 Kunyi H14 Ndingi H15 Mboka H16a South Kongo H16b Central Kongo H16c Yombe H16d Fiote H16e Bwende H16f Laadi H16g East Kongo H16h Southeast Kongo [H111 Hangala H112 Kamba-Doondo H131 Suundi H20 H21a Kimbundu H21b Mbamba H22 Sama H23 Bolo H24 Songo H30 H31 Yaka H32 Suku H33 [L12b] Hungu H34 Mbangala H35 Sinji [H321 Soonde H40 H41 Mbala H42 Hunganna Italics indicate extinct languages. Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left. The Guthrie classification is geographic and its groupings do not imply a relationship between the languages within them. Narrow Bantu languages by Guthrie classification zone templates Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones A–B) Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D) Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H) Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M) Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S) v t e Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M) (by Guthrie classification) Zone J* [J]D40 [J]D41 Konzo [J]D42 Ndandi [J]D43 Nyanga [J]D50 [J]D51 Hunde [J]D52 Haavu [J]D53 Nyabungu [J]D54 Bembe [J]D55 Buyi [J]D56 Kabwari [JD501 Nyindu [J]JD502 Yaka [J]JD531 Tembo [J]D60 [J]D61 Ruanda [J]D62 Rundi [J]D63 Fuliiro [J]D64 Subi [J]D65 Hangaza [J]D66 Ha [J]D67 Vinza [JD631 Vira [J]E10 [J]E11 Nyoro [J]E12 Tooro [J]E13 Nyankore [J]E14 Ciga [J]E15 Ganda [J]E16 Soga [J]E17 Gwere [J]E18 Nyala [JE101 Gungu JE102 Talinga-Bwisi JE103 Ruli JE121 Hema [J]E20 [J]E21 Nyambo [J]E22 Ziba [J]E23 Dzindza [J]E24 Kerebe [J]E25 Jita [JE221 Rashi JE251 Kwaya JE252 Kara JE253 Ruri [J]E30 [J]E31a Gisu [J]E31b Kisu [J]E31c Bukusu [J]E32a Hanga [J]E32b Tsotso [J]E33 Nyore [J]E34 Saamia [J]E35 Nyuli [JE341 Xaayo JE342 Marachi JE343 Songa [J]E40 [J]E41 Logooli [J]E42 Gusii [J]E43 Koria [J]E44 Zanaki [J]E45 Nata E46 Sonjo [JE401 Nguruimi JE402 Ikizu JE403 Suba/Suba-Simbiti JE404 Shashi JE405 Kabwa JE406 Singa JE407 Ware JE411 Idaxo JE412 Isuxa JE413 Tiriki JE431 Simbiti JE432 Hacha JE433 Surwa JE434 Sweta [J]F20 [J]F21 Sukuma [J]F22 Nyamwezi [J]F23 Sumbwa [J]F24 Kimbu [J]F25 Bungu Zone K K10 K11 Chokwe K12a Luimbi K12b Nyemba K13 Lucazi K14 Lwena K15 Mbunda K16 Nyengo K17 Mbwela K18 Nkangala K20 K21 Lozi K30 K31 Luyana K32 Mbowe K33 Kwangali K34 Mashi K35 Simaa K36 Sanjo K37 Kwangwa [K321 Mbume K322 Liyuwa K332 Manyo K333 Mbukushu K334 Mbogedu K351 Mulonga K352 Mwenyi K353 Koma K354 Imilangu K371 Kwandi K40 K41 Totela K42 Subiya [K402 Fwe K411 Totela of Namibia Zone L L10 L11 Pende L12 Samba & Holu L13 Kwese [L101 Sonde L20 L21 Kete L22 Binji Mbagani L23 Songe L24 Luna [L201 Budya L202 Yazi L221 Lwalwa L231 Binji L30 L31a Luba-Kasai L31b Lulua L32 Kanyoka L33 Luba-Katanga L34 Hemba L35 Sanga [L301 Kebwe L331 Zeela L40 L41 Kaonde L50 L51 Salampasu L52 Lunda L53 Ruund [L511 Luntu L60 L61 Mbwera L62 Nkoya [L601 Kolwe L602 Lushangi L603 Shasha Zone M M10 M11 Pimbwe M12 Rungwa M13 Fipa M14 Rungu M15 Mambwe [M131 Kuulwe M20 M21 Wanda M22 Mwanga M23 Nyiha M24 Malila M25 Safwa M26 Iwa M27 Tambo [M201 Lambya M202 Sukwa M30 M31 Nyakyusa [M301 Ndali M302 Penja M40 M41 Taabwa M42 Bemba [M401 Bwile M402 Aushi M50 M51 Biisa M52 Lala M53 Swaka M54 Lamba M55 Seba [M521 Ambo M522 Luano M541 Lima M542 Temba M60 M61 Lenje M62 Soli M63 Ila M64 Tonga [M611 Lukanga Twa M631 Sala M632 Lundwe M633 Kafue Twa Italics indicate extinct languages. Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left. The Guthrie classification is geographic and its groupings do not imply a relationship between the languages within them. Narrow Bantu languages by Guthrie classification zone templates Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones A–B) Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D) Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H) Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M) Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S) v t e Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S) (by Guthrie classification) Zone N N10 N11 Manda N12 Ngoni N13 Matengo N14 Mpoto N15 Tonga [N101 Ndendeule N102 Nindi N121 Ngoni of Malawi N20 N21 Tumbuka [N201 Mwera of Mbamba Bay N30 N31a Nyanja N31b Cewa N31c Manganja N40 N41 Nsenga N42 Kunda N43 Nyungwe N44 Sena N45[44] Rue N46[44] Podzo [N441 Sena-Malawi Zone P P10 P11 Ndengereko P12 Ruihi P13 Matumbi P14 Ngindo P15 Mbunga P20 P21 Yao P22 Mwera P23 Makonde P24 Ndonde P25 Mabiha P30 P31 Makua P32 Lomwe P33 Ngulu P34 Cuabo [P311 Koti P312 Sakati P331 Lomwe of Malawi P341 Moniga Zone R R10 R11 Umbundu R12 Ndombe R13 Nyaneka R14 Khumbi [R101 Kuvale R102 Kwisi R103 Mbali R20 R21 Kwanyama R22 Ndonga R23 Kwambi R24 Ngandyera [R211 Kafima R212 Evale R213 Mbandja R214 Mbalanhu R215 Ndongwena R216 Kwankwa R217 Dombondola R218 Esinga R241 Kwaluudhi R242 Kolonkadhi-Eunda R30 R31 Herero [R311 North-West Herero R312 Botswana Herero R40 R41 Yei Zone S S10 S11 Korekore S12 Zezuru S13a Manyika S13b Tebe S14 Karanga S15 Ndau S16 Kalanga S20 S21 Venda S30 S31a Tswana S31b Kgatla S31c Ngwatu S31d[311] Khalaxadi S32a Pedi S32b Lobedu S33 Sotho [S301 Phalaborwa S302 Kutswe S303 Pai S304 Pulana S40 S41 Xhosa S42 Zulu S43 Swati S44 (Northern) Ndebele [S401 Old Mfengu S402 Bhaca S403 Hlubi S404 Phuthi S405 Nhlangwini S406 Lala S407 South Ndebele S408 Sumayela Ndebele S50 S51 Tswa S52[53] Gwamba S53 Tsonga S54 Ronga [S511 Hlengwe S60 S61 Copi S62 Tonga [S611 Lenge Italics indicate extinct languages. Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left. The Guthrie classification is geographic and its groupings do not imply a relationship between the languages within them. Narrow Bantu languages by Guthrie classification zone templates Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones A–B) Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D) Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H) Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M) Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Jarawan languages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarawan_languages) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarawan_languages?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.